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CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
The Infrastructure Implications of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles
Dr Charles Johnson
RSA International Conference onConnected and Autonomous Vehicles
Dublin3 May 2017
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Issues for infrastructure
• Alternative visions of the future of connected and autonomous vehicles
• Infrastructure implications of these alternative visions - both national and international
• Implications for road users
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Aspects of Infrastructure Affected
• Communications
• Roads
• Structures
• Drainage
• Geo-technical features
What will need to be considered?
What CAVs need to be able to do
• Sensing
• Analysis
• Decision-making
• Action taking
Technical and Social Factors
• Speed of improvement in AV technology
• Predominant level of automation
• Automation philosophies
• Attitudes to autonomous vehicles
• Policy options, legal issues and
responsibilities
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Automation philosophiesThe purpose of automation is to increase safety and efficiency
Automation Centric- Humans are the problem- Focus on avoiding human error- Humans only retake control in emergencies
Human Centric- Automation is used to complement humans- Focus on optimum use of human capabilities- Automation tailored to humans
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Infrastructure and Communications
Internal Technology
• Cameras
• Digital imaging
• Lasers
• Radar
• Telematics
External Technology
• Connected vehicles
• GPS
• Communication beacons
• Telecoms and Internet
Traditional Technology
• Road signs and markings
• Signals
• Messaging
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Factors Affecting Communications
• Availability
• Visibility
• Continuity
• Degraded conditions
• Security
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Roads
• Platoons and convoys
• Vehicle segregation
• Road Differentiation
• Vehicle ownership
o Parking and garages
o Park and ride
o Re-fuelling
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Structures
• Road widths
• Bends
• Tunnels
• Vehicle ownership
o Parking and garages
o Park and ride
o Re-fuelling
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Drainage and Geo-technical Features
• Flooding
• Surface Water
• Cuttings and embankments
o Stationary objects
• Gradients
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
Issues to be resolved
• Practicality of suggestions
• Public acceptance of options
• Cost of enhancements and new builds
• Lead times
• Maintenance
o Cost
o Expertise
• Vehicle and systems failure
• Safety and redundancy
In the UK:• Roads cost ~ €10 million per km• It would take ~ €14 billion to fix the
roads• and 14 – 16 years to clear backlog
of work
Implications for
• Driver training
• Driver testing
• Operators versus drivers
• Safety of occupants
CAS | 221 St John St | Clerkenwell | London | EC1V 4LY | UK | info@casolutions.co.uk | www.casolutions.co.uk © Competence Assurance Solutions Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. Reproduction of content in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Progress towards this goal will be constrained by the available infrastructure.
Sophisticated driver assistance more likely short term.
Universal, fully self-driving vehicles may be a long way off and restricted to off-road networks short-term .
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