The Muslim World Expands Chapter 18

The Muslim World Expands

Chapter 18

Section 1-The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

The Turks Move into Byzantium

• GhazisGhazis-Anatolian Turks that saw themselves as warriors for Islam

• OttomansOttomans-Followers of Osman the most successful ghazi – Military Success based on

gun powder gun powder – Some of the 1st people to

use cannonscannons

The Turks Move into Byzantium

• SultanSultan-Meaning ‘overlord’ or “one with power”

• Living under the Ottomans– Used local officials local officials appointed by

the sultan to rule conquered areas – MuslimsMuslims served in the Turkish

army and pay religious taxes – Non-Muslims did not have to serve

in the army but paid a small taxtax in return

The Turks Move into Byzantium

• Timur the Lame-– Received the nickname

after taking an arrow to the leg

– Burned BaghdadBaghdad to the ground

– Crushed the OttomansOttomans in the Battle of Ankara (1402)

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

• Mehmed II- – Nicknamed Mehmed the Mehmed the

ConquerorConqueror – Attacked ConstantinopleConstantinople

• Fired a 1,200lb bolder out of a 26-foot gun and ships

• After conquering the city he renamed it IstanbulIstanbul opened it up to Christians, Jews, Muslims, Turks and non-Turks

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

• Suleyman the Lawgiver-– Ruled for 46 years – Created penalties for

various criminal acts, bureaucraticbureaucratic and financial corruption

– Also introduced the concept of a balanced balanced budget budget to governments

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

• Suleyman the Lawgiver-– Studied poetry, history,

geography, astronomy, mathematicsmathematics and architecture

– Because of Islamic law he was toleranttolerant of other religions

– Supported art and literatureliterature

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

• Devshirme System-Members of the sultan’s army drafted from the ChristianChristian boys of conquered territories.– ConvertedConverted to Islam, and

educatededucated them

• Janissaries-Elite force of 30,000 soldiers trained to be loyal only to the sultanthe sultan.

Section 3-The Mughal Empire in India

Early History of the Mughals

• Mughals-Means MongolsMongols– Group of nomadicnomadic invaders

in Central Asia

• 1494-BaburBabur inherits the kingdoms of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan at the age of 11– Swept down into India and

laid the foundations for the Mughal Empire Mughal Empire

Early History of the Mughals

• Akbar-Ruled India from 1556 to 1605– Babur’s grandsongrandson– Ruled with wisdom and

tolerance tolerance – Created his own religion

the “Divine FaithDivine Faith” • He offended Muslims so

much that they tried to revoltrevolt against him in 1581

Early History of the Mughals

• Art and Literature-– Illustrated books Illustrated books

flourished• MiniaturesMiniatures-Small

highly detailed, colorful paintings

– Hindu literature Hindu literature also saw a resurgence during Akbar’s time

Akbar’s Successors

• Shah Jahan-– KilledKilled anyone who

got in his way of being king

– Had two great passions in life:

• Beautiful buildingsbuildings • His wife Mumtaz

Mahal – Sadly she died at age

39 while giving birth to their 14th child

Akbar’s Successors

• Taj Mahal- Taj Mahal- Towering marble dome built as a memorial to Mumtaz Mumtaz Mahal Mahal following her death– Referred to as the

most beautiful most beautiful building building in the world

Akbar’s Successors

• Aurangzeb- Shah Jahan’s 3rd son– Took power when Shah became

sick– Expanded the Mughal Empire to

it’s greatest sizegreatest size– Oppressed the people

• Strict Islamic law (shariasharia) banned gambling, drinking, and other vices

• Taxed non-Muslimsnon-Muslims and was cruel to HindusHindus

The Empire’s Decline and Decay

• Reasons for the Empire’s Decline-– Aurangzeb had drained it’s

resources

– 2 million people died of hungerhunger

– As central power weakened the power of local lords local lords grew

– The power of western western traders traders began to increase