The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750-1850) World History Chapter 5
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- The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750-1850) World History
Chapter 5
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- Dawn of the Industrial Age Before the industrial revolution,
the production of goods either took place within the home, or by
individual hand labor by skilled tradesmen. Because of this, even
ordinary objects could be precious. Also, this limited the number
of goods available, as everything was made by hand. Life Changes as
Industry Spreads Industry, in terms of the Industrial Revolution,
was the ability to use powered tools, or modern techniques to make
large numbers of items, from bolts of cloth to tons of iron. We can
think of the industrial revolution as a revolution in that it made
stunning changes in society, yet it is different from other
revolutions in that it happened slowly, over a long period of time.
For purposes of definition, the industrial age starts roughly in
the early 18 th century (around 1712) when steam power was
commercially successful. The first steam engines were used to pump
water out of mines so that more coal could be mined. From this
point on, changes became more rapid, and it changed the way we
lived. Not all inventions were powered, but each change made work
more efficient, allowing fewer individuals to complete more
work.
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- Agriculture Spurs Industry Farming Methods Improve Farming had
little changed from the beginnings of agriculture, until scientific
method was used to help create better conditions for growing, with
new tools such as the Seed Drill. Other methods were to use new
fertilizers, and new crop rotations to best utilize the growing
conditions. Enclosure Increases Output but Causes Migration
Enclosure means to enclose the commons, or bring those areas which
were communally farmed into private ownership. Under private
ownership, large tracts of land can be farmed more efficiently,
especially with the newer tools. Because fewer people were needed
to farm the land, this caused migrations into the urban areas,
making slums worse, but also providing the labor needed for the
next phase of industrial expansion. Population Multiplies Because
of more efficient farming methods, better shipping, and better
storage, more food became available to the people of Europe. Not
only more food, but also a better balanced diet. This in turn led
to healthier people who get fewer diseases, have more children, and
live longer. As a result, populations started to grow to sizes
unthinkable a generation before. Within 100 years, Britains
population doubled, and Europes population grew by 50%. Better
hygiene and sanitation added to this phenomenon, enabling people to
live close together without spreading disease. This was necessary
as cities became more crowded, larger, more compact, and
higher.
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- New Technology Becomes Key The Energy Revolution In 1712,
Thomas Newcomen built the first successful steam engine, but it was
James Watt (1764) who improved on the design so that it was about 3
times more efficient, and the steam engine became the engine of
industry. The Quality of Iron Improves Until the Industrial
Revolution, most iron was smelted by using charcoal (prepared
wood). With the availability of coal becoming more common, it was
discovered that iron could be made cheaper and of better quality
when using coal. Iron could be made in larger quantities with coal
than with charcoal, and this became the source of desperately
needed iron for tools, railroad ties, buildings, machines, engines,
and all of the other wonders coming from the Industrial
Revolution.
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- Britain Leads the Way Agricultural changes led to many farmers
not having a job, which in turn led them to seek employment in the
cities and mines, fueling the demand for more coal, factories, and
machine workers. Natural Resources Abound Britain was fortunate to
have large deposits of coal, iron, copper, and tin. Britain has
many navigable rivers, and with newly added canals, it is easy to
reach most parts of Britain by sea. Ease of transport made it cheap
to move raw materials and goods. The Effects of Demand and Capital
Part of Britains lead in industrialization was due to its empire,
stretching around the world, including Canada, the British West
Indies, Hong Kong, India, and much of the Middle east and Africa.
The empire provided not only raw materials, but also markets for
goods, and the wealth generated from trade allowed for vast sums of
capital (cash) to be used to create the new factories, railroads,
mines, shipping, and businesses to run them. Capital (money,
stocks) Enterprise (Business, company, corporation) British East
India Company Entrepreneur (businessman, venture capitalist)
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- The Textile Industry Advances The first of the large scale
industries was in textiles, or cloth. Wool cloth, cotton cloth,
silk cloth, all were made by hand. Putting out system Inventions
Speed Production Flying shuttle (1733) makes cloth Spinning Jenny
(1764) makes thread Water Frame (1769) introduces water power
Cotton Gin (1793) prepares cotton Factories are Born in Britain The
new machines were too large to be operated by individuals, so
bringing them together in large sheds near fast moving rivers for
power became the standard. Thus the first factories were born.
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- The Transportation Revolution The new entrepreneurs needed
better roads and transport systems to move raw materials to
factories, and finished goods to market. To achieve this, they paid
to have new turnpikes built, new canals to connect rivers, and
stronger bridges to handle the flood of new traffic. Canals Boom
From 1763 to the 1830s, boats were the best way of moving large
quantities of goods. When a new canal cut the price of coal in
Manchester by half, entrepreneurs built dozens of canals across
Britain, though many did not receive much traffic and went
bankrupt. The obsession with canals ended when steam locomotives
became available. Welcome the Steam Locomotive By the early 1800s,
the steam locomotive was becoming a viable means of transport, and
the first rail line from Liverpool to Manchester in 1830 changed
the way goods were moved. Within just a few decades, dozens of rail
lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, and North America. One Thing
Leads to Another The availability of newly mass produced cheap
goods created demand for more goods, changing economies from
agriculture based to industrial based within a few decades.
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- Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Promise of a better
life (has it succeeded?) People Move to New Industrial Cities
Urbanization New Social Classes Emerge Capital and Labor The
Industrial Middle Class The Industrial Working Class Tenements
(Cheap multi-story apartments) Workers Stage Futile Protests Unions
Smearing the Luddites Workers Find Comfort in Religion
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- Life in the Factories and Mines Factory Workers Face Harsh
Conditions Long hours (12-16/day) Unsafe conditions Factory Whistle
Miners Face Worse Conditions Coal dust Cave-ins Children Have
Dangerous Jobs Climbing on and under machinery Hauling coal The
Results of Industrialization Are we there yet?
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- New Ways of Thinking Laissez-Faire Economics Malthus Population
Theory Ricardo (Economics as the dismal science) Iron Law of Wages
Increases in wages to the poor will only result in large families.
The poor should improve their lot through hard work, not government
hand outs. Utilitarians for Limited Government Goal of society as
the greatest good for the greatest number All laws and actions
should be judged by how much happiness or pain it brings
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- Socialist Thought Emerges Are Utopians Dreamers? All work
shared, benefits shared Robert Owens Utopia Cotton mill in Scotland
Conditions in which people live shape their lives Reduced working
hours Homes for workers No child labor, free schooling Company
store
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- Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto Scientific Socialism. Class
struggle is between those who have, and those who have not. While
the haves control the means of production and therefore control
society. In order for there to be equality, the workers (have-
nots) needed to rise up and seize the means of production, and set
up a classless society where there would be no war or conflict.
Marxism in the future Marxism briefly flourishes (?) Marxism looses
appeal (?)