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The Respiratory System
Interesting Facts Your right lung is slightly larger than your left lung/
The highest recorded sneeze speed is 165 km/h
The capillary tubes in your lungs alone would 1,600 km laid end to end
We lose around half a litre (500 ml) of water through breathing each day.
The surface area of the air sacks in your lungs is roughly the same as a tennis court
The Respiratory System
The respiratory system can be divided into two
parts:
Respiratory tract
Nasal passages
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
The Respiratory System
Nasal Passages
These are the passages which open to the
outside world.
They end at the opening of the pharynx.
They have two functions
To filter the air using the hairs that coat the lining.
Warm and moisten the air using the mucus in our
passages.
Nasal Passages
Pharynx
Section that serves as a common passageway
between the respiratory and digestive tracts;.
Carries air towards trachea and food towards the
esophagus.
When swallowing, the epiglottis seals the trachea.
Pharynx
Larynx
Upper section of the trachea composed of
cartilage and housing the vocal cords.
This is also common called the adam’s apple.
The larynx carries air and also produces sounds.
Larynx
Larynx
Trachea
This is a section measuring around 11 cm in
length.
It is composed of cartilaginous rings.
These rings are used to hold open.
It is located in front of the esophagus.
Trachea
Bronchi
Tubes arising from the division of the trachea.
It is composed of cartilaginous rings to hold them
open.
They branch out from bronchi into bronchioles
once inside the lungs.
The bronchi branch out further and further into
smaller and smaller branches.
Bronchi
Lungs
They are spongy, elastic organs on either side of
the heart.
They are enclosed in the rib cage.
They are composed of millions of little air sacs,
called alveoli.
What is the purpose of having these air sacs and
not just a big bag?
Lungs
Respiration
How does the air get sucked into your lungs?
Which forces are at play?
Which are the active parts of the respiratory
system?
Which parts are passive?
Respiration
Before we start, we need to understand the
relationship between volume and pressure.
A gas will fill up the volume of any given space.
The pressure comes from the collision between
the air molecules.
More collisions, more pressure!
Respiration As volume expands, if the amount of gas stays the
same, the pressure falls.
If you have a bunch of people walking in a room randomly, the number of times that people bump into each other per minute is like the pressure.
If you add more space or remove some people, less collisions.
If you add more people or reduce the space, more collisions.
Pressure and Volume
Respiration
This is the same principle with gases.
As the volume increases, the pressure drops.
As the volume decreases, the pressure
increases.
This is the principle of how our lungs work.
Respiration
Respiration has two main goals
To get oxygen out of the air for our bodies
To expel carbon dioxide from our bodies
In this section, we will discuss the parts of the
anatomy responsible for each action
Anatomy of Respiration There are 3 main parts of the anatomy which are
involved in respiration. Lungs
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
The lungs are simply passive players in respiration.
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are the ones doing the work.
Inhalation
During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal
muscles contract.
The diaphragm descends and the rib cage
expands.
This causes the volume of the rib cage to expand
The volume of the lungs also expand.
Inhalation
When the lungs expand, the pressure inside the
lungs decrease.
This causes the air from the outside to be drawn
into the lungs.
This equalizes the pressure inside the lungs and
the outside world.
This process is used to draw in oxygen rich air.
Exhalation
During exhalation, the intercostal muscles and
the diaphragm relax.
This causes the diaphragm to ascend and ribs to
fall.
The volume of the rib cage decreases.
The volume of the lungs also decreases.
Exhalation
When the volume of the lungs decrease, the
pressure in the lungs increases.
This causes the air in the lungs to be pushed out.
This then equalizes the pressure in the lungs and
the outside world.
Exhalation is used to expel carbon dioxide rich
air.
Inhalation and Exhalation
Gas Exchange Rewind: What is cellular respiration?
Oxygen needs to get into the cells.
Carbon dioxide needs to get out of the cells.
The transportation for these gases is the blood.
How those gases get in and out of the blood is via the lungs.
Gas Exchange
Two body systems are used together to ensure
that the oxygen gets to every cell in the body and
that the carbon dioxide gets out.
Those two systems are the respiratory and the
circulatory system.
The site of the gas exchange is the alveoli, the
tiny air sacs in the lungs.
Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange
This gas exchange happens all by itself due to
diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of dissolved
substances from a more concentrated region to a
less concentrated region.
O2 moves from the lungs to the blood.
CO2 moves from the blood to the lungs.
Gas exchange
When the blood reaches the lungs, it is rich in
CO2.
The air in the lungs is rich in O2.
The oxygen will move out of the lungs and into
the blood because of the low concentration in the
blood.
The complete opposite happens with the CO2.
Gas Exchange
Lung Diseases
There are a few common lung diseases we will
discuss.
Asthma
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Asthma
Asthma is a common inflammatory disease of the
lungs.
It is caused by reversible inflammation of the
airways.
The causes are a combination of genetics and
environmental.
Asthma Treatments are the use of a asthma pump to
dispense the medication into the lungs.
These can be either bronchodialators or corticosteroids
Also, the avoidance of smoke or allergens is recommended as well.
There is no cure for asthma, so management is the best treatment.
Bronchitis
Can either be chronic or acute inflammation of
the bronchi.
Acute bronchitis is typically caused by the
presence of another virus, such as a cold, which
leads to irritation and then inflammation.
Chronic bronchitis is a persistent cough which
lasts for more than three months per year. Its
main cause is cigarette smoking.
Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis, since it’s caused by a virus, is
treated symptomatically. This means that you
treat the symptoms until your body has fought off
the virus.
Chronic bronchitis is also treat symptomatically.
Lung function in a patient with chronic bronchitis
can be compromised and so supplemental
oxygen can be administered in a more extreme
case to prevent low oxygen.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a condition mainly affecting the
alveoli.
It can be caused by viruses or bacteria.
Symptoms are a cough, chest pain, fever and
difficulty breathing.
Pneumonia affects around 450 million people per
year and kills around 4 million
Pneumonia
Antibiotics, rest, pain medications and fluids are
typically all it takes to get a patient get through
the pneumonia.
If a patients blood oxygen level gets too low,
oxygen can be administered.
Medication can be given to patients with
shortness of breath due to inflammation in the
lungs.
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