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The Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia
Amhara National Regional State
Tana Sub- Basin Integrated Land Use Planning and Environmental Impact
Study Project
Technical Report: Fisheries and Wetlands Assessment
(LUPESP/TSB: 11/2015)
January, 2015
Bahir Dar
Owner: Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) Client: Bureau of Environmental Protection and Land Administration and Use
(BoEPLAU) Address: Telephone: +251-582265458 P.O.Box: 145 Fax: +251-+251-582265479 E-mail: Amhara environment@gmail.com Bahir Dar
Consultant: Amhara Design & Supervision Works Enterprise (ADSWE) Address: P.O.Box: 1921 Telephone: +251-582-180638/1077 Fax: (058) 218-0550/0560 E-mail: amhara design@yahoo.com
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
LIST OF REPORTS
Section I: MAIN REPORT
Section II: SECTOR STUDIES
Volume I: Soil Survey
Volume II: Forest and Wildlife Assessment
Volume III: Hydrology and Water Resource Assessment
Volume IV: Land Use and Land Cover
Volume V: Agro Climatic Assessment
Volume VI: Crop Resource Assessment
Volume VII: Watershed Management
Volume VIII: Livestock and Feed Resource Assessment
Volume IX: Human Health Assessment
Volume X Animal Health Assessment
Volume XI: Fisheries and Wetlands Assessment
Volume XII: Sociologic assessment
Volume XIII: Economic Study
Volume XIV: Tourism Assessment
Section III PLANNING
Volume I Approaches, Procedures and Methods
Volume II Land Utilization Types Description and their Environmental Requirements
Setting
Volume III Planning Units Description
Volume IV Land Suitability Evaluation
Volume V Land Use Plan
Volume VI Management plan
Volume VII Implementation Guideline
SECTION IV ANNEXES
Maps albums and data base
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EXECUTIVE SUMMERY
Human population is increasing in the world, this increases needs of food. So as to get his live, this
human population exerts more pressure on available resources; this is the main threats to the species
habitat loss, alteration, fragmentation, hunting and finally extinction of species. This is because of
poor land use type and system. Therefore, so as to bring sustainable development in Tana Sub basin,
studying of land use planning in this sub basin is fundamental and urgent.
This Tana sub- basin land use study was conducted by taking representative sampling sites and
samples were randomly selected based ACZ and samples were taken randomly. Biophysical
observation sites were identified and selected based on Agro-Climatic Zone and land use and land
cover by using Geographic Information System (GIS). Enough secondary and primary data were
collected
Sustainable utilization of aquatic resources, especially the fishery resource as a cheap source of
animal protein, is mandatory to alleviate the severe suffering of people due to recurring drought and
increasing human population in Ethiopia. Lake Tana, which is the largest lake in the country,
constitutes almost half of the freshwater bodies of the country, has endemic important fish species
and it is means of livelihood for 5472 fishermen who are living in this sub basin the Lake. There are
28 fish species in Lake Tana, from these some of the Labeobarbus fish species spawn by making a
single annual breeding migration to upstream areas of rivers and others spawn in wetlands and in the
Lake shore, but now days the fisheries system in this sub basin is at risk because of the natural habitat
loses, poor land use type. As a result of this as households approved that fish supply decreased
81.35% .Therefore, these breeding and feeding sites must be conserved; the managements are set
according to land use principles. The farmers are less participating in culture fisheries.
Wetlands in Tana sub -basin which are directly or indirectly support millions of people and provide
goods, functions and services to them particularly Negede woyito. People use wetland soils for
agriculture, they catch wetland fish, and they cut wetland trees for timber and fuel wood and wetland
reeds to make mats and to thatch roofs and other many furniture and equipments. Direct use may also
take the form of recreation, such as bird watching or sailing, or scientific study. And also wetlands
are rich in biodiversity, as result it is home of wild-animal which gives tourism development apart
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BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE iii
from other functions, services and uses. Wetlands are also the best spawning strategy of most
species; it is to ensure high survival of their offspring. They ensure this by responding to the
environment by selecting sites of more food availability and minimum predation pressure for their
juvenile. This condition can be best fulfilled in the swampy and marshy areas of vegetated flood
plains. For this, some fish is seen flocking into the riverine flood plain, where people in mass caught
and wadding into the water using traditional traps or even in hands. But the existing land use system
is unsustainable which results lose of species, less productivity and production and poor quality
produces and it is unsustainable. Especially wetlands, rivers and the lake are degraded because of
this, aquatic animals mainly fish species and its production is decreasing at alarming rate, as result
many fishermen livelihood is in danger or at risk. Some of wrong existing land use system is
allocation of wetlands for cropping, over-exploitation of resources, weed encroachment, Eucalyptus
plantation and others. These things are serious problems for Lake Tana, wild-animals example fish
birds, hippopotamus and other aquatic animals and the whole system. To overcome these problems,
the land use identification and managements of resource is the only alternative to set the best land
use type, with the general objectives of ensuring effective and efficient utilization of lands for
sustainable socio-economic development and identification of potentials to promote sustainability of
wetlands, fisheries and other natural resources bases in Tana sub- basin. Based on these, two LUTs
(culture and capture fisheries) are identified. Managements were discussed to avoid wrong land use
types or to set solutions for these unsustainable land utilization types (wetland degradation, in
appropriate fishing, intern there will be sustainable utilization of resource i.e sustainable development
in the basin, in the region and the Country as a whole.
Among the fisheries management awareness creations, restocking, Prevention of destructive fishing
methods/ tools, licensing of fishers and enforcing the control of illegal fishing, enforcement of
management measures, participatory management approach, institutional capacity and linkage,
managing pollution and the likes are discussed.
Keywords: Fisheries, wetlands, fish spawning, wildlife, land use type, natural resource, sustainable
development
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF REPORTS ........................................................................................................................ i
EXECUTIVE SUMMERY ............................................................................................................. ii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OFAPPENDIX ...................................................................................................................... x
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Backgrounds ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1. Capture Fisheries .............................................................................................................. 2
1.1.2. Aquaculture ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3. Wetlands ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.4. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus Amphibius) ..................................................................... 4
1.1.5. Birds .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2. The Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................ 5
1.3. Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.1. General Objective ............................................................................................................. 5
1.3.2. Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Organization of the Study ........................................................................................................ 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Fish ........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Fish Species ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2. Spawning of Labeobarbus Fish Species ........................................................................... 8
2.1.3. Decrease of Fish ................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.4. Exploitation of the Fish Potential in Lake Tana ............................................................... 9
2.2. Wetlands ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Importance of Wetlands on Biodiversity ........................................................................ 12
2.3. Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.4. Birds and Hippopotamus ........................................................................................................ 14
2.4.1. Hippopotamus ................................................................................................................. 14
2.4.2. Birds ................................................................................................................................ 14
2.4.3. Federal and regional policies, strategies, regulations concerning fish and wetland ....... 15
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 16
3.1. General Descriptions of the Study Area ................................................................................. 16
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3.2. Materials Used........................................................................................................................ 19
3.3. Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 20
3.3.1. Sampling Methods .......................................................................................................... 20
3.3.2. Biophysical Observation and Site Selection ................................................................... 20
3.3.3. Identification of Source of Data and Data Collection Tools........................................... 21
3.4. Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 24
4. RESULTS AND DISCCUTION .......................................................................................... 25
4.1. Culture Fisheries .................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1. Existing Land Use Types of Culture Fisheries ............................................................... 25
4.1.2. Problems of current situation culture fisheries ............................................................... 25
4.1.3. Potentials and Opportunities of Culture Fisheries .......................................................... 27
4.2. Capture Fisheries .................................................................................................................... 27
4.2.1. Existing Land Use Types of Capture Fisheries............................................................... 27
4.2.2. Potentials and Opportunities of Capture Fisheries.......................................................... 29
4.2.3. Existing Problems of Lake Tana and Capture Fisheries ................................................. 30
4.2.4. Existing Problems of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 32
4.3. Major Organisms .................................................................................................................... 37
4.3.1. Habitats ........................................................................................................................... 37
4.3.2. Flora ................................................................................................................................ 37
4.3.3. Fauna ............................................................................................................................... 38
4.4. Identification of Land Utilization Types ................................................................................ 42
4.4.1. Description of Land Utilization of Culture Fisheries (LUTs1) ...................................... 42
4.4.2. Description of Land Utilization of Capture Fisheries (LUT2) ....................................... 43
4.5. Fish cooperatives .................................................................................................................... 44
4.6. Plant Location of Fish Processing Sites ................................................................................. 44
4.7. Management Options for Sustainable Production of Fisheries .............................................. 46
4.8. Management Practices for Capture Fisheries, Breeding Sites and Seasons of Commercially
Important Fish Species ...................................................................................................................... 53
4.8.1. General Concepts of Aquatic Ecosystem ........................................................................ 53
4.8.2. Awareness Creation ........................................................................................................ 53
4.8.3. Restocking....................................................................................................................... 54
4.8.4. Prevention of Destructive Fishing Methods/ Tools ........................................................ 55
4.8.5. Licensing of Fishers and Enforcing the Control of Illegal Fishing ................................ 56
4.8.6. Enforcement of Management Measures ......................................................................... 56
4.8.7. Participatory Management Approach ............................................................................. 57
4.8.8. Institutional Capacity and Linkage ................................................................................. 57
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4.8.9. Managing Pollution ......................................................................................................... 57
4.8.10. Water Quality .............................................................................................................. 58
4.8.11. Closing the Fishery during the Spawning Months ...................................................... 59
4.8.12. Rivers Buffering .......................................................................................................... 62
4.9. Wetlands Situation and Its Management Options for Sustainable Production .................... 63
4.9.1. Existing Land Use Type of Wetlands ............................................................................. 63
4.9.2. The Root Causes of Wetlands Degradation .................................................................... 70
4.9.3. Potentials and Opportunities of Wetlands....................................................................... 70
4.9.4. Conservations and Managements of Lake Tana and Wetlands ...................................... 75
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................... 80
5.1. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 80
5.2. Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 81
6. REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................ 83
7. APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................... 90
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Materials used for study ......................................................................................................... 20
Table 2. Fish culture distribution in Tana Sub- basin woredas............................................................ 27
Table 3. Total fish production in Tana- sub basin ................................................................................ 29
Table 4. Fish supply states for the last years in Tana sub-basin (Courtesy: Household, 2014) ........... 33
Table 5. Additional summarized managements of major factors for sustainable production of culture
fisheries………………………………………………………………………………………….50
Table 6. Factors which affect pond site selection and its correction / Management Option ............... 52
Table 7. Special and temporal breeding of Tana sub-basin fish spp ................................................... 61
Table 8. Standards of Riparian buffers, Recommended Minimum Buffer Widths ............................. 63
Table 9. Change in Area of Key Wetlands, 1987 - 2008 ..................................................................... 64
Table 10. Total area of existing wetlands in Tana sub-basin ................................................................ 74
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Map of Tana sub basin.............................................................................................................. 17
Fig.2. Map of observations and sampling sites of the study ................................................................ 23
Fig.3. Interest of farmers in fish engaging in Tana sub- basin (Courtesy: Household, 2014) .............. 26
Fig. 4. Poorly managed fish pond at Ebinat Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) ................................. 26
Fig. 6. Traditional post harvesting of fish in Alefa Woreda left) and Dembia Woreda (right)
(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014). .......................................................................................................... 28
Fig. 7. Harvested fish transportation (poor) to consumers in Gondar Zaria Woreda(Courtesy:
ADSWE, 2014) ............................................................................................................................. 29
Fig. 8. Fish production from Lake Tana (1977 - 2006 E.C) (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) ..................... 30
Fig. 9. Koga Dam (left) and Rib Dam (under construction) the right (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014). ..... 31
Fig. 10. Agriculture very close to Lake Tana at Gonder Zaria Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) .... 34
Fig. 11. Soil erosion at Dangila (the left) and the right at Alefa Woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
....................................................................................................................................................... 35
Fig. 12. Fishing at spawning site and season in Gumara River (around Wanezaye): source, . Livestock
Agency Training Material, 2004……………………………………………………… ............... 37
Fig.13.Migratory bird species from abroad (left) Libo Kemikem and other bird species inFogera
words (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)…………………………………………………….. .............. 39
Fig. 14. Killed Crane in Dembia woreda (left) and the other is in Gondar Zaria woredas (Courtesy:
ADSWE, 2014)……………………………………………………………………… ................. 39
Fig. 15. Hippopotamus near to Delgi Town, Alefa Words (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) ...................... 41
Fig. 16. Fish processing sites ............................................................................................................... 45
Fig. 17. Monofilaments are made by fishers at Takusa (the Right) and Esey Debir, Alefa (Left)
woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) ............................................................................................. 55
Fig.18. Agriculture activities on wetlands the left in Gondar Zuria and rests are in ... Dembia woredas
(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)……………………………………………………. .......................... 65
Fig.19. Overgrazing of wetlands in Takusa (left) and the middle is in Mecha and the right is
inDembia woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)………………………………………….. .......... 66
Fig. 20. Upper catchments degradation in Takusa (left) and the rest two are in Alefa
woredas(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) .............................................................................................. 66
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Fig. 21. Eucalyptus encroachment at Alefa (left) and the right at North Achefer woredas(Courtesy:
ADSWE, 2014) ............................................................................................................................. 67
Fig. 22. Alien species in Dembia Woreda Water hyacinth (left) and the right one locally called
Chigign (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)……………………………………………………… ......... 68
Fig. 23. Settlements very closet Lake Tana and wetlands in Bahir Dar city (Courtesy: ADSWE,
2014) ............................................................................................................................................. 69
Fig. 24. Pollution of Wetlands by plastics (left) at Takusa, the middle at South Achefer Woreda ... and
the right at Bahir Dar (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)…………………………………………. ....... 69
Fig. 25. Land use land cover of Tana sub- basin ................................................................................. 71
Fig. 26. Wetland distributions in Tana sub- basin .............................................................................. 72
Fig. 27. Ligidia and other wetlands along Gilgel Abay River, North Achefer Woreda(Courtesy:
ADSWE, 2014) ............................................................................................................................. 73
Fig. 28. Kurit Bahir Wetland, Mecha Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) .......................................... 74
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LIST OFAPPENDIX
Appendix 1: Wetlands in each Woreda within Tana sub- basin ........................................................... 90
Appendix 2: Questionnaires for House Hold ........................................................................................ 96
Appendix 3: Questionnaires for Key informants .................................................................................. 97
Appendix 4: Formats for secondary and other Data Collection ......................................................... 98
Appendix 5: Check Lists ..................................................................................................................... 100
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Backgrounds
With the rapid increase in population and continuing expectations of growth in the standard of living,
pressures on natural resources have become intense.
The increase in human population around the world also accelerates species extinction as such
population exerts more pressure on available resources (J. Martinez-Alier, 1991), that is the main
threats to the species or habitat loss, fragmentation, and hunting. Losses, alteration and fragmentation
of natural habitat of wild animals and distraction of wetlands are because of inappropriate land use
type.
Conflict between human activities and biodiversity conservation generally would be to find non-
destructive ways to use biological resources (Victor M. Marroquin-Merino, 1995). It has for instance,
been suggested that consumptive wildlife utilization should be treated in the same way as
commercial agricultural operations but that a relationship should be established between utilization
and sustainability.
Sustainable management of biological diversity is a major concern of the international community
which now realizes that this diversity is being eroded at an alarming rate due to consumptive uses of
species as well as the excessive alteration of habitats owing to human activities such as cultivation
and urbanization (Timothy M. Swanson, 1995).
In the realm of natural resource management, the notion of sustainable utilization is increasingly
gaining currency in international environmental parlance. The use of wildlife resources is seen as
contributing to the regeneration of those resources and enhancing the evolutionary process within the
habitats in which the resources are found. The emphasis on tourism needs to be reconsidered
especially in the light of the growing wildlife and human populations and the ensuing competition for
land and other resources. Cropping should be considered as alternative land use systems. Local
communities and land owners should be allowed to participate in natural resource utilization,
appropriate land use type. Therefore, to overcome these problems proper land use type and resource
management is urgently important.
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1.1.1. Capture Fisheries
Fish is an inexpensive source of protein and an important cash crop in many regions of world and
water is the physical support in which they carry out their life functions such as feeding, swimming,
breeding, digestion and excretion (Bronmark and Hansson, 2005).
Even though the country is land-locked, there are a number of lakes and rivers with important fish
resources in Ethiopia. The lakes cover a total area of about 7400 km2 and the rivers cover a total
length of about 7700 km (Wood and Talling, 1988). Lake Tana, which is the largest lake in the
country, constitutes almost half of the freshwater bodies of the country (Reyntjes et al., 1998; de
Graaf et al., 2004).
Different fish species are found in Ethiopian inland water bodies (ShibruTedla, 1973; Abebe
Getahun, 2002). In Lake Tana, there are 28 fish species out of which 21 are endemic to the
Country.The fish fauna families are: Cichlidae, Clariidae, Cyprinidae and Balitoridae. Cyprinidae is
the largest family (Abebe Getahun and Eshete Dejen2012).
Heavy rainfall usually starts in May and peaks in July and August in this sub basin area (Tesfaye
Wudneh, 1998; Eshete Dejen, 2003). During this time the tributary rivers increase in volume and
cause massive soil erosion. As a result of the inflow of sediment and dissolved organic compounds,
turbidity, increased water level, or a combination of both is hypothesized to serve as environmental
cues to trigger spawning migration of Labeobarbus species to river mouths (Sibbing et al., 1998).
Because most large cyprinids of Africa spawn by making a single annual breeding migration to
upstream areas of rivers (Lowe-McConnell, 1975; Tỏmasson et al., 1984) and others spawn in
Wetlands and in the Lake shore.
Sustainable utilization of aquatic resources, especially the fishery resource as a cheap source of
animal protein, is mandatory to alleviate the severe suffering of people due to recurring drought and
increasing human population in Ethiopia (Tesfaye Wudneh, 1998). Therefore, to use these natural
resources sustainably their breeding and feeding sites must be conserved and used based on
appropriate land use types and managements.
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1.1.2. Aquaculture
Fish culture is the rational cultivation of fish in confined water mass, where fish rearing is not left to
mercy of nature (Shammi and Bhatnagar, 2002). Fish are an important source of both food and
income to many people in developing countries. The man can control fish species and growth, food
production is secured, the fish is close at hand/easy to harvest and it is an effective use of land that
may be too poor for other agriculture.
Combining aquaculture with agriculture, animal husbandry and irrigation leads to better utilization of
local resources and if executed and managed properly increase production and profit (FAO, 2005).
Since fish are vulnerable to toxic substances and environmental conditions the quality of the water is
important to secure food production. So during the production, the producer shall follow principle
and management of Fish culture.
Though fish culture contributes a cheap source of animal protein, creates job opportunity and use
poor land, it has not well exercised in this sub basin. Therefore, developing this culture is an
appropriate solution to solve food problem and to bring sustainable development of the country.
1.1.3. Wetlands
Wetland can be defined as areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial,
permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of
marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.(Davis, 1994). Wetland
systems directly support millions of people and provide goods and services to the world. People use
wetland soils for agriculture, they catch wetland fish to eat, and they cut wetland trees for timber and
fuel wood and wetland reeds to make mats and to thatch roofs. Direct use may also take the form of
recreation, such as bird watching or sailing, or scientific study (Shumway, Caroly A, 1999).
Ethiopian wetlands consist of swamps/marshes, fresh and brackish lakes, riverine flood plains,
swamp forests and human made wetlands which are distributed almost in all part of the country in
Amhara region the coverage of the wetland is about 288,744 ha of swamps and marshes and
316,609ha of the water bodies (Dixon A.B. et al, 2001).
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The spawning strategy of most species is to ensure high survival of their offspring. They ensure this
by responding to the environment by selecting sites of more food availability and minimum predation
pressure for their juvenile. This condition can be best fulfilled in the swampy and marshy areas of
vegetated flood plains. For this, some fish is seen flocking into the riverine flood plain, where people
in mass caught and wadding into the water using traditional traps or even in hands.
There are plenty of wetlands in this sub basin resulting from hydrological and land use changes. The
Dembia Plain to the north, the Fogera Plain to the east and the Kunzila Plain to the south-west are
low areas bordering the lake which are often flooded during the rainy season and also far to the lake.
Deforestation and losses of vegetation within the basin is the starting cause for an accumulation of
silt within the water and wetlands ecosystems. This accumulation leads to a complete change in the
ecosystem wetlands, resulting in biodiversity alteration, in decreases the water holding capacity of the
Lake and wetlands, the worst case finally it aggravates the collapse of the lake itself. Therefore, to
sustain and maximize benefit of natural gifts, wetlands must be conserved and managed based on the
perspective of land use type and principles.
1.1.4. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus Amphibius)
Hippopotamus is the prominent large mammal in Lake Tana and widespread in all sides of Lake.
Various literatures have revealed that through using hippos as iconic species for conservation; the
community as well as the higher levels could benefit from tourism. Hippo is distributed in all corners
of the lake because of its natural habitat degradation.
Therefore, this animal and its habitat must be studied and conserved for different use of humans in
the perspective of land use type (Amhara Design and Supervision Works Enterprise.2012); hence, to
sustain its use for human kind and other ecological functions, appropriate land use management is
fundamental and urgent solution in Tana- sub basin.
1.1.5. Birds
There are wide variety of birds, both endemic and visitors from Africa, Europe and other Northern
parts of the world. The variety of habitats from rocky crags, to riverine forests and important
wetlands ensure that many different bird species. Water birds are of two types such as called wetland
specialists and generalists. Specialists are wholly dependent to nest, feed, and roost in wetlands and
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
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aquatic habitats (Airinatwe, 1999; Mengistu Wondafrash, 2003). Generalists are those birds that are
frequently found in wetlands (Mangnall and Crowe, 2003) but are sometimes seen in other habitats as
well. Therefore, for different human uses such as tourism development and environmental balance,
their natural habitat, breeding and feeding sites must be conserved and managed.
1.2. The Scope of the Study
The scope of the study includes major aspects related to socioeconomic conditions of the study area.
Observation in field was taken about existing land use transformation, species habitat degradation,
loss of species, fishing activities, type of fishing tools, endangered wild animals, threats of
wetlands, increasing access to nature reserves or conservation, the status of wetlands, Lake Tana,
rivers and streams, illegal fishing tools and time of fishing season, utilization of natural resource,
wildlife population as a result of conservation program or decreasing wildlife population and as a
result of degradation of natural habitats, fishery production and management in the Lake Tana and
fish culture, under construction dams ,human interference in wetlands, the Lake, rivers and streams
site observation and taking measurements for aquaculture development, suitability classification and
some others. The suitability map will be done at 1:20,000 scales.
1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General Objective
The overall objective of this study was to ensure effective and efficient land use type identification
and utilization for sustainable socio-economic development and identification of potentials to
promote sustainability of wetlands and fisheries in Tana sub-basin.
1.3.2. Specific Objectives
• To assess potentials and constraints of wetlands and fisheries and set its managements
• To identify, define and select and respective LUTs, identify and characterize land qualities
• To identify wild animals which are endangered in wetlands, rivers and the Lake and to set
better management
• To identify and show potentials areas for aquaculture development and promote its
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
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utilization for sustainable development
1.4. Organization of the Study
The major issues addressed in this study are explained briefly in the preceding section of this chapter.
The subsequent chapter of this study is organized as follows: Chapter one focuses on introduction,
chapter two literature reviews, chapter three describes description of the study area, chapter four
focuses on presenting the material and methodology used. Chapter five provides the assessment result
and management of fisheries and wetland as economical factors that are considered as an important
for sustainable production are detail described in this chapter.
The identified land utilization type, and its description and environmental requirement, the selected
LUTs; culture and capture fisheries were defined and described each independently, and the
objective, purpose as well as the environmental requirements ratting of each utilization type also
explained in chapter five.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
So as to have a basic knowledge about the general features of wetlands situations, fishing
activities, general situations of fisheries, the importance of wetlands and other aquatic animals, birds
and the requirements of some aquatic animals, resent and different literatures or studies from
various sources including on line services were collected, organized and utilized as follows.
2.1. Fish
2.1.1. Fish Species
In this sub basin, there are 28 fish species out of which 21 are endemic to the Country. The fish
fauna families are: Cichlidae, Clariidae, Balitoridae (each represented by single species: Oreochromis
niloticus, Clarias gariepinus and Nemacheilus abyssinicus, respectively) and Cyprinidae (Abebe
Getahun and Eshete Dejen2012. Cyprinidae is the largest family and represented by four genera:
Barbus is represented by three species: B. humilis, B. pleurogramma, and B. tanapelagius
(Eshete Dejen, 2003)
Varicorhinus is represented by one specie, V. beso
Garra is represented by four species: G. dembecha, G. tana, G. regressus and G. small mouth
(unidentified species) (Akewak Geremew, 2007)
Labeobarbus is the most abundant genus of the family and consists of 15 species forming a
unique species flock in Lake Tana (Nagelkerke, 1997)
These endemic fish species attracts the attention of world scientists. According to Abebe Getahun and
Eshete Dejen (2012, Lake Tana has annual maximum sustainable yield which is about 7000- 15000
tons of fish. If the Lake is well managed, with no doubt its potential will be higher than this. Fishes
perpetuate themselves in a number of ways. Success of reproduction depends on when and where the
fish reproduces, and what portion of energy is allocated (Stearns, 1992). Fish has its own suite of
reproductive traits (Wootton, 1990). Genetic and environmental factors are important in determining
the reproductive ecology of fishes. The most important environmental factors include the harshness
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and variability of abiotic factors, the availability of food for the parental fish and their offspring, the
presence of predators on the parental fish and their offspring and the level of dissolved oxygen
(Lowe-McConnell, 1987; Wootton, 1990). The most favorable areas for fish feeding are not
necessarily best for reproduction (Northcote, 1984). Hence, migration enables a fish to utilize
different habitats. But breeding sites of the fish are being degraded because of improper land use
types. From these studies it is understood that the existing fish species in the Tana sub basin.
Therefore, this species need to be conserved so as to have sustainable production and development.
2.1.2. Spawning of Labeobarbus Fish Species
Since cyprinids are riverine in their origin and they are adapted to live in lakes or lacustrine
environments, most of the species migrate upstream to spawn in tributary rivers (Tomasson et al.,
1984; Skelton et al., 1991) which indicates that they are not still fully adapted to the lake
environment.
Different studies have been conducted in some inflowing rivers of Lake Tana such as Gelda and
Gumara (Nagelkerke and Sibbing, 1996; Palstra et al., 2004; de Graaf et al., 2005), Ribb (Abebe
Getahun et al., 2008) and Dirma Megech (Wassie Anteneh, 2005), Arno-Garno River (Shewit
Gebremedhin, 2011) and Gilgel Abay River and its Tributaries (Dagnew Mequanent, 2012) indicated
the upstream spawning migration of some lacustrine Labeobarbus species.
The riverine spawners of Labeobarbus species ascend 30 to 40 km upstream Gumara River from
August to October. They spawn in fast flowing, shallow, and well-oxygenated gravel beds of small
tributaries of the river, and possibly in the main channel (Palstra et al., 2004).
Here it can be understand that, the appropriate breeding sites of fish and for how mach distance these
riverine spawners of fish species migrate to spawn. Therefore, this part tried to show the appropriate
land use type by considering these endemic valuable fish species for sustainable development.
2.1.3. Decrease of Fish
In the commercial catch large specimens of African catfish (>50 cm) and Nile tilapia (>20 cm)
decreased significantly over the last ten years time. During the same period, the commercial catch of
riverine spawning Labeobarbus spp. declined with 75%. In the experimental fishery a similar
decrease was observed and the populations of juvenile Labeobarbus in the littoral (length range: 5-18
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cm) decreased even by more than 85% (de Graaf et al., 2006). The main reason for the fall down of
these fish species is due to destructive fishing for the period of their spawning season and destruction
of the river ecology that serves as a spawning ground. These species form aggregations at the river
mouths in August-September, during which period they are targeted by the commercial gillnet
fishery. Traditional fishermen reduced densities of this fish species to a very low level because of
overfishing near and at river mouths and upstream in the rivers on and near the spawning grounds.
Recruitment overfishing is taking place in case of the migrating Labeobarbus spp; because of this,
seven species of this unique species flock are in danger of becoming extinct (Vijverberg et al., 2009).
This study could see, how mach the Lake Tana fish species are decreased, endangered and the
reasons of decreases. Therefore, appropriate fisheries management and land use type, is important to
recover this fish production.
2.1.4. Exploitation of the Fish Potential in Lake Tana
In addition to commercial and reed boat fishery, seasonal fisher-men (farmers) traditionally catch
Labeobarbus on the upstream spawning grounds between July and October. These seasonal fisher-
men use a variety of fishing techniques like barriers, basket traps, hooks, scoop nets and poisoning of
the shallow water upstream using the dried and crushed seeds of the berberra tree (Milletia
ferruginea, Leguminosae) both times (Nagelkerke and Sibbing, 1996). From this, one could see that
illegal fishing tools and activities, so there must be appropriate fishing tools and activities.
2.2. Wetlands
Wetlands have many economic, cultural and ecological functions and values. It can serve as fish and
Shellfish habitats and spawning areas, and nursery for young organisms. Most freshwater fish are
considered wetland dependent. Birds use wetlands for migratory resting places, breeding or feeding
grounds, or taking cover from predators. Wetlands also provided fish, drinking water, pasture land
and transport and were part of the cultural history of early people. Wetlands have been described both
as "the kidneys of the landscape", because of the functions they can perform in the hydrological and
chemical cycles, and as "biological supermarkets" because of the extensive food webs and rich
biodiversity they support (Mitsch & Gosselink, 1993 cited in Barbier, E. et al.1996). It is understood
that, the function and the importance of wetlands is so much.
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More than 60 seasonal and perennial rivers that are equipped with distinct riparian and wetland
vegetation can be found in the Lake Tana region. But the vast majority of this vegetation type is
concentrated in the flat plains of Lake Tana. One of the characteristic features of Lake Tana, the
papyrus populations, has dramatically declined in its distribution due to overexploitation and habitat
fragmentation and loss. Nowadays papyrus populations are mainly found in pocket habitats along the
shorelines (Woldegabriel & Solomon 2006).
Within the Lake Tana sub basin one can classify four major wetland ecosystems: (a) riverine
freshwater wetlands, (b) lacustrine freshwater wetlands (c) palustrine freshwater wetlands and (d)
agricultural flooded freshwater wetlands.
(a) Riverine freshwater wetlands: Riverine freshwater wetlands include all permanent and seasonal
rivers and streams, and their inland delta and floodplains. As a result of different climatic seasons
flooding occur in the rainy season corresponding with a high input of alluvial soils mixed with
nutrients and massive sediment accumulations along the river beds. This accumulation along the river
beds leads as well to the creation of new wetland areas. Of the riverine freshwater wetlands, Gilgel
Abay, Gumara, Rib, and Megech Rivers are frequently perturbed by such dynamic processes at their
lower reaches. All these permanent and seasonal feeder rivers and streams are ecologically significant
in providing habitats as breeding and spawning grounds for riverine migrating fish species, especially
for the endemic fish stock and hence play keystone ecosystem functions. The dynamic nature of the
riverine wetland ecosystems, which are usually perturbed and perpetually changing, acts to structure
wetland ecosystems in spatial and temporal scales. The long-term ecosystem functions of the riverine
wetlands depend on their specific habitats and structure, as habitat structures of rivers and streams
play an important role with regard to the ability of water bodies to function in natural systems and as
habitats for aquatic organisms. Generally, the various riverine freshwater wetlands are important
ecological units in conserving biodiversity because of their natural dynamics. Thus, they maintain the
dynamic nature of the lake system to function as habitats for aquatic organisms (Woldegabriel &
Solomon 2006).
(b) Lacustrine freshwater wetlands: The whole water body of Lake Tana can be classified as a
lacustrine freshwater wetland. Based on the definition provided on Article 2.1 of the Ramsar
convention, Lake Tana freshwater can be categorized as inland freshwater wetlands. With regard to
limnology, the ecology of the lake is divided into littoral, sub-littoral and pelagic zones, based on
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light penetration. All these zones are interlinked and provide habitats for the various fish stocks and
other aquatic lives (Woldegabriel & Solomon, 2006).
(c) Palustrine freshwater wetlands: Palustrine freshwater wetlands include permanently or seasonally
flooded freshwater marshes and swamps growing. The various palustrine wetland ecosystems,
located on-shore and offshore of the lake and rivers and streams, are among the valuable ecological
units that conserve important genetic resources and biodiversity species. The various vegetated
wetlands have important ecological linkages between the water realms of the lake and terrestrial
lands and hence require their joint management as they play keystone ecosystem functions in
reducing point and non-point source pollutions, regulating flood velocity, providing important
habitats for waterfowls and breeding and spawning grounds for fish species. The various natural and
near-natural palustrine freshwater swamp wetlands are ecologically significant in conserving the
water tolerant vegetation communities of the Cyperus papyrus-Typhae latifolia (Woldegabriel &
Solomon 2006).
(d) Agricultural flooded freshwater wetlands: The term agricultural floodplain wetland refers
mainly to the Fogera floodplains, located within the coordinates of latitude 11044‟-12003‟N and
Longitude 37025`-370 58`. These seasonal floodplains are located at the eastern side of Lake Tana
and have an estimated size of 28,000 hectares. These wetlands had been part of the lake, but at the
times of the pluvial period they have been changed into the present land forms due to high sediment
loads, eroded by inflowing rivers to Lake Tana. The soils are alluvial with no stones. Because of their
fertility they have been used by humans for several thousands of years. Rib River is the most
important river that overflows its banks to form seasonal wetlands. The habitat structure of the
flooded wetlands includes both semi-natural and arable lands, which are critically important in agro-
biodiversity and wild diversity conservation. Within the Fogera floodplain rice is cultivated. This rice
cultivation is one of the threats for the wetlands within the area and it results in a loss of biodiversity
due to the destruction of the ecosystem. The land of the Fogera floodplain provides habitats for
wildlife species, especially for waterfowls and seasonally migrating fish stocks for spawning. The
ecological significance of this area is manifested by its international recognition as important bird
areas (IBA) for its support of globally threatened bird species. Despite, they are threatened by
ecological degradation stemmed from drainage and channeling, invasion by alien species and
farmland expansion (Friedrich zur Heide, 2012). From this it noted that rivers, the lake and others are
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grouped under wetlands ecosystem. Therefore, there are four major wetland ecosystems in Thana
sub- basin.
Shesher and Welala wetlands
These wetlands provide fish, water, and grazing for livestock. They also harbor large diversity of bird
species including internationally endangered and threatened ones (Atnafu N. etal, 2011). They are the
buffering zones of Lake Tana (Nagelkerke LAJ., 1997). However, due to unsustainable farming
activities by local farmers, the existence of these floodplain wetlands and associated ecological
services as well as socioeconomic importance is under threat (Dejen E, et al., 2011, Nemomissa S,
2008). It was observed that the local farmers were draining and pumping the water to expand farming
land. Another potential threat is the large dam under construction on Ribb River that could minimize
the water overflowing to these wetlands (Dejen E. et al., 2011). These things are also approved by our
field observation /visiting, these are really challenging problems for these wetlands as well for Lake
Tana ecosystem.
These wetlands are ideal spawning and nursery habitats for C. gariepinus (Wassie Anteneh, etal,
2012). For this reason they said "To have management plans for the two wetlands and also to conduct
environmental impact assessment studies for all future development projects around the Lake Tana
are strongly recommended". From this it is understood that the functions of these wetlands. No days
in Tana sub basin, it is worry that, these wetlands are in a bad situation (are used for cropping
production, over grazing, sedimentation and so on).
2.2.1. Importance of Wetlands on Biodiversity
Wetlands provide suitable habitats for innumerable organisms including birds. These habitats,
however, are declining all over the world. Water resource development is a major cause for this
decline. Dams are being constructed by diverting large rivers to produce hydro-electricity, assist
navigation and control floods. Such changes have affected estuarine and coastal ecology, and reduced
the amount of water reaching flood plain wetlands, affecting their ecology (Kingsford, 2000).
Wetlands of Ethiopia are prominent shelter of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. Endemic fishes,
birds and other life forms depend on wetlands. The loss of these wetlands is devastating to several
endemic species and particularly to wetland dependent species (Kingsford, 2000).
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According to Atnafu N (2010), most of the dry C. gariepinus exported to neighboring countries such
as Sudan is obtained from Shesher and Welala wetlands. Therefore, some fish species by nature flood
dependent. Hence, wetlands are the most sources or rich of fishes, birds and other organisms.
2.3. Aquaculture
Water is recognized as one of the key limiting resources for the new millennium. Areas with once
abundant water reserves are now forced to take a close look at rationing, while water-stressed areas
are being forced to get by with less and less water. Diminishing supplies and increased demand mean
that water use and re-use is a critical issue. It is now clearly imperative that water use be optimized.
One form of optimization is to integrate irrigation and aquaculture (IIA) and develop synergy from
this marriage. Aquaculture, generally in the form of fishponds, can stock water for irrigating plant
crops or can capture water leaving irrigation schemes. Ponds can also be built in adjacent water
logged areas not suitable for other crops. By-products from the crops can be used as nutrient inputs
for the fish; green manure for composting, spoiled produce and/or by-products such as bran or oil
cake as supplemental feeds (FAO, 1999).
According to FOA (1995), Aquaculture is still virtually non-existent in Ethiopia, despite favorable
physical conditions. The high central Plateau above 2 500 m (11% of total area) could be appropriate
for all year round farming of cold water species. The surrounding and central highlands present
temperature characteristics favorable to the breeding of a large number of species, from cold water to
warm water fish. In addition, the temperature conditions are remarkably stable as compared to
European so-called "temperate climates" and give a great scope for cultivating a large range of
species in very good conditions.
Since 1975, about 25 small fish ponds were constructed by individuals throughout the country. These
ponds, which cover a total area of 11 ha, have been stocked about 120 000 fingerlings. They are
operated for self-consumption or demonstration purpose only. No commercial-scale fish farming
exists (FOA, 1995). Now days this figure may be higher, the number of ponds is getting higher and
higher in the Country, Ethiopia. From this it is possible to see the practice of fish culture in Ethiopia.
Here it is possible to see that, the potentiality and some trends of fish culture practices in Ethiopia
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2.4. Birds and Hippopotamus
2.4.1. Hippopotamus
According to Amhara Design and Supervision Works Enterprise(2012) report, this wild animal is
killed by man due to conflict arise for the damage cultivated crops, vegetables, grazing lands and
pasture, destroy fences, irrigation canals and overthrow papyrus made boat “Tankua” and considered
as vermin animal. From this it is possible to say this spp. is at risk. Therefore, these activities must
be stopped; to do so must be conservation of their natural habitat.
2.4.2. Birds
Lake Tana and its associated Fogera flood plain wetlands have been identified as Important Bird
Areas. They provide habitats for various bird species, particularly for water fowls including
Palaearctic and intra African migrants. The ecological significances for nomination as nationally and
globally, Important Bird Areas (IBAS) are due to the fact that they provide habitats for globally
threatened and biome restricted bird species and large number of congregations of waterfowls
(EWNHS, 1996).
Lake Tana qualifies as an Important Bird Areas (IBAs) because it possesses globally threatened
species such as Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor),
Rouget‟s Rail (Rougetius rougetti), Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus), and Greater Spotted Eagle
(Aquila clanga). Recent estimates on the birds of Lake Tana suggested that 43,000 wetland birds are
found in the area (Francis & Shimelis Aynalem, 2007). There are 214 Palaearctic migrants in
Ethiopia and among these, 45 species have been found to over-summer within the boundaries of the
country. A large number of these birds have breeding population in Ethiopia (Pol, 2006).
The preparation of a list of species is basic to the study of avifauna (bird community) of a site,
because a list indicates species diversity in a general sense (Bibby et al., 1992; Bibby, 1998).
Information is far from complete for most species of birds in different regions. Concentration of
threatened avian species is greater in the tropics than elsewhere. Of the 1,029 threatened species, 884
occur in developing countries (Rands, 1991). Apart from their beauty, birds are excellent indicators
of water quality. In Ethiopia, several ecosystems of high biological importance are threatened and
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there is a need for strong conservation action that should be supported by legislation (Pol, 2006),
especially Lake Tana and wetlands.
From this we could see that this potentially important bird species are at risk, are going to extinct.
Migratory bird species which come from Europe every year are at risk because of habitat
degradation. These birds are potential for tourism development.
2.4.3. Federal and regional policies, strategies, regulations concerning fish and
wetland
In Ethiopia, there are many policies, proclamations and strategies such as water sector policy 2001,
national tourism development policy (2009), Ethiopia solid waste management proclamation (No.
513/2007), ANRS environmental impact assessment (proclamation No. 181/2003), regional rural land
administration and use (Proclamation no. 133/2006), environmental pollution control (Proclamation
no. 300/2002), environmental impact assessment (proclamation No. 299/2002), National Biodiversity
Policy (FDRE, 1998), public health proclamation No 200/2000, Ethiopian water resources
management regulations No.115/2005, environmental policy of Ethiopia, federal and regional
(Amhara Region) fisheries policies ( proclamations No 315/2003 and 92/2003 on Fisheries
Development, Protection and Utilization, respectively and others but there is no any proclamation
about wetlands.
Though there is federal and regional fisheries proclamation as mentioned earlier, none of them has
put in to practices. Surprisingly, despite the fact that the country has numbers of wetlands, she is not
signatory the Ramsar Convention.
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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. General Descriptions of the Study Area
Tana sub basin is found in the Amhara region. Geographically, the basin is located between North
latitude 1210669m – 1411084m and East longitude 254549 - 416363m. Its elevation is ranging 1327
- 4109 meter above sea level. The basin has a total area of 1,589,654.98 hectares. It is one of the most
important potential areas for all development in Amhara region. The largest lake in Ethiopia, Lake
Tana is found in the sub basin.
Parts or the whole of 29 Woredas and three administrative zones are encompasses in the sub-basin.
These include Banja, Fageta Lekuma and Dangila Woredas in Awi zone; Sekela, South Achefer,
North Achefer, Mecha and Bahir Dar Zuria Woredas in West Gojjam zone; BahirDar Town in
BahirDar Town administration; Dera, Estie, Farta, Libo Kemkem, Ebinat and Fogera Woredas in
South Gondar zone; Debre Tabor Town in Debre Tabor Town Administration; Gondar Zuria,
Wogera, Lay Armachiho, Dembia, Chilga, Alefa and Takusa in North Gondar zone and Gondar
Town in Gondar Town Administration
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Fig. 1. Map of Tana sub basin
Human population in Tana sub basin is generally homogeneous linguistically and consists of the
main ethnic families of Amhara. According to CSAs 2007 census and Woredas, the study area has a
total population of 3103231 with male 1563276 and female 1539955 this is about 15.8 percent of the
total regional population. The very big proportion or 75.8 percent of the population of the area is
living in rural areas where as the remaining 24.2 percent are concentrated in urban and semi urban
centers. The settlement pattern of the study area is 56% scattered and 44% clustered, and the average
population density of the area is 292 persons per km square.
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The sub basin is endowed with eight different agro-climatic zones namely, moist tepid, sub-humid
tepid, moist cool, moist warm, moist cold, moist very cold, sub-humid cool and sub-humid cold.
Most of the project area (79.4%) is found in moist tepid agro climatic zone followed by sub-humid
tepid, moist cool and sub-humid cool which account for 12%, 5% and 3% respectively. The area is
dominated by one main rainy season, from June to September and one dry season between October
and May. The rainfall distribution of area is controlled by the northward and southward movement of
the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) resulting in a single rainy season.
River Megech, Rib, Gumara and Gilgel Abbay are the main permanent water resources in the Basin,
However, the Megech and Rib rivers sometimes dries-up at downstream during the dry seasons.
Both Rivers used to supply water for human and livestock consumption and also for crop irrigation.
The others seasonal rivers originate from the upper in the mountainous range in the north and in hilly
zones in the inter-riverine area of river Megech and Rib are also other sources of water. River
Infranz, River Jema, River Awra Arda, River Derba, River Arno-Garno, River Shine, River
Selamko, River Dengura are some of prominent seasonal rivers found in the study area.
The sub- basin is one among the other agrarian areas of the nation, where by Agricultural field crop
production is predominantly prevailing. With this respect, Agriculture production is the mainstay for
the livelihood of people in the sub basin. Beyond the presence of huge arable land resource, the sub
basin is adequately endowed with a wide variety of indigenous plants with a unique heritage of
diverse germplasm of vegetables, fruits, oil crops, forages, tubers, cereals and pulses. Teff, Noug,
safflower, rape seed, caster bean, Gesho, are among indigenous plants grown in the basin. Maize,
sorghum, beans, barley finger millet, wheat, chickpea and others are commonly grown crops.
Livestock constitutes a major part of the farming system next to crop production, providing draft
power, producing milk and conferring a certain degree of security against crop failures. However,
performance in the production of the major food commodities of livestock origin has been poor
compared with other African countries, including neighboring Kenya (IFAD/EPLAUA, 2007).
Inadequate feed and nutrition, widespread diseases and poor health, poor breeding stock, and
infrastructure have been cited as major constraints affecting livestock performance.
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Forest resource offer the main energy supply is one of the most dynamic economic activity in sub
basin; it also contribute to sustainable agricultural systems; and are a source for agro-biodiversity and
a major storehouse for carbon and water. However, Forest resource in the sub basin is being depleted,
biodiversity is declining, timber and non-timber forest products and services are weakened, and most
of the important biological endemic species, that have a potential to sustain the livelihood in the
basin, are now vulnerable.
The sub basin is rich in fish and wetlands resources. However the fishery of Lake Tana is at an early
stage of development due to low level of technology employed by fishery man and a lack of
marketing facilities. On other hand, the wetlands and fisheries resources also declining due to ever-
increasing population in the study area coupled with inappropriate land use and wetlands
management system and high fishing pressure with narrow mesh size.
The position of the basin in its cultural heritage is remarkable. For example, Some 37 islands & 21
monasteries surviving remnants of a very old meditative tradition have been used as safe keeping
places for the religious relics and art treasures during the times of trouble. And these monasteries
from all corners of the country have architectural significances, beautiful mural paintings and icons,
as well as numerous strikingly illustrated parchments and intricately decorated processional and hand
crosses. It is also house myriads of treasures, beautiful mural paintings, icons, parchment
manuscripts, scrolls and emperors assets. However, efforts and progress made on archaeological
searches for historical values in the area are still at infancy. As a result, most of the attractions
including those that have been declared world heritage by UNESCO have long suffered from severe
deterioration by both natural calamities and human interferences.
3.2. Materials Used
Materials which can help to accomplish this study efficiently and properly, recent technologies and
materials are necessary. For this study the following materials and technologies were used (Table1).
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Table 1. Materials used for study
No. Type of equipment Number
1 GPS 1
2 Digital photo camera 1
3 Computers 1
4 Google Earth -
5 ERDAS Imagine -
6 Other software -
7 Different formats and checklists -
3.3. Methodology
Soon after reconnaissance survey made from April to May 2013 the preparation for detail study or
filed work started. The study process followed three stages of preparation that are Pre fieldwork
activities including preparation of desk study and designing activities: field work and post field
works.
3.3.1. Sampling Methods
Representative sampling sites and samples were randomly selected based ACZ and samples were
taken randomly. The sample size was enough to represent the population based on the standards.
3.3.2. Biophysical Observation and Site Selection
Biophysical observation sites were identified and selected based on Agro-Climatic Zone and land use
and land cover by using Geographic Information System (GIS) (Fig. 1). In addition to this, some
important sites such as irrigations Dams (Mitsili,Selamiko, Rib, Megech and Megech Serava),
harvested fish storages( Woreta, Enfiranze, Chuait, Delgi and Gorgora), illegal(monofilaments)
fishing gear making places( Delgi), fishing activities, dominant wetlands and Hippopotamus were
observed based on the local source ( Figure2).
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3.3.3. Identification of Source of Data and Data Collection Tools
3.3.3.1. Source of secondary data
Secondary data were identified and collected from the following sources:
a. Woreda
Secondary data were collected from Woreda sectors (about 21 woredas) (Agriculture office and
Environmental protection and Land use Administration offices) by having developed formats which
are mentioned in the data collection format section, appendix4.
b. Zonal sectors
Secondary data were collected from zonal sectors (North Gondar, Bahir Dar Liyu and South Gondar)
department of Agriculture and EPLUA, by having developed formats which are mentioned in the data
collection format the same appendix4
c. Universities and Research Center
Secondary data were also collected from Universities (Gondar and Debretabor and Bahir Dar
Universities) and Research Centers (ARARI and Gondar).
3.3.3.2. Source of primary data
When preparing new projects, source of data is an important. Therefore, source of primary data were
identified and collected from the following sources:
a. Key informant discussion
Primary data were collected from key informants by interviewing with structured formats/
questionnaires. Totally, 57 key informants were interviewed.
b. Household Survey
The socio-economic Survey covered all the kebeles found in the sub-Basin with no exception. The
sampling methodology is multistage stratified cluster sampling the procedure followed to apply the
sampling is dealt below.
The household socioeconomic survey was conducted on the basis of sampling frame designed. A
multistage stratified cluster sampling of households using implicit stratifying method was applied to
prepare the sample frame as discussed in the second chapter of this report. The sequence of
stratification was arranged primarily.
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First the study area stratified by Seven ACZs, namely, Moist cold, Moist cool, Moist tepid, Moist
very cold, Moist warm, Sub-humid cool and Sub-humid tepid. Then each ACZ further stratified by
Kebele boundaries, a stage which is the first sampling unit. Then proportionate numbers of Kebeles
were sampled randomly from each ACZ. The total number of sample Kebeles was 100. These sample
Kebeles were also further stratified by sex of household head and the proportion of female headed
and male headed households was identified.
Finally, sample of 400 households was drawn from each Kebele using probability proportionate to
size method size being the number of female headed and male headed households in each Kebele.
Household is the second sampling unit. For this purpose a fresh list of households was prepared for
the sampled Kebeles.
c. Experts’ interview
There was interviewing and discussion with technique experts especially University Lectures and
Researchers so as to get real and resent information about the studies like fisheries, wetlands,
aquaculture and other major aquatic animals. Therefore, a total of five Experts were interviewed.
d. Field observation
Filed observation( about154 observations) all about birds, wetlands, fisheries, existing aquaculture,
major aquatic animals and all over conditions of the study were taken (Fig. 2) by having developed
formats which are shown in the appendix3.
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Fig.2. Map of observations and sampling sites of the study
e. Photographs
Best and representative Photographs were taken in order to show the actual existing situation of
fisheries, streams, dams, irrigation, rivers, existing land use types, wetlands and other important
photographs.
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3.4. Data Analysis
Data which were normally distributed was analyzed by using parametric methods otherwise non-
parametric method was conducted and some data were transformed. These collected data were done
and analyzed by using SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for Social
Studies) and Excel software. GIS was also used to show special distribution and allocation of results.
.
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4. RESULTS AND DISCCUTION
4.1. Culture Fisheries
4.1.1. Existing Land Use Types of Culture Fisheries
Though there are some developments of aquaculture in some farmers in this sub basin, it is small
scale and very traditional as a result of this, the production is insignificant; fishers exert all pressure
on capture fisheries which can result in the extinction of spp. followed by ecological distraction. This
is because of less attention by the farmer and the Governments, but now it is getting focuses by the
same Governments.
4.1.2. Problems of current situation culture fisheries
Results obtained from household (from interviewed 85% were not interested) (Fig. 3) and key
informant discussion indicated that the farmers are not actively participating to have fish culture,
because they have no any idea about its use and significance. This poor interest is the result of weak
extension works by developers even concerned bodies give less attention for such a kind of
agriculture as house hold survey reported.
In field observation, for example it was possible to see that, in Koga sub - reservoirs (or may be
called night reservoirs) there is no fish production though it is possible. Also in the other site
observation, Ebinate Woreda even the existing ponds are not that much effective because of poor
pond management system (Fig. 4).
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Fig.3. Interest of farmers in fish engaging in Tana sub- basin (Courtesy: Household, 2014)
Fig. 4. Poorly managed fish pond at Ebinat Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
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So as to alleviate poverty (poverty reduction by contributing its own part for economic
development), create job opportunity and improve livelihoods, culture fisheries should be practiced
and integrated with other agricultural systems. Therefore, the government should work on awareness
creation or extension about fish culture.
4.1.3. Potentials and Opportunities of Culture Fisheries
This sub- basin has somewhat good potentialities for aquaculture development but temperature may
be the major limiting factor, however, by using technologies this factor can be corrected; it is possible
to modify environmental factors including temperature and others. Potential fish species for this basin
are Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). But introduction of
any other species to this sub- basin is strictly forbidden by law, both regional and federal law. Access
to market, large water bodies and now days, high demand of fish are also potentials in this sub- basin.
At present there are about 45 fish ponds in this sub basin (Table2), but according to the key
informants sources, these ponds are not that much productive, this is because of poor management
system of the pond.
Table 2. Fish culture distribution in Tana Sub- basin woredas
Words Aquaculture
Households/Participant Total Pond
Dera 12 12
Libo 1 1
Ebinat 2 2
N. Achefer 11 11
S.Achefer 8 8
Mecha 7 7
Bahir Dar Liyu Zone 4 4
Total 45 45
4.2. Capture Fisheries
4.2.1. Existing Land Use Types of Capture Fisheries
It is known that, Lake Tana, wetlands and feeder rivers are suit or best home for the existing aquatic-
animals and as well for some other wilds but are exposed to various forms of environmental
degradation including over-exploitation of the fish resources, settlements and encroachment of
Eucalyptus species in to the rivers and wetlands, development activities such as construction of dams
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and irrigation projects as well as effluents from farm lands and also excessive sand extraction are also
serious problems. These things affect the production and productivity of fish and also it affects even
the existence of species, because of change of water chemistry and physical environment. There is
also lack of awareness on the part of farmers, development workers and decision makers about these
activities.
The existing capture fisheries production is traditional. Because of traditional production system and
poor management practice, the fishermen as a whole in the region and the country are getting low
income from these fisheries resource, failed for problems. Post harvesting system is also very
traditional (Fig. 5). The transportation system of this harvested fish, dried fish is also poor (Fig.6).
Market technologies and system are also too poor. In this study it was understood that, there is high
fish demand in the market particularly in Addis Ababa and North Sudan. Because of this demand,
these dried fish are transported to North Sudan and semi processed ones are transported to Bahir Dar,
Gondar and the most is to Addis Ababa. Some dried fishes are also demanded and consumed by
local once (woredas which are found in the hot area, western parts of North Gondar Zone).
Fig. 5. Traditional post harvesting of fish in Alefa Woreda left) and Dembia Woreda (right)
(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
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Fig. 6. Harvested fish transportation (poor) to consumers in Gondar Zaria Woreda(Courtesy:
ADSWE, 2014)
4.2.2. Potentials and Opportunities of Capture Fisheries
According to Abebe Getahun and Eshete Dejen (2012), fish species mainly Labeobarbus, Tilapia,
Cat fish and V. beso are commercially important and have a potential to give good production.
From these fish species, in this sub basin total fish production was increasing (Table3). This
potential creates job opportunity for 5472 fishermen from these landless fishermen are905. As a
result, Tana sub-basin fisheries are means of the livelihood for many fishers. These fisheries in turn
give great economy for the region and country. Production of fish in Lake Tana increases from time
to time, particularly staring from 2002(E.C) (Fig.7).
Table 3. Total fish production in Tana- sub basin
Years E.C Production ( Quintal) Estimated income (ETB)
2005 156528.7 95868008.5
2006 220203.6 462279617
Total
376732.3 558147625.5
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Fig. 7. Fish production from Lake Tana (1977 - 2006 E.C) (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
As mentioned earlier this production system and post harvest management is very traditional. If this
capture fishery production is well managed/modern fishing system, the production and income will
be doubled or tripled or more and job opportunity will be also too.
4.2.3. Existing Problems of Lake Tana and Capture Fisheries
General problems of Lake Tana and fisheries
In addition to water chemistry, mostly physico-chemical characteristics are changed and its effect
with the combination of other problems is accountable not only for production reduction but also
endemic fish species are endangered, are going to be extinct unless otherwise proper management is
applied. Other problems are over fishing, fishing season, the fishing tools and fishing activities i.e.
fishing is done mostly in breeding site and season, the fishing tools (mono filaments, fences, poising
chemicals and small mesh size) are used and unnecessary activities are also taking place. These
existing problems which are the sense of the existing situation and management/ conservations of
Lake Tana fisheries need immediate solution.
Adverse impacts of excessive water extraction for irrigation on downstream users are pronounced
from most fresh water sources. Intensive and semi-intensive irrigation systems require large volumes
of fresh water from water bodies, often drawn from surface waters. This practice leaves less water
available for downstream users. This system is affecting in most case capture fisheries which has
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devastative effect particularly for rivers (all rivers and streams in this sub- basin) and isolated
wetlands like Kurt Bahir fisheries, reservoirs, drinking water for animals and some extent humans in
adaption to ecological impact.
Tana sub- basin, Lake Tana itself and Beles sub-basins are considered growth corridors by the
Government. Hence, several development projects (dam building and irrigation projects) are being
studied and/or implemented. These include, among others, the Tana Beles inter-basin water transfer,
Koga (Fig.8), Ribb (Fig.8), Megech dams, irrigation projects and in the feature there will be
additional small dams. Almost all of them block the Feeder Rivers to store water, some pump water
through tunnels and some pump water directly from the lake for irrigation purposes. These projects
may possibly pose serious problems on the water level, water quality and biodiversity of Lake Tana
and the Feeder Rivers in the basin. These dams most of which lack fish ladder, blocks fish migration
for spawning purpose, as a result Labeobarbus fish species are highly at risk, planned dams are feared
to block this vital migration of fishes and this may ultimately lead to the demise of this unique group
of fishes and decline in fish stock of Lake Tana. There were environmental impact assessment (EIA)
studies conducted for the different projects but which did not consider fish migration route in some. If
the development projects are undertaken, the migration measures and the management plan suggested
in the various EIAs need to be strictly followed and implemented. Experiences to date, however,
indicate that this measures and plans are not adhere properly.
Fig. 8. Koga Dam (left) and Rib Dam (under construction) the right (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014).
According to local fishers thought, in Tana Beles there is a filter which tries not to allow inlet the fish
to water canal, it is not effective to block the entrance of fish to the turbine. These filters allow much
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fish to enter to the turbine which can kill almost all of them and which can result high loss. More are
killed by turbine and some will pass thought it and are founded at the outlet where there is high fish
mortality. Therefore, there should be urgent solution for this problem, for example, the need
additional filter next to the existing one can be one of the solutions.
4.2.4. Existing Problems of Fisheries
As mentioned earlier sections, endemic fish species are endangered, are going to be extinct unless
otherwise proper management is applied. This is because of inappropriate fishing time and season,
the fishing tools and fishing activities are problems i.e. fishing is done mostly in breeding site and
season, the fishing tools which are wrong are Mono filaments, fences, poising chemicals and small
mesh size are used and unnecessary activities are also taking place. This existing problem which is
the sense of the country also worldwide problem, need immediate solution.
Fisheries management draws on fisheries science to enable sustainable exploitation. A conventional
idea of a sustainable fishery is that it is one that is harvested at a sustainable rate, where the fish
population does not decline over time because of fishing practices. Sustainability in fisheries
combines theoretical disciplines, such as the population dynamics of fisheries, with practical
strategies, such as avoiding overfishing through techniques such as individual fishing quotas,
curtailing destructive and illegal fishing practices by lobbying for appropriate law and policy, setting
up protected areas, restoring collapsed fisheries, incorporating all externalities involved in harvesting
water bodies ecosystems into fishery economics, educating stakeholders and the wider public, and
developing independent certification programs.
Therefore, to sustain, maintain and maximize all above mentioned and unmentioned benefits, the lake
must be conserved and well managed, we can get too much benefit by conserving these existing
LUTs. Generally, no way of changing existing LUTs; instead there will be conservation and good
managements of these precious natural resources.
4.2.4.1. State of the threats
In this study it was possible to understand fisheries in Tana sub-basin are failed for different illegal
activities, which can result total collapse of fisheries which is agreed to Abebe Getahun and Eshete
Dejen‟ (2012) results.
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Therefore, implementing all necessary management measures is vital for the sustainability of the
lake, rivers and wetlands and wise use of its resources. Currently, almost all fishers both reed boat
and motorized boat are mainly concentrated on breeding season and spawning ground of each
species. Tilapia fishing is carried out at littoral regions; Cat fish at littoral flooded area. Labeobarbus
is mainly targeted at river mouths and more distance towards upstream.
The most surprising fishing activity that will probably lead to over all collapse of Lake Tana fishery
resource is using undersized monofilament gillnet imported from Sudan (Gelabat Town) since 2008
and now days this monofilament gillnet is made by fishermen around the lake for example, Bahir
Dar, Esey Debir and Delgi(Fig. 15), Chuait, Gorgora and others. During peak spawning season at
pre-rainy season, peak rainy season and post rainy season at all spawning grounds setting 4cm up to
7cm stretched mesh by all fishers has become common practice even cooperatives use this.
4.2.4.2. Overexploitation of the resources
Although a fishery policy is in place both at the federal and regional levels (proclamations No
315/2003 and 92/2003), its implementation is still at stake. Hence, lakes, wetlands and rivers are
considered free access resources where everyone has the right to exploit. Although there are
registered and certified fishermen and their associations around Lake Tana, there are still a lot of
illegal unregistered fishermen exploiting the fish resources; fishers exploit resource beyond its
capacity. There is no or little regulation of the fishing gears .As a result, the fishery has started
suffering from overfishing (recruitment and otherwise) at some parts of the lake, especially the
southern part around Bahir Dar gulf. It has to be noted also some that of the Labeobarbus spp. have
become very rare that they have been proposed to be listed as endangered species by the International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). According to household survey (81.35%) (Table 4) fishers
and key informant approved that the fish supply in ten years has been dramatically decreased.
Table 4. Fish supply states for the last years in Tana sub-basin (Courtesy: Household, 2014)
Items Frequency Percent
Fish supply is increasing 220 15.14
Fish supply is decreasing 1182 81.35
Fish supply has no change 51 3.51
Total 1453 100.0
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4.2.4.3. Encroachment on the wetlands and shores of Lake Tana
As detailed explained in the lower section (Existing Land Use Type of Wetlands section), when the
flooding recedes, many people use the shores of Lake Tana for recession agriculture (Fig.9). The soil
is fertile and there is enough moisture for growth of crops. Settlements are being consolidated.
Encroachment on the Wetlands increases every year. There are also privately run small-scale
irrigation projects that use the lake‟s water. The depletion of emergent macrophyte through
harvesting and burning as well as expansion of the submerged stand is serious concerns for the lake‟s
existence.
Fig. 9. Agriculture very close to Lake Tana at Gonder Zaria Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
Problems in the watershed of the rivers and wetlands that feed the lake have also become serious
problems. Unless the riparian vegetation is maintained it would be very difficult to protect soil
erosion and lake sedimentation. Even if dams are constructed and reservoirs are formed, they could
easily be filled with sediments if the watershed is not properly managed (Fig.10).
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Fig. 10. Soil erosion at Dangila (the left) and the right at Alefa Woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
Deforestation for energy use and overgrazing caused by high density livestock are major threats of
Lake Tana that need urgent solution by all concerned bodies. River-driven sedimentation is one of the
most serious threats to the long term ecological functions of the lake system. The negative effects are
reflected by huge sediment deposits, shrinkage of lake‟s area size and decreasing water holding
capacity, reduced water quality, habitat fragmentation and loss.
4.2.4.4. Influx of affluent
Small scale agriculture activities are taking place around Lake Tana. This agricultural activities lead
to introduction of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides in to the lake,
which are serious problems. Although the amount of the use these inputs by farmers is small
quantities so far but the unregulated manner in which they are used is a threat to the health of the
water. As key informants‟ discussion particularly fishers, local farmers add crushed seeds of Birbira
with little Malathion in to the rivers for fishing. These will let to the lake, with a gradual
accumulation would have impact on the lake system, and in turn would affect the well being of life
within the lake, the ecosystem as a whole.
In addition, wastes from the different sections of Bahir Dar town (e. g .Hotels, Hospitals, Residents,
etc) are, in most cases, discharged in to Lake Tana directly. The setting of appropriate sewerage
system could solve or mitigate the danger of the pollution of the lake water.
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4.2.4.5. By-catch
Some types of fishing equipment such as nets with small mesh sizes, Monofilaments, trawlers, and
long lines collect both the desired species (catch) and many non-target species (by-catch) as
information obtained from key informants. By-catch includes unwanted or undersized animals. These
animals are culled and returned to the water body or elsewhere, often dead or dying; the populations
of many non-target species are dropping as a result. In many cases, the discarded fish are juveniles,
which increase the rate of population collapse.
4.2.4.6. Toxic substances
As per discussed with key informants, toxic substances, such as Crushed seeds of Birbira with little
Malathion are used in tributaries of Lake Tana so as to catch fish, which can result fish mass kill. So
this thing should be stopped.
4.2.4.7. Endangered species
Particularly nearly 15 endemic Labeobarbus fish species are threatened in this sub basin, due to a
combination of over-harvesting, habitat destruction and illegal fishing activities (like use of
monofilaments, seeds of Birbirra tree (Milletia ferruginea) with Malathion and fencing) and other
related problems.
4.2.4.8. Habitat destruction
Mangroves, however, stabilize lakeshore, reduce storm erosion, act as spawning and nursery areas for
many fish and crustacean, and generally support a diverse population of grasses, birds, and other
land-based and aquatic animals, but these habitats are being lost. There is mass fishing activities at
spawning season and its site /habitat (Fig.11)
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Fig. 11. Fishing at spawning site and season in Gumara River (around Wanezaye): source,
Livestock Agency Training Material, 2004
4.3. Major Organisms
4.3.1. Habitats
It is known that Lake Tana, wetlands and feeder rivers are suit or best home for organisms but are
exposed to various forms of environmental degradation including over-exploitation of the fish
resources, settlements and encroachment of Eucalyptus species in to the rivers and wetlands,
development activities such as construction of dams and irrigation projects as well as effluents from
farm lands and also excessive sand extraction from as discussed earlier. These things affect the
production and productivity of organisms and also it affects even the existence of spices, because
these areas are the natural habitat and homes of fishes. These things are also serious problems for the
Lake, wetlands and rivers itself as a whole for the ecosystem.
4.3.2. Flora
In the vast riparian areas of Lake Tana, the only remained forested areas are found sparsely in
pockets of habitats and ecosystems within and around the churches and monasteries of the various
islands and islets and peninsulas where natural, near-natural and semi-natural forestlands can be
founded.
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Some shoreline of the Lake and mouth of Gilgele Abay River supports well-established papyrus beds
which are going to be extinct, threaten species. But almost in the rest parts of the lake and wetland
areas plants are disappeared. Further inland the vegetation is dominated by sedges, reed grasses and
bulrushes, along with swamp grasses such as Echinochloa spp. and Cynodon aethiopicus. Patches of
mixed small and broadleaved trees and bushes are found around churches on small, rocky hills near
the lake shore. These patches contain trees such as Albizia spp., Croton macrostachyus, Cordia
africana, Olea europaea cuspidata, figs and Phoenix reclinata. The more shrubby areas comprise
species typical of degraded forest, with Carissa dulis, small Acacia spp., Rosa abyssinica and
Dodonea angustifolia. These species are more or less is exposed for open access except those which
are found in churches. It is obvious that this flora spp. play a great role for the well-being of Lake
Tana, as a whole for the ecosystem of the Tana sub basin. Therefore, like church once, there should
be conservation and best management practices.
4.3.3. Fauna
As discussed earlier, wetlands are biological supper market. Originally, habitats suitability and low
anthropogenic impact coupled with ecological functions of the various ecosystems of wetlands
including Lake Tana itself and associated riparian areas provided habitats for both aquatic and
terrestrial wildlife as a result of habitat heterogeneity and diversity. However, the population pressure
and land use change seriously affecting flora and fauna of wetlands, there are accelerating habitat loss
and natural resource degradation for wild-animals. Types of wildlife grouped under fauna are
mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles‟ are presented to describe the baseline condition of the planning
area. These organisms are mostly wetland dependants, as stated below these natural habitats, wetlands are
exposed for various serious problems, because of this event, faunas are also failed to problems.
4.3.3.1. Birds (Avifauna)
This study approved that, there are varieties of fauna compositions in this ecosystem are specialized
to a particular habitat types. Key characteristics of the wetlands are the formation of various
structures of plant communities, which are distinct, both in terms of flora and fauna composition from
the adjacent dry lands. They are valued for their role in supporting regional biodiversity. Because of
these, this area is particularly important for water birds and the area also important for wintering
migratory bird species. Its importance for birds is reflected by designation of Fogera plains as
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Important Bird Area (IBA). Different bird species inhabit wetlands you can see birds population in
(Fig.12).
Fig.12.Migratory bird species from abroad (left) Libo Kemikem and other bird species in Fogera
words (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
Though there are different bird species, different studies indicated that these species are endangered;
this study also approved that bird species are in a bad situation, died (Fig.13). This is because of
alteration and degradation of natural habitats. Therefore, habitat conservation specialty wetlands must
be conserved or protracted from any activities rather than cut and carry feeding system and other
recommendable activities.
Fig. 13. Killed Crane in Dembia woreda (left) and the other is in Gondar Zaria woredas (Courtesy:
ADSWE, 2014)
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4.3.3.2. Mammals
Mammals such as Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious), Black and White Colobus Monkeys
(Colobus guereza), Aard Vark Orycteropus afer, Crested Procupine Hystrix cristata, Grimm’s
DuikerSylvicapra grimmia, Leopard Panthera ardus, Ratel (honey badger) Mellivora capensis,
Africancivet cat Civetticties civetta (Teregn) are found around wetlands and Lake Tana, wetlands,
forests, caves and hillsides. However their presence is highly inconspicuous compared to waterfowls
to be accessed for visitors easily particularly during day time. Giving an attention is enhancing
conservation efforts and possibility of delineating their major habitats for inventory and Protection.
The condition and abundance of higher mammals failed under critical. Conservation issues due to
threats of habitats fragmentation, overgrazing, farmland, settlement, hunting and deforestation. These
problems can be solved by best management and biosphere conservation strategies of their natural
habitat.
4.3.3.3. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus Amphibius)
In this survey as per discussion of key informants (source), it is understood that, this wild animal is
being killed by man. As a result its number is decreasing, endangered animal. The conflict is
because of the damage cultivated crops, vegetables, grazing lands and pasture, destroy fences,
irrigation canals and overthrow papyrus made boat “Tankua” by this animal as result farmers
considered as vermin animal, this result is agreed with the result/report of Amhara Design and
Supervision Works Enterprise(2012). Why this animal damage the above mentioned humans‟
properties, is because of the natural home /habitat of this animal has been damaged and wasted by
human for his benefits. As a result of this, this animal is forced to find its feed in any where even
though whether there is or not human and other domestic animals in feed areas and foraging over
grazed areas (Fig.14) this is sourced by key informant discussion and field observation. Not only
these animals faced problems but also others, this is because of natural habitat degradation as a result
of this, many animals number is decreasing at increasing rate, particularly these wild animals are
endangered. This is mainly the losses of wetlands. Apart from environmental balance, birds and
hippopotamus are important for tourism development.
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Therefore, in order to have tourism development the natural habitat of these animals, the lake and
wetlands must be kept healthy i.e. inappropriate land use types must be stopped instead there must be
appropriate land use type , these activities must be stopped soon.
Fig. 14. Hippopotamus near to Delgi Town, Alefa Words (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
4.3.3.4. Reptiles and amphibians
In this sub basin there are plenty of wetlands, these wetlands are the most natural habitats of reptiles
and amphibians. The Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus) occurs in riverine and marsh habitats. African
Rock Python (Python sebae) occurs in permanent wetlands all around Lake Tana and even in Kurit
Bahir Wetland.
Generally, the composition of amphibians by principal species list is not yet well known in the study
area in particular and the region as a whole, which indicate the need of a thorough inventory.
Regardless of species composition by type, the presence of the amphibian anurans has been seen in
the various wetlands of the study area, particularly during wet season. They are important in playing
key roles in prey-predator relationships both as consumers and prey for other higher atrophic levels,
especially for the various waterfowls and terrestrial birds.
Apart from ecological importance, these organisms can be used as monetary value through
consumptive utilization and hence contribute significant impacts on socio-economic development.
There are no crocodiles in Lake Tana as key informant discussion. As mentioned in the other sections
because of their natural habitats degradation, all most all these animals are failed for problems like
other organisms. Protecting and conservations of their natural habitat is an urgent solution to
preserve them.
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4.4. Identification of Land Utilization Types
According to FAO (2006), land-use type is a kind of land use described in terms of its products and
management practices. This is a general types of description used for an immediate understanding of
LUTs. However at the district and local level it has to be more detailed mainly for two purposes i.e.
for determination the requirements of a use and then for management specifications that can be used
as a basis for extension services and for planning necessary inputs.
A LUT is also defined by a set of technical specifications in a given physical, economical and social
settings. These technical specifications are known as “diagnostic” or “key attributes” (FAO, 1993).
The selected and identified land use types are obtained and derived from reviews of inception report,
reviews of land use land cover report, consulting and using knowledge of local experts and the
community, refer government preferences (from regional strategic document, extension package
manual), using reference materials and study documents FAO guidelines (1993), study document,
Research Centre and other relevant literatures as well existing potential assessment.
Therefore, LUTs for this sub-basin are proposed based on the above information are Fish culture
production (LUTs1), Capture fisheries (LUTs2).
4.4.1. Description of Land Utilization of Culture Fisheries (LUTs1)
Fish culture is the rational cultivation of fish in confined water mass, where fish rearing is not left to
the mercy of nature (Shammi and Bhatnagar, 2002). Combining aquaculture with agriculture, animal
husbandry and irrigation leads to better utilization of local resources and if executed and managed
properly increase production and profit (FAO, 2005). The man can control fish species and growth,
food production is secured, the fish is close at hand/easy to harvest and it is an effective use of land
that may be too poor for agriculture. The description of Culture fisheries is done based on the
following criteria products and other benefits, use of power/ mechanization, material inputs, feed,
water, fishing tools, size of the pond, depth of the pond, cultivable fish species, selection criteria of a
fish for culture, operations, market orientation, capital intensity, earthen pond, labor intensity, scale
of operation, economic attributes, land tenure, infrastructure and levels of managements. Its detail is
explained in Section III, volume II of this thematic report.
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Factors/ requirements of Good Site Selection for aquaculture development
Land is a major factor of production. Fish ponds are built on land either by excavating the soil or by
building embankment structures. When the pond is made by excavating, the following land qualities
(slop, frequency of flooding, depth of water table, clay content of the soil, organic matter content and
Stoniness) for which its suitability can be rated. Its detail explanation is discussed in Section III,
volume II of this report.
4.4.2. Description of Land Utilization of Capture Fisheries (LUT2)
In this case, fish is harvested/ produced from natural system (Lake, rivers streams, wetlands and large
dams) from the most commercial fish families of Cichlidae, Clariidae each of which represented by
single species: Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus, respectively and Cyprinidae is the
largest family and represented by four genera ( Vijverberg et al., 2009; Getahun and Dejen, 2012).
To increase the existing fish production as mentioned in the fish potential section, we must manage
and conserve there natural habitats like lake, wetlands, rivers, large dams and streams. Therefore,
when we set the managements of the natural system, conservation, sound utilization and harvestings
of these resources, directly and indirectly we are increasing fish production and conservation of other
species. The most probable inputs are, restocking of those existing fish (Lake Tana endemic fish
species), fishing, gillnets types, fishing time/season, fishing places, mesh size and the likes. The
description of capture fisheries is done based on the following criteria products and other benefits,
use of power/ mechanization, material inputs, feed, fishing tools, fish species, Operations, market
orientation, capital intensity, labor intensity, scale of operation, economic attributes, land tenure
,infrastructure, and levels of managements .It is detailed discussed in Section III, volume II of this
thematic report.
Requirements/ the most limiting Factors capture fisheries
To sustain the production, among many limiting factors, the following land qualities should be
considered or required as standards that the fish needs to be it constant in addition to other factors.
These most limiting factors are turbidity and transparency, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH of
water, total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity. Its detail explanation is discussed in Section III,
volume II of this report.
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4.5. Fish cooperatives
Fishers are organized in association for credit and technical provision. The Tana Hahik 1 fishing co-
operative is the first that was established before 16 years in the Southern gulf of the lake. In addition
to this, there are other organized associations in Bahir Dar Liyu Zone are Tana Tafachi, Asamirt
Gebeya, Yiganda Kebele, Ura Kebele, Georgis and Debiresina. Other associations are now emerging
across in ten surrounding woredas. Each woredas has a minimum of one association with 53-
125members.
Semi fish processing industry are The Tana Hahik 1 and Georgis fishing co-operatives and private
once are Woreta, Setegn Alamir, Genetu Wondie, Asamirt Gebeya, Abel and Tarekegn. All of them
are found in near to Shimbit Mikael Cherch and Fishery Research Center, but Georgis is found near
to Georgis Cherch and the rest is in Woreta Town.
Fishermen sale their catch, wet fish to co-operatives or for individuals who can processes it. They
also sale dried fish for merchants; this is particularly true in Northern, North East and North West of
Lake Tana. The merchant export dried fish to North Sudan and those who trade semi processed fish
send or sale it for Bahir Dar, Gondar, Addis Ababa and other Towns of Ethiopia. At the movement
there are four factional semi fish processing sites in Bahir Dar and one in Woreta Town.
4.6. Plant Location of Fish Processing Sites
The term fish processing refers to the processes associated with fish and fish products between the
time fish are caught or harvested and the time the final product is delivered to the customer.
Before deciding plant location different factors should be analyzed. The most important is the plot
which should be of adequate size for both present needs and future development. The plant should be
close to public transport such as rail or road. Access to electricity and water is essential. Waste
disposal should be considered when planning the plant location. The owner should coordinate all the
works with local competent authorities in order to avoid problems in the future. The choice of plant
location should also take into account the neighboring surroundings: for example, location near to a
waste dump could lead to microbiological contamination caused by birds (FAO, 1996).
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There are existing fish processing sites at Kunizila, Gorgora but now which are not functional, Bahir
Dar fish possessing sites ( very functional) and in Wereta Town. Since fishes are highly perishable,
there is huge loss from existing harvest. So, in order to avoid wastes from post harvest and to
maximize incomes and livelihoods of fishers as well for the benefits of the region and the country re
establishment of existing fish processing sites and construction of new site is very urgent. Therefore,
based on the above factors or criteria existing none functional and new fish processing sites are
proposed and selected (Fig.15).
Fig. 15. Fish processing sites
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4.7. Management Options for Sustainable Production of Fisheries
Management Practices of Culture Fisheries (LUT1)
A. General Guidelines for Aquaculture
Use hatchery stock where possible;
Use non-native species only where escape is impossible or where survival and reproduction
under local conditions is impossible but strictly forbidden to introduce any other fish species
to this Tan sub basin by law;
Use palatable feed with high utilization rates and low waste. Use feed of the appropriate size
for the age of the stock. Feed often and at low levels to minimize waste. Distribute feed
evenly;
Use pathogen-free stock. If necessary, quarantine and provide treatment;
Use drugs or pesticides only as needed during a disease outbreak, not on a routine preventive
basis. Delay harvest of treated stock and delay discharge of treated water until the drug or
pesticide has degraded fully and
Apply Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to the aquaculture program. Aquaculture combined
with rice production enables a farmer to grow two crops on the same land. The fish will
consume algae and weeds, fertilize the water, and improve soil texture-aquaculture in
irrigation channels will control algae and weeds.
B. Specific Guidance for Pond Aquaculture
Locate ponds where they do not cause a loss of habitats such as mangroves, wetlands, rivers,
inlets or high wildlife-use areas;
Choose sites with good soil, preferably clay-loam or sandy-clay, that will retain water and be
suitable for building dikes;
Design to prevent storm and flood damage that could cause overflow discharges;
Provide settling ponds for the effluent and also for water intake, if the water supply has high
sediment loads;
Ensure that pond depth is shallow enough to prevent stratification (potentially dangerous
layering of the pond water into a warmer upper layer and a cooler, dense, oxygen-poor lower
layer). If not, include a means of providing aeration or other destratifying mechanisms;
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Include reservoirs for water storage and treatment;
Isolate supply and effluent canals as far as possible from each other and from other farms;
Where possible, use a closed or re-circulating system with treatment; do not use more than
small amounts of fresh water to top off the pond;
Line bottoms and sides of ponds, levees and canals with impervious material to prevent
seepage into surrounding soils and groundwater;
Dig ponds deep enough to control weed growth and minimize sediment erosion by using
gradual slopes in construction;
Planting vegetation on the surfaces of slopes;
compacting and lining the banks;
Making discharge channels large enough to handle peak loads without scouring
Operate ponds so that they do not cause a loss of, or damage to, habitats, including
mangroves, rivers, inlets, swamps, marshes and other wetlands, high wildlife use areas,
parks, ecological reserves, or fishing grounds;
Screen pond entrances and exits to keep fish stock in and other animals out;
Prevent erosion by leaving sediment, unless removal is absolutely necessary;
Keep freshwater use to a minimum in brackish or saline ponds;
Maintain water quality with aeration, sustainable stocking rates and controlled feeding rates,
not with water exchange (replacing old pond water with clean water);
Treat effluent in settling ponds with filter feeders and pass settling pond water from
freshwater ponds through a constructed wetland before discharge;
Use the effluent as liquid fertilizer on crops; particularly forage crops where bare ground is
minimal;
Monitor and control effluents before discharging to meet water quality standards for turbidity,
suspended solids, BOD, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, disease
organisms and pesticides. In freshwater ponds, monitor and control phosphorus;
Alternate freshwater ponds, where possible and allow ponds to dry out, lie fallow, or grow a
crop to reduce the need for sludge and nutrient removal and
Avoid discharge of fertilized or used water ponds into freshwater habitats.
Even with good management and design, fisheries projects are still at risk from external
environmental conditions which can prevent project success. This includes:-
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Fish Disease
Intensive aquaculture uses a dense stocking rate with intentional overcrowding. Overcrowding may
induce stress in aquatic organisms and increase their susceptibility to diseases. It also contributes to
poor water quality and the rapid growth and transmission of parasites and pathogens, which may
spread to wild populations and local capture fisheries. To treat and prevent disease, a variety of
chemicals are used, including antibiotics, parasite-killing drugs, pesticides, hormones, anesthetics,
pigments, minerals, and vitamins. These chemicals are generally used in finfish or hatchery
aquaculture, and applied along with feed.
Motivation
Many farmers choose to dig fishponds in anticipation of benefits or to associate themselves with a
culture of development, rather than a belief in the technology. Such farmers may be discouraged from
continuing fish farming in the face of maintenance problems and/or lack of short-term economic
returns. Therefore, there should be patience and need of commitments.
Environmental Factors
Projects may fail due to uncontrollable environmental disasters, such as droughts and floods. Also, if
water temperatures are too low, fish may not grow to adequate size in time for harvesting.
Biological Factors
The physical crowding of fish at high density („overcrowding‟) is not the primary limiting factor in
production performance. The primary limiting factors at high fish density in ponds are the low levels
of dissolved oxygen and the buildup of metabolic wastes. These are indirectly related to fish density
and directly related to the quantity and quality of feed required to produce (Schmittou etal., 1998).
Therefore, the biomass of fish of any given size that can be produced in a pond is governed by the
quality and quantity of feed required to produce it and the subsequent effect of management activities
on water quality. Farmers may experience problems maintaining adequate stocking and survival
rates.
Social Factors
Theft of tools and stocks can jeopardize project success and reduce individual and community
enthusiasm for aquaculture. Therefore, prevent fish pond from such a kind.
Administrative Factors
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Extensive bureaucracy and poor communications between farmers and project supporters may
generate distrust or apathy and result in project failure. Poor information exchange, lack of extension
services and lack of contingency planning can each be fatal blows to a fishpond project.
Other Additional culture fisheries management
Fish do not like any kind of changes in their environment. Any changes add stress to the fish and the
larger and faster the changes, the greater the stress. So the maintenance of all the factors becomes
very essential for getting maximum yield in a fish pond.
Water quality is the first most import and limiting factor in pond fish production. It is also the most
difficult production factor to understand, predict and manage. Water is not just where the fish live. Its
quality directly affects feed efficiency, growth rates, the fish‟s health and survival. Most fish kills,
disease outbreaks, poor growth, poor feed conversion efficiency and similar management problems
are directly related to poor water quality. Water quality refers to anything in the water, be it physical,
chemical or biological that affects the production of fish. The objective of pond management, is to
manage the water quality, so as to provide a relatively stress free environment that meets the
physical, chemical and biological standards for the fishes normal health and production performance.
Within a pond, water quality is a product of:
1. The quality of water at the water source,
2. The quality of the pond soils and immediate environment,
3. Production technology and management procedures employed, notably those associated with
feeding, the maintenance of adequate dissolved oxygen as well as any other chemicals or inputs
applied.
Since the type of production is a condition where man can controls those limiting factors of fish
culture production, the most limiting factors which need to be corrected and managed are located
bellow Table 5.
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Table 5. Additional summarized managements of major factors for sustainable production of
culture fisheries
No Limiting Factors Management Options
1
Water temperature
Use technologies e.g. greenhouse
Avoid high depth of water -Shallow waters are usually warmer than deep-
water courses because they require less time to warm up (Arnell, 1996).
Temperature death due to high temperature takes place during peak summer
and this can thus be avoided often. Provision of shade (cover) over a part of
the pond can also be of help in hot months.
providing wind breaks during winter causes increase in temperature of ponds
If bond is depth by water exchange, planting shady trees or making artificial
shades during summer‟s thermal stratification can be prevented
Constant flow through of water results into a reduction of pond water
temperatures
2
Turbidity
Addition of more water or lime (CaO, alum Al(SO4)314H2O at a rate of 20 mg L-1
and gypsum on the entire pond water at rate of 200Kg/ 1000m3of pond can reduce
turbidity(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)
3
Water color
Application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in clear water ponds may increase
productivity.
4
DO
Avoid over application of fertilizers and organic manure to manage DO level
Physical control aquatic plants and also management of phytoplankton
biomass
Recycling of water and use of aerators
Artificially or manually beating of water
Avoid over stocking of fishes
Introduction of the hot water gradually with pipes to reduce if DO level is
high(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)
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No Limiting Factors Management Options
5
Biochemical
oxygen demand
(BOD)
Add lime/more, suspending use of fertilizers, removal of non biodegradable /
floating organic matter from the pond surface, aeration, screening or
skimming to reduce BOD level
Before stocking, pond water may be allowed to stabilize for few days (5-15
days)
Add safe quantities of manure accordingly local conditions of pond in terms
of differences in type of manure, water temper nature and normal dissolved
oxygen(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)
6
CO2
Proper aeration can “blow” off the excess gas
Check organic load and reduce the same by adding more water (no fish) and
add Muriatic acid (swimming pool acid) to adjust the pH to about 5 or if
possible remove the matter by repeated nettings.
Use of lime (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Application of potassium permanganate at the rate 250 g for 0.1 hectare
7
Alkalinity
Fertilize the ponds to check nutrient status of pond water
Alkalinity can be increased by calcium carbonate, concrete blocks, oyster
shells, limestone, or even egg shells depending upon soil pH and buffering
capacity(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)
8
Salinity
Salinity is increased or diluted by replenishment of water
Aeration is essential to equalize the water salinity all over the water
column(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)
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No Limiting Factors Management Options
Ammonia (NH3)
Increase pond aeration
Addition of liming agents such as hydrated lime or quick lime decreases
ammonia and this technique is effective only in ponds with low alkalinity.
Formaldehyde and zeolite treatment. A dosage of 50 ml per 100 gallons to
chemically bind up to 1 ppm of ammonia, can be useful and but also check the
manufacturer's directions before use
Regular water change out(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)
9 Primary
productivity
Productivity can be improved by use of organic/inorganic fertilizers in ponds
In case of plankton bloom / swarm; feed/manure application can be suspended
for some time(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)
10
pH
Add gypsum (CaSO4) or organic matter (cow dung, poultry droppings etc.)
and initial pre-treatment or curing of a new concrete pond to reduce pH levels
Use of quicklime (CaO) to rectify low pH of aquatic body(Anita Bhatnagar
and Pooja Devi, 2013)
Factors of good site selection for aquaculture development are fundamentals to select the area and run
fish culture. Those limiting factors can be corrected, so as to make the area/ the land suitable (Table
6)
Table 6. Factors which affect pond site selection and its correction / Management Option
Limiting Factor Management Options
Slope Mechanical leveling of the land, slope lowering
Frequency of flooding making flood control/block
`Clay content of the soil Concrete / cement type of pond
Depth of water table Concrete / cement type of pond
Organic matter content Concrete / cement type of pond
Stoniness Concrete / cement type of pond
Temperature Use technologies like greenhouse
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4.8. Management Practices for Capture Fisheries, Breeding Sites and Seasons of
Commercially Important Fish Species
4.8.1. General Concepts of Aquatic Ecosystem
An aquatic ecosystem is a group of interacting organisms dependent on one another and their water
environment for nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) and shelter (Project Oceanography Fall,
2000). Ecosystems operate from day to day by exchanging energy. The energy exchanged within an
ecosystem is recycled between the physical and biological components. The plants within an
ecosystem convert the sun's energy into food and are in turn grazed upon by animals, which are
consumed by predators. Microorganisms within an ecosystem, such as fungi and bacteria, also
exchange energy within the ecosystem by breaking down waste material to substances that can be
used by plants for food. In this way, each element within the ecosystem depends on the others for
survival.
According to Project Oceanography Fall (2000), aquatic ecosystems include oceans, lakes, rivers,
streams, estuaries, and wetlands. Within these aquatic ecosystems are living things that depend on the
water for survival, such as fish, plants, and microorganisms. These ecosystems are very fragile and
can be easily disturbed by pollution.
All living things within an ecosystem share the same watershed. We all live in a watershed, or
drainage basin, so we share our watershed with all other living things within the ecosystem. The
overall management of limiting factors are depend on one the other. Therefore, managing of the
whole ecosystem is the managing of those productions/ limiting factors of capture fisheries.
4.8.2. Awareness Creation
Before doing anything, provide basic information and/or awareness for stakeholders, particularly fishers about
the fisheries. Of course at the movement, knowledge about the fish resources is quite high for some
fishers. They are aware that fish resources are a limited resource. They are also aware that the size of
their catch is getting smaller from year to year. However, only some of the fishers are aware that the
Government has laws, rules and regulations with regard to fisheries resources management. They
have no idea about the content of these laws. It is, therefore, vital to design awareness creation
programs for fishers as well as for extension workers about the law, regulations and directives. The
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objective of creating awareness on fisheries management for fishers is to motivate the fishers to
practice legal fishing activities and the environment-friendly fishing by deepening their knowledge
and understanding of the importance of preserving the fish resource. Training development and
research workers on the laws, regulations and directives will help them to effectively enforce these
regulations so that the resources will be sustainably managed.
4.8.3. Restocking
Because of the aquatic habitat changes due to natural (drought, flood, habitat destruction) or human
(over-harvest, pollution, habitat lost to development and dam construction) influences, the natural
production of fish declines, this true in this sub basin.
It looks and approved from fishers there is a decline in the population of fish in the sub- basin over
the past years. While all the reasons for the decline are not entirely known, it is agreed that a
combination including loss of habitat, drying of rivers because of over utilization for irrigation, over
fishing, Illegal fishing tools and time and various form of pollution are all contributing and
interwoven factors. Therefore, stocking of fish is one of the many management strategies to help
replenish the population for years to come. The need for mass production of quality fish seed can
only be satisfied by artificial propagation methods. These methods permit the incubation and
hatching of eggs and the rearing of seed under well protected conditions.
Fish hatchery is a facility that use for fish hatching. It provides an optimum environment for fish eggs
to develop and hatch by maintaining proper water temperature and oxygen levels, and providing
adequate food supplies and safety from predator. The hatchery holds a captive brood stock, spawns
wild fish on station and produces fish that could be released to necessary water bodies.
Currently more dams are planned to be constructed on the feeder Rivers of Lake Tana, and these
dams may block the migratory movement of the fishes and these would aggravate the already
diminishing natural sock of the Labeobarbus spp. in Lake Tana. One of the mitigation measures for
reducing this danger is restocking the lake with fingerlings of Labeobarbus spp. raised under control
conditions (in hatchery or probably in ponds).The case of Labeobarbus of Lake Tana may, however
be further complicated by the occurrence of several species in the rivers, wetlands and the Lake and
it is not only a problem of one species as we see in several instance of other countries.
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4.8.4. Prevention of Destructive Fishing Methods/ Tools
Illegal fishing activities like use of monofilaments (Fig. 16), Seeds of Birbirra tree (Milletia
ferruginea) with Malathion and fencing as well as fishing practices that can hinder the free
movement of spawning stocks, such as fencing the rivers, beach seines and trawls should be strictly
forbidden. And there should be fish inspectors that can have the duty to check any of these
destructive fishing methods.
Fig. 16. Monofilaments are made by fishers at Takusa (the Right) and Esey Debir, Alefa (Left)
woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
In addition to illegal fishing activities, mesh size regulations also should be implemented seriously
which can allow immature fish to escape from being caught by gill nets. The regulation allows 8cm
and above stretched mesh size of gillnet for fishing. In order to avoid illegal mesh size and
monofilament gillnet, the Bureau of Agriculture should issue licenses for gillnet making associations.
Then all fishers with fishing licenses need to buy only from the registered net makers. The fish
inspectors need to inspect on the ground whether or not those gill nets used are from a licensed net
maker. The illegal monofilament small size gillnets imported from Sudan need to be destroyed
immediately by the Bureau of Agriculture.
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4.8.5. Licensing of Fishers and Enforcing the Control of Illegal Fishing
According to Abebe Getahun and Eshete Dejen (2012), any fishing unit, Motorized boats and
traditional reed boats are fishing units and will be licensed for fishing. A license commits the fishers
to respect the fishery regulation. The Bureau of Agriculture should approve the Directive for
providing fishing license. Data on the fishers (legal and illegal) operating in Lake Tana are available
at the Bureau of Agriculture. These data are reported by the Woreda Office of agriculture. The
license will be given by the Woreda Office of agriculture.
Currently, there are about 5152 fishers around this sub- basin who are fishing most of them for
commercial purpose and few are for home consumption. First, all of them need to be licensed without
considering any new ones; actually there is movement/starting. Then, according to Abebe Getahun
and Eshete Dejen (2012), monitor the resources status for two years. Decision whether or not to
provide new license will be dependent on the resource base. It is not advisable at all to give fishing
license for river fishery. Licensed can be issued, however, for reservoir fishery. The license will limit
the number of gillnets per boat and number of fishing days per week. For commercial motorized boat
25 gillnet of 100m per boat is recommended. For reed boat fishers a maximum of 3 gillnets per boat
is proposed. They should fish only 3 times per week during the non-restricted fishing season and
place.
For effective implementation of licensing, fisheries around the adjacent woredas must organize
themselves in cooperative. These cooperatives will be organized by the Woreda Cooperative
Promotion Agency and Woreda Office of Agriculture. Then the Bureau of Agriculture with its
Woreda Office will issue individual fishing license for members of the cooperatives.
4.8.6. Enforcement of Management Measures
Based on the proclamation and regulation, the Bureau of Agriculture is given legal responsibility to
issue directives necessary for the full implementation of the proclamation and regulation. In this
regard the Bureau has completed drafts of two directives and submitted to the Bureau management of
approval. In order to enforce the above management measures, fish inspectors need to be assigned in
the 10 woredas around Lake Tana. These inspectors must be experienced fishers with good practical
knowledge on the lake and its fisheries.
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4.8.7. Participatory Management Approach
Established Kebele fisheries regulatory committee should be functional. It is also essential to
establish in the rest each of the bordering Kebeles. The committee will monitor any activity around
the water bodies from in any time particularly, in breeding season/time and sites/place with assist of
fish inspectors. This Kebele regulatory Committee and the inspector, thus, take full responsibility to
monitor the resource and bring unlawful fishers to the respective woreda Judge for their actions.
4.8.8. Institutional Capacity and Linkage
There is an obvious need for strong implementing agencies for regulations, policy issue and EIA
study results to be implemented properly. One of the major implementing agencies is the
Environmental Impact Authority. It is imperative that this authority needs to be strengthened with the
essential finance and manpower at the Federal and Regional levels for proper monitoring and
evaluation of project proceedings and management plans.
It also appears that there is redundancy and repetition of efforts by different Government and Non-
Government institutions on the different projects that are taking place and around Lake Tana. There
should be a concerted action by all stakeholders towards mitigating the actual and potential
environmental hazards facing the lake. Lake Tana sub-basin Authority with collaboration of Bureau
of Agriculture should coordinate all activities in an option to solve these problems.
4.8.9. Managing Pollution
In order to manage pollution effectively, several questions must be answered:
1. What is the source of the pollution?
2. How much pollution is occurring?
3. What is the projected lifetime of the pollution?
4. What are the expected effects of the pollution?
First, its level of toxicity is an important consideration; some pollutants are highly toxic. On the other
hand, some pollutants are toxic only in high concentrations. The amount of a particular pollutant in
the environment is also an important factor regulating its effects.
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Finally, the lifetime of a pollutant – the length of time it is expected to stay in the environment – is
another vital factor. Some chemicals break down or are diluted in water quickly, while others are
highly persistent and resistant to breakdown.
In addition to measures mentioned earlier sub-section, pollution can be also managed in a number of
ways at levels ranging from the individual to the community, state, and federal level. Individuals can
take action by disposing waste properly, planting trees to reduce sediment runoff, promoting water
filtration, leaving wilderness areas intact, reducing fertilizer and pesticide usage on lawns and
gardens, and selectively purchasing goods and services from environmentally responsible companies.
Excessive abstraction of water for irrigation and water-supply from streams reduces the volume of
water in streams and rivers, seasonally severing their connection to the lake and consequently
reducing the available spawning grounds of species that reproduce in flowing water. Therefore,
avoiding this problem is an important and urgent, balanced water use is important.
4.8.10. Water Quality
Water quality is a general term that refers to a general description about the properties of a water
body. Lakes that have a high water quality possess properties that make it a high valued resource to
society and nature.
Pollution affects water quality in lakes and other freshwater resources around the globe. It can take
many forms from industrial, agricultural, or municipal sources; a few common examples include
pesticides, herbicides, sewage, and litter. Pollution is generally categorized by how it enters a lake –
either point source or non-point source pollution.
Point Source Pollution: Contaminants that enter a water body that can be traced back to a specific
source, location, and offender. Point source pollution is easier to manage compared to non-point
source pollution. So controlling and minimizing these pollutants is essential.
Non-Point Source Pollution: Contaminants that enter a water body that cannot be traced back to a
specific source, location, and offender. Rather, this pollution comes from many diffuse sources and
often enters in small amounts but can become concentrated in lakes and other freshwater
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Non-point source pollution includes agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers, manure), acid rain,
nitrate deposition, and leaching from septic tanks. Non-point source pollution accounts for most of
the contamination in water systems resources. When pollution emerges from locations far away from
a water body or there are many small, diffuse sources, it is considered non-point source. Without an
identifiable source, this type of pollution is often difficult to manage; it is harder to estimate how
much pollution is actually occurring and what sort of impacts it is having (Krantz, D. & Kifferstein,
B., 2010).
Additional Management Practices for fisheries
Do not discharge toilets, wash water, non-oily bilge water, deck wash water, fish offal, or
kitchen waste into the Lake and sensitive water bodies.
Exclude motorized vessels from areas that contain important shallow-water habitats.
Establish no-wake zones for boats to decrease erosion and turbidity.
Use oil-absorbing materials in bilge areas of a boat‟s inboard engine; dispose of and replace
them appropriately.
Do not discharge bilge and ballast water with oil and grease concentration.
Clean boats in the water by hand. Use detergents and cleaning compounds that are phosphate-
free and biodegradable: for example, no TSP (tri sodium phosphate). Do not use detergents
containing ammonia, sodium hypochlorite, chlorinated solvents, petroleum distillates or lye.
4.8.11. Closing the Fishery during the Spawning Months
Fishes perpetuate themselves in a number of ways. Success of reproduction depends on when and
where the fish reproduces, and what portion of energy is allocated (Stearns, 1992). Genetic and
environmental factors are important in determining the reproductive ecology of fishes. The most
important environmental factors include the harshness and variability of abiotic factors, the
availability of food for the parental fish and their offspring, the presence of predators on the parental
fish and their offspring and the level of dissolved oxygen (Lowe-McConnell, 1987; Wootton, 1990).
All permanent and seasonal feeder rivers and streams are ecologically significant in providing
habitats as spawning and breeding grounds for riverine migrating fish species, especially for the
endemic fish stock and hence play keystone ecosystem functions. The dynamic nature of the riverine
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wetland ecosystems, which are usually perturbed and perpetually changing, acts to structure wetland
ecosystems in spatial and temporal scales (Woldegabriel & Solomon, 2006).
Cyprinids are riverine in their origin and they are adapted to live in lakes or lacustrine environments,
most of the species migrate upstream to spawn in tributary rivers (Tomasson et al., 1984; Skelton et
al., 1991) which indicates that they are not still fully adapted to the lake environment (Skelton et al.
1991). Studies which was conducted in major inflowing rivers of Lake Tana such as Gelda and
Gumara (Nagelkerke and Sibbing, 1996; Palstra et al., 2004; de Graaf et al., 2005), Ribb (Abebe
Getahun et al., 2008) and Dirma Megech (Wassie Anteneh, 2005), Arno-Garno River (Shewit
Gebremedhin, 2011) and Gilgel Abay River and its Tributaries (Dagnew Mequanent, 2012) approves
this study, indicated the upstream spawning migration of some lacustrine Labeobarbus species. Also
these studies approved that, Labeobarbus fish species breeding time is from July up to the beginning
of November, most in the rivers and some are in the Lake itself.
Wetlands are ideal spawning and nursery habitats for C. gariepinus (Wassie Anteneh, etal, 2012). For
this reason they said "To have management plans for the two wetlands and also to conduct
environmental impact assessment studies for all future development projects around the Lake Tana
are strongly recommended"
Evidences showed that low recruitment is already a major problem for the Labeobarbus stock in Lake
Tana. It is, therefore, very important to reduce the fishing pressure on the breeding population. To
achieve this, fishing in the inflowing rivers of Lake Tana and around the river mouth should be
closed from any fishing every year from July-begging of November) for these Labeobarbus fish spp.
Wetlands around Lake Tana like Wolala and Shesher and lakeshores should be closed from any
fishing activities during rainy season. According to Abebe Getahun and Eshete Dejen (2012), the
littoral areas of Lake Tana with radius of 5kms from the shore should be closed from any fishing
activities for two months (June and July) every year so as to conserve fish species.
Generally, the breeding, time, season and place of commercially important fish species are:
Tilapia - From May to September around Lake Shore and wetlands (Schroder 1984, Lowe-
McConnell 1982), but according to Zeneb Tadese (1997), it breeds from April to
August. However, some may breed other time of the year as well.
Cat fish –Only July in flooded area and some time in Wetlands
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Beso- From July to November, site is not specified.
Labeobarbus- most studies believe that from July up to the beginning of November most in the
rivers and some are believed in the lake (Tomasson, et al. 1985, Skelton et al.
1991).
To sustain the production, the following season and time are important for breeding and production
(Table7) should be considered for the managements of the water bodies (buffered and protected) that
the fish needs it to be constant.
Table 7. Special and temporal breeding of Tana sub-basin fish spp
Fish
spp.
Breeding Requirements Recommended fishing Areas to be
buffered Breeding
season
Breeding
place/site
Season Place/Site
Tilapia From May-
September
Around Lake
Shore and
wetlands
Except breeding
time in this breeding
sites, in all season is
possible
The whole parts of the
lake except breeding
sites in that breeding
time
Lakeshore buffering
about 5km from tip
to the inner
Labeoba
rbus
From July -
beginning
of
November
Most in the
rivers, streams
and some are
believed in the
Lake
Except breeding
time in this breeding
sites, in all season is
possible
The whole parts of the
lake except breeding
sites in that breeding
time
Buffering of rivers
and river
mouth(Table11)
Cat fish Only July In flooded areas
and in Wetlands
Except breeding
time in this breeding
sites, in all season is
possible
The whole parts of the
lake except breeding
sites in that breeding
time
Wetlands buffering
Therefore, buffering of these breeding sites (lakeshore, flood plains (wetlands), river mouth, and
upstream of rivers), is very important and argent, special and temporal allocation of these sites is
needed.
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4.8.12. Rivers Buffering
Riparian buffers are vegetated zones of land adjacent to water sources. Preservation and
reestablishment of these zones can have many environmental benefits. The most important function
of these zones is to act as a filter for water flowing into the water source, and studies show that they
greatly reduce water pollution. The vegetation and soil absorb runoff water that is often laden with
pollutants, sediments and nutrients that are harmful to the water supply, especially if the buffer zone
is over 9.14 m wide (Belt and Merril, 1992; Johnson and Ryba,1992). The absorption of runoff water
has other benefits: it recharges the ground water supply, and can regulate water flow in rivers and
therefore reduce and prevent flooding. Having vegetation immediately adjacent to a water source also
helps control erosion, as the roots of the plants help hold soil in place. Zones of land adjacent to water
sources are often flourishing wildlife habitats, with many species depending on them for survival
(Hawes et al. 2005).
As general, rivers buffering has the following advantages. These are:
Trapping/removing sediment, phosphorus, nitrogen, and other nutrients from runoff, as these
pollutants lead to eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems;
Trapping/removing other contaminants, such as pesticides;
Providing habitat and contiguous travel corridors for wildlife;
Stabilizing stream banks and reducing channel erosion;
Storing flood waters, thereby decreasing damage to property;
Maintaining habitat for fish particularly for spawning of Labeobarbus fish species and other
aquatic organisms by moderating water temperatures and providing woody debris;
Improving the aesthetics of stream corridors (which can increase property values); and
Offering recreational and educational opportunities.
As mentioned earlier most Labeobarbus fish species spawn in the rivers and some are believed in the
lake (Tomasson, et al. 1985, Skelton et al. 1991). Therefore, to sustain this fish species in addition
to other many benefits, buffing of the rivers is very important and urgent. The buffering standards are
located in the following table 8.
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Table 8. Standards of Riparian buffers, Recommended Minimum Buffer Widths
Function Range of Riparian Buffer Widths Minimum Recommended Buffer
Width Environmental Law Institute
(2003)
Fischer and
Fischneich
(2000)
Stream
Stabilization
9.14-51.816m 9.14-19.81m 15.24m (Chesapeake Bay Program
,1996)
Water Quality
Protection
4.6-91.44m(remove nutrients)
3.05-121.9m (remove
sediment
30.48-45.72m 30.48m (Environmental Law
Institute, 2003)
Flood
Attenuation
19.8-152.4m 19.8-152.4 m 100-year floodplain plus an
additional 7.62 m(Flinker
etal,2005)
Riparian/Wildlif
e Habitat
3.05 -1609.344 m 30.48 m -
482.803m
91.4m(Heraty, 1993)
Protection of
Fisheries
>30.48m (5 studies)
15.24-60.96m (1 study)
-- 45.72 m (Hornbach, 1993)
From this, in this sub basin by taking at least the minimal recommended buffer width it is very
important that buffering of rivers as mentioned earlier.
4.9. Wetlands Situation and Its Management Options for Sustainable Production
4.9.1. Existing Land Use Type of Wetlands
Because of poor understanding wetlands ecosystem is basically assumed to be less important than
any other priorities irrespective of the many services it provides, and also regarded as free goods.
Until recently, swamps and flood plains along the lake and the major rivers are often seen as
wasteland that have no values and are best converted by drainage to allow agriculture (crop
cultivation) or grazing but the reality is wetlands are the most productive ecosystem of all. So that all
wetlands in Tana sub- basin are used inappropriate manner for this reason its coverage is highly
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changed example in Fogera plain (Table9). From this, it is possible to extrapolate the change of the
other wetlands.
Table 9. Change in Area of Key Wetlands, 1987 - 2008
Source: Burnside and Tonkin & Taylor (2009)
Inappropriate land use type is creating many challenges for the ecosystem like sedimentation, Lake
Tana water quality and quantity, shelter problems of birds, hippopotamus, fish, other vertebrates and
invertebrates which are wetland dependants and other ecological functions, service and importance. If
things are continued in such a way not only wetlands, aquatic animals and wetland dependants but
also the lake itself will disappear or extinct in short periods of time. From this study it is conclude
that, almost all wetlands that are located in this sub- basin are exposed to active human dangers
activities such as:
A. Drainage for agriculture
As discussed earlier, wetlands are aggressively used for agriculture activities (Fig.17). This is very
serious problems for most wetlands. Lake Tana has great siltation problem this silts are interesting for
cropping. In the dry season, when the lake shrinks the farmer follows and growing crops, this can
alter not only the physical properties of water but also the chemical characteristics of the water as a
whole the ecosystem.
Wetlands
Area(ha)
1987 2008 Loss in 21 years
Shesher 1557 136 1405
Welela 298 159 139
Daga-Takua 248 45 181
Total 2103 370 1733
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Fig.17. Agriculture activities on wetlands the left in Gondar Zuria and rests are in Dembia
woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
B. Over grazing
All wetlands especially during the dry season, the water retreats and the flooded area is used for free
grazing or over grazing (Fig. 18). Instead of cut and carry feeding system, huge numbers of animals
are allowed to graze all together as mentioned especially in the dry season. This system has problems
not only foot effect on wetland animals, plants, accelerates rate of evaporation and others but also
animal diseases transmitting from one to the other even for themselves. This is because of poor
animal feed production system in the sub- basin; animals are exposed for shortage of feed,
particularly during dry season. So in this time, farmers allow all animals to graze on wetlands. During
this time, there is distraction of wetland dependant animals (including other vertebrates and
invertebrates) and hydrophytes and enhances evaporation of water, water losses. Intern there will be
ecological distraction in all system.
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Fig.18. Overgrazing of wetlands in Takusa (left) and the middle is in Mecha and the right is in
Dembia woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
C. Upper catchment lands degradation
Wetlands are not isolated entities in the environment. They exist in close interaction with all other
ecosystem components in the landscape. Thus, they are part of ecosystem process and share problems
that occur in a watershed in their surroundings. Poor watershed management in the uplands (Fig.19)
is one of the leading forces that affect / shift wetlands to the other system.
Fig. 19. Upper catchments degradation in Takusa (left) and the rest two are in Alefa
woredas(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
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D. Eucalyptus encroachment or plantation
The other most challenges of wetlands are plantation of Eucalyptus trees in most wetland areas
(Fig.20). This plant has great impact on the ecology disturbance of wetlands and other ecosystems.
Fig. 20. Eucalyptus encroachment at Alefa (left) and the right at North Achefer woredas(Courtesy:
ADSWE, 2014)
E. Invasion of alien species or weeds
Alien species introduced into water bodies have adversely affected native populations and changing
the ecology of water bodies and wetlands. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) has spread to
northern parts of Lake Tana and associated wetlands, which is blocking water channels, altering
hydrological regimes and leaving surrounding areas prone to increased flooding. Even though there
was controlling of Water hyacinth in the last years, but now, there is existent of this weed. This is
because there is gap and no total removal or controlling of it, as local formers indicated. Because of
these, nowadays Water hyacinth is reinvading the Lake Shore of Lake Tana especially in Dembia and
Gondar Zuria woredas and it increase its expansion to the next areas every year. At the movement
there is weeding of this weed. So as to, control it totally this weed, there should be continuous
assessment and follow up from governmental and non- governmental organizations, particularly the
regional government.
There is also invading of alien species (locally known as Chigign) in Dembia Woreda near to Megech
River mouth. As local people source and key informants, this species appeared here about six years
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ago; it is not native species in this area like Water Hyacinth. Like Water Hyacinth it is invading
wetlands and grazing lands (Fig.21).
Fig. 21. Alien species in Dembia Woreda Water hyacinth (left) and the right one locally called
Chigign (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
F. Over harvesting of their resources
It is known that wetlands are means of livelihoods for many people, particularly for this sub basin
peoples who are living around it and also for traders. Because of this there is high human pressure on
these wetlands. Therefore, any resources from wetlands are over harvested.
G. Settlement and urban expansion
Settlements in this sub basin are mostly scattered and are settled in relation to natural resources bases,
among these resource water bodies and wetlands are highly required. As result of this wetlands are
exposed for inappropriate settlements. Examples, of settlements in southern parts- Bahir Dar (Fig.22)
eastern, northern and western parts of the lake, all parts of the lake and on other wetlands.
Urbanization is worldwide problem which affect agricultural lands and in this sub basin also true on
wetlands. This is most in southern parts of the lake, Bahir Dar many buildings can be mentioned as
an example, almost all buildings along the lake shore.
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Fig. 22. Settlements very closet Lake Tana and wetlands in Bahir Dar city (Courtesy: ADSWE,
2014)
H. Pollution and water diversion
The effluents from domestic use and industrial plants are emerging threats to wetlands adjacent to the
major urban and industrial centers (from point and non- point sources). This is the most common to
Southern part of Lake Tana. Many wastes including dangerous plastics (Fig.23) are too treating of
wetlands.
Fig. 23. Pollution of Wetlands by plastics (left) at Takusa, the middle at South Achefer Woreda and
the right at Bahir Dar (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
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4.9.2. The Root Causes of Wetlands Degradation
Poor understanding and awareness of both policy makers and communities about the ecological,
economical and social benefits of wetlands exposed these crucial resources to be extinct. According
to EWNRA (2009), this is also true that the lack of conservation and sustainable use of wetlands are
(a) political shortcomings, i.e. giving high priority to short term economic benefits rather than to
sustainability issues, (b) the absence of policy and a strong legal framework for the conservation and
sustainable use of wetlands (e.g. change in grazing system towards year-round grazing due to land
ownership as communal grazing land), (c) institutional shortcomings (by the absence of legally
structured institution or within existing institutions), (d) socio-economic and environmental
shortcomings such as poverty, lack of awareness, population pressure and climate change.
Agricultural expansion on wetlands is linked to the intensification of cultivation, for example the
introduction of rice and double-cropping. One reason for the conversion of wetlands is that despite
their benefits, wetlands are seen as wastelands and are connoted with mosquitoes, diseases and floods
so that prevailing policies usually encourages wetland draining. These problems of wetlands are also
approved by this study. Among these problems, because of population pressure there is expansion of
agriculture on marginal lands in all directions.
4.9.3. Potentials and Opportunities of Wetlands
As mention earlier wetlands provide significant economic, social and cultural benefits for human
being, examples are recharge groundwater, store carbon, help stabilize climatic conditions control
pests are flood control, water purification, sediment and nutrient retention, dry season grazing,
agriculture, recreation and cultural values, water supply (domestic and livestock), construction
(thatching reeds), food and medicine. It also serves as IBA as well as provision of flyways for
migrant birds. The other major services include: water transport, fishery as house hold survey result,
hydro electric power supply, irrigation, tourism, mining- of sand and others. It is also habitat to
diverse flora and fauna of national and global significance.
In Tana- sub basin there are plenty of wetlands almost in all sides of the lake, along the rivers and
streams resulting from hydrological and land use changes. It is estimated that 340928.8 ha of
wetlands in this sub basin, including Lake Tan and the rivers as seen from the total land use/ land
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cover (Fig.24), but only wetland covers are also seen in fig.25. The Dembia plain to the north, the
Fogera plain to the east and the Kunzila plain to the southwest of Lake Tana areas bordering the lake,
which are often flooded during the rainy seasons forming extensive wetlands in addition to
permanent wetlands. In addition to the above GIS source, allocation of wetlands in each woreda is
listed with their estimated area in appendix1.
Fig. 24. Land use land cover of Tana sub- basin
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Fig. 25. Wetland distributions in Tana sub- basin
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The most important wetland in this sub- basin are in Fogera and Dembia plain, Shesher and Wellela),
in North Achefer Ligdia( Figure26) and in Mecha Kurit Bahir (Fig.27). The Fogera plains lie to the
east of Lake Tana. This area mainly consists of a flat, open plain across with the Rib River flows into
Lake Tana. The Gumara River forms the southern boundary. According to IFAD-EPLAUA (2007),
Lake Tana, which forms the western boundary of this area, also floods up to 1.5 km inland during the
rainy season but this study approved that there are wetlands flooded up to 3 km and some are more
than this in this part of the lake.
Fig. 26. Ligidia and other wetlands along Gilgel Abay River, North Achefer Woreda(Courtesy:
ADSWE, 2014)
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Fig. 27. Kurit Bahir Wetland, Mecha Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)
The extent of the marsh depends on the amount of rain, as no other surface water feeds it. The
wetlands of Lake Tana account for 1.6% of the watershed WBISPP (2002). According to the survey
carried out by ARARI, more than 16 wetlands were identified distributed in 8 woredas within Lake
Tana Watershed. Even though this survey is not exhaustive, the total area of these wetlands covers
36211 hectares. But according to this study based on GIS result, the total area is more than this
figure (Table10) and furthermore based on survey ( sources from each woreda) this figure is
estimated more than this excluding the Lake and rivers (Appendix1).
Table 10. Total area of existing wetlands in Tana sub-basin
No Wetland type Total area (ha)
1 Permanent Wetlands 17133.95
2 Seasonal Wetlands 7642.07
3 Lake Tana 311277.3
4 Ponds and Dams 2057.128
5 Rivers 2818.333
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4.9.4. Conservations and Managements of Lake Tana and Wetlands
Ethiopia is not a signatory to Ramsar Convention on wetlands and, therefore, none of the numerous
wetlands in the country is designated for protection accordingly. In general, wetland ecosystem, flood
plains and swamp habitats are facing pressure not only from unregulated access but also upstream
effects, mismanaged watersheds, variation in water quality and quantity caused by siltation, inland
water works and pollution other problems which are mentioned earlier. In addition to the next
managements, avoid/ stop all human active dangers activities which are mentioned in the above
section.
4.9.4.1. Biosphere reservation
It is clear that, Biosphere Reservation has great importance for the conservation of ecosystem for
sustainable development. Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU) collaboration with
other governmental and none governmental organization identifies potential biosphere reserve areas
in Ethiopia. These are Kefa Biosphere area, Lalibela biosphere area, Dire Sheik Husain biosphere
area, Lake Tana biosphere area and Siemen Mountain biosphere areas.
Lake Tana Biosphere reserve feasibility study was conducted in 2012 by the Michael Succow
Foundation (MSF) in cooperation with the Amhara National Regional State Bureau of Culture,
Tourism and Parks Development (BoCTPD) and supported by the German Federal Agency for
Nature Conservation with funds from the Environmental Research Plan of the German Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The main objective of the
study is to protect the biodiversity, natural resources and cultural heritages of the area from the
perspective of sustainability development through building designation criteria for Biosphere reserve
according to the Statutory Framework of the World Net Work of Biosphere Reserve.
The study identifies three biosphere reserve zones. These are the core zone, the buffer zone and
development zone (Transition zone) and each zone has its own characteristics.
The core zone: - These zones comprise at least 5 % of the total Biosphere Reserve (BR). The core
area is not subjected to any human activity except research and monitoring, in some cases, traditional
uses by local community. Kibran Gebrel, Deq Estifanos and other 37 small islands in Lake Tana,
Tara Gedam church forest, Ababa Ayehu forest, Fachi forest, Alem Saga forest and all church forests
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found at Lake Tana Watershed, important bird areas of Shesher, River mouths of Megech, Ribb,
Arno Garno, Dirma, Gilgel Abay and Enfanz, Dembia Mendaba, shore area of the lake and primarily
wetland area were proposed as core zone;
The buffer zone: - at this category periphery of Lake Tana, which is 500m buffer from the shore of
the Lake, Irrigation Dam Areas (Ribb, Megech and Koga), Mount Guna, Bahir Dar Millennium
park, priority areas for afforestation and soil water conservation i.e. upper catchment of Ribb,
Megech, Koga and Jema irrigation dam were proposed as buffer zone. Here restrictions are placed
upon resource use or special socio-economic development activities, which are undertaken to
enhance their conservation value. Within these zones traditional land-use practices and commercial
activities, which are compatible with the objectives of the Core Zones will be allowed to generate
tangible benefits for the communities. These activities require a management plan to guarantee the
long-term production of resources without significant impacts on them or their adjacent ecosystems.
These Buffer Zones may include seasonally closed sites and habitats, e.g. important breeding grounds
of animals and corridors for riverine spawning fish stocks.
Development Zone: - by setting and carrying out sustainable resource management verities of
agricultural activities, other human activities and human settlements are possible at this zone.
Therefore, agricultural areas, settlements, industrial areas, surface infrastructure and buildings and
peri-urban areas also categorized as transition zone in biosphere reserve, Zonation of Lake Tana
region.
These zones are very interesting and it can be the best solution for the risk of wetlands, the lake as a
whole for the ecosystem and sustainable developments. Therefore, this study strongly agrees and
approves the NABU's idea/ Biosphere Reservation urgent application. This idea should be/ needs it to
be implemented and put into practices as soon as possible.
4.9.4.2. Wetlands conservations
All local decision makers, elected officials, volunteer committee members, or staff, face difficult
questions about how to meet community needs for housing, public infrastructure, and economic
development while also protecting sensitive natural resources. Land use conflicts are common; some
of the most difficult cases involve wetlands.
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Why we need conservation of wetlands is because as mentioned earlier wetland systems directly
support millions of people and provide goods and services to the world. Wetlands have many
economic, cultural, ecological functions and values. However, due to unsustainable farming activities
by local farmers, improper utilization type and poor management system as mentioned earlier, the
existence of these floodplain wetlands and associated ecological services as well as socioeconomic
importance is under threat such constraints of these wetlands are also mentioned in the above
sections. Therefore, in addition to NABU's idea including the rest wetlands, by conserving and
setting sound management of these precious and sensitive natural resources, we can conserve our
world and maximize the benefits that the people obtain.
4.9.4.3. Protect and restore wetlands
Tightening controls on importation of animals and plants will help prevent introduction of exotic
species. This policy, however, requires allocating resources to police borders and entry points, and to
enforce fines for breach of regulations; such resources may not be available.
Though there is physical renovating of Alien plants, the remaining also can be removed physically by
hand, by machinery or if necessary by chemicals. Biological control can contain alien populations
with fewer environmental impacts. The latter, however, is a more lengthy process, because control
organisms must themselves be rigorously tested for adverse impacts before their release into the
environment. As an example, the introductions of water hyacinth in Northern, North east and North
West of Lake Tana should be removed.
Through comprehensive planning, zoning, subdivision regulations and ordinances, local governments
can have an enormous influence on the fate of wetlands in their communities. Opportunities to apply
land use policy and planning tools to improve local wetland protection and restoration policies
include:
A. Establish Standards for Project Review
Local land use decision makers can reduce development pressure on wetlands. Recommendations
include:
Cultivate a basic understanding of the tools available to identify wetlands and establish
procedures to recognize projects with potential wetland impacts;
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Require a permit for any proposed land disturbing activity directly in or in close proximity to
a wetland. Permits should include standards to deny approval of projects with avoidable
impacts and to protect the natural functions of wetlands near the project site;
Withhold final approval of projects with unavoidable wetland impacts until regional or federal
wetland permits have been issued. Alternatively, require notification in permit instructions
and approval documents that locally-issued permits are conditional pending receipt of
regional or federal wetland permits.
Do not accept the promise of compensatory mitigation as justification for the destruction of
wetlands. If mitigation is proposed, be sure to consult with regional and federal wetland
permit staff to verify that avoidance standards have been met and
Reduce impacts of adjacent development by establishing required development standards,
such as wetland setbacks, vegetated buffers and criteria to avoid altering the quality and flow
of water into or out of wetlands.
B. Implement Wetland Protection and Land Use Controls
Beyond integrating avoid and minimize standards into the day-to-day review of proposed projects,
various other land use policy and planning tools can be used to promote wetland conservation.
Use zoning to protect all wetlands (shore land and inland) as suggested by NABU, or use
conservancy districts (or some equivalent) to selectively protect inland wetlands;
Amend zoning; designate wetlands as unsuitable for development; require buildable, upland
locations for parcels with wetlands; and require or encourage the establishment of wetlands as
park, conservancy or open space (e.g. conservation subdivisions and dedication) as some
discussed by NABU and
Integrate wetland conservation goals and objectives into comprehensive or master planning
programs for the community, neighborhoods, public lands, waterways and watersheds.
C. Encourage Wetland Restoration
Promoting wetland restoration on public and private lands can help your community reduce floods
and flood damages, improve surface and drinking water quality, increase hunting and fishing
expenditures and more as discussed before. Simple opportunities include:
Request an analysis of your community‟s existing codes and ordinances to determine if
permitting barriers exist that prevent or delay private and government-sponsored wetland
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restoration projects. Amending codes and ordinances to create permit exemptions or
streamlined approvals for wetland restoration projects can increase the amount of wetlands in
your community and the associated public benefits;
Prioritize strategic wetland restoration as part of the governmental budget and annual work
plan. Communities that make a commitment to identify and acquire potentially restorable
wetlands may be able to leverage funds and
Provide tax incentives for landowners who voluntarily protect, restore and enhance wetlands.
Generally there must be wise use of wetlands, therefore has at its heart the conservation and
sustainable use of wetlands and their resources, for the benefit of humankind, the maintenance of
their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the
context of sustainable development.
Keynote: as soon as possible, existing land use type of wetlands must be stopped and Water
hyacinth also should be removed or cleared in the Lake and wetlands; otherwise these wetlands
including the lake will disappeared with in short period of time.
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5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Conclusion
From this study, literature reviews and other studies the followings are concluded:
1. Some of Labeobarbus species of Lake Tana migrate to up streams of feeder rivers of Lake
Tana every year for breeding purposes but this breeding sites of these endemic fish species
are wrongly used (in appropriate land use)
2. Wetlands are breeding and feeding sites of some other fish species but these wetlands are at
risk.
3. Wetlands are rich in biodiversity (the highest in biodiversity than the water body and
terrestrial), wetlands are important sites or homes of wild-animal which intern encourages
tourism development;
4. Wetlands are source of water, traps sediments, recharges ground water and others services
and functions;
5. With the current trends of increasing agricultural activities worldwide, it becomes crucial to
protect our remaining natural ecosystems from non-sustainable forms of human use. As far as
wetlands are concerned, we have demonstrated clearly how historical as well as modern uses
of wetlands for cultivation of crops have created problems beyond the loss of biodiversity;
6. Almost all wild-animals are endangered example fish species, birds and hippopotamus
because of its habitat degradation and loss;
7. Not only other wetlands but also Lake Tana itself is endangered mainly because of
sedimentation and over exploitation;
8. The drainage of peat lands results in peat oxidation, causing major subsidence as well as the
switch of peat land systems from carbon sinks to major carbon sources;
9. In Ethiopia, wetlands did not attract much attention from policy makers and less is done for
the conservation of these resources. For instance environmental policy of Ethiopia was issued
in 1997;
10. Wetland benefits come from both their ecological functions and the socioeconomic value of
these and the products they produce;
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11. The various socio-economic groups benefit differently from wetlands depending on whether
the wetlands are in their natural state or converted by drainage;
12. The conversion of wetlands by complete drainage reduces the overall range of benefits
produced by wetlands and involves a trade-off of benefits, with some gains and some losses
13. Maintaining new agricultural benefits from wetlands following drainage is usually difficult to
achieve and sustain. As a result wetlands are often degraded in terms of their hydrological,
pedological and biodiversity characteristics by conversion and end up as rough grazing areas;
14. The protection and reestablishment of wetlands in valley bottoms contribute to flood control,
reduction of stream flow and buffering and filtering of pollutants and sediments (siltation);
15. There is extraction of water for irrigation purpose from water bodies which can result
ecological disturbance (example fishes are dying in the Gumara, Rib, Megech and other
rivers) because of excessive water removal.
16. Apart from intensive agricultural uses, which have destroyed wetland functions and services
across the world, many wetlands are currently subject to extensive land uses, in which food
production is often combined with other functions such as water quality enhancement, flood
detention or biodiversity. Examples of such land uses are traditional crop cultivation methods
without chemical fertilizers or pesticides, grazing schemes involving livestock, or traditional
water management schemes to stimulate fish production and to improve fish catches.
5.2. Recommendations
From the above conclusion the followings are strongly recommend that:
After providing basic information and/or awareness about Labeobarbus species for the local
people or users, prohibiting (at least from August to October) from any kind of activities in the
river, like fishing activities, diversion of the river, dam construction and sand mining (which has a
serious impact on the habitat) is the most appropriate measure;
Federal and Regional (Amhara Region) fisheries policies should be seriously ( proclamations No
315/2003 and 92/2003 on Fisheries Development, Protection and Utilization, respectively)
Illegal fishing activities (like use of monofilaments, Seeds of Birbirra tree (Milletia ferruginea)
with Malathion and fencing) must be totally prohibited both during spawning and non-spawning
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
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seasons not only in these rivers but also in any other water bodies. The Kebele fisheries
regulatory committee should be functional/ alerted in such situations;
Use a holistic and multidisciplinary approach for planning water resource use;
Promote fish farming in ponds and dams (tilapia and catfish) which reduces fishing pressure on
natural fishing;
Wise use of wetlands, the lake and fisheries which can bring sustainable development
must be taken and put into practice and the policies should not clash each other;
There must be appropriate or urgent need of conservation of natural valuable resources
especially wetlands and breeding sites (rivers) of Labeobarbus fish species;
Stock assessment of fisheries must be done in this area for proper management;
All Wetlands must be delineated and protected;
Avoid and minimize wetlands impacts;
Identified three biosphere reserve zones proposed by NABU. These are the core zone, the buffer
zone and development zone (Transition zone) and each zone has its own characteristics must be
put into practices;
Ethiopia should be signatory to Ramsar Convention on wetlands so as to bring its sustainable
development;
Wetlands are assets whose values in their natural state should be recognized and valorized;
As wetlands are not useless, their conversion into arable land has to be evaluated against the loss
in social, economical and ecological benefits;
The role of wetlands in climate regulation, adaptation and mitigation and the impacts of climate
change on wetlands have to be recognized;
In dams, there should be allowance fish path/ fish ladder of natural fish production /raring by
enhancing free movements of fish from natural water bodies to dams, lower to the upper parts of
the dam;
The direction for enhancing the provision of food in wetland ecosystems is the further
optimization of extensive agricultural uses, which can be combined with other wetland services.
If more research could be done (by agronomists and ecologists jointly) on improving traditional
wetland agriculture systems and increasing the awareness among local communities and policy-
makers of the importance of wetlands for provisioning food as well as other services (flood
protection, water purification, biodiversity, etc.), considerable progress could be made
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7. APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Wetlands in each Woreda within Tana sub- basin
Woredas Kebele Wetland Name Estimated area(ha)
Ebinat
Mechena FTC 9
Amstiya Dokmit,FTC 11
E/Gunaguna Abo Menethua 6.5
Wariba Selel 8
Ziha Begoch Kitkitoch 12
N.Achefer
Estumite Abaydar Wtland 2048.12
Legidia Legidia 1444.88
Kunzila zuria Demomoki 15
Shobela Bakusite Shola 1624.76
Dawunti Chemba 1419
Guge Ensugn Guge 15
Woberia Eyesus Wonberia 1.435
Ambeshen Atuga 1
Ambeshen Shita Kab 0.5
Dera
Korata Yijanit 4.5
Korata Korata 8.5
Korata Gubita 25
Korata Bosit 19
Korata Dengicha 10
M/ Mariam Ayine Bahir 5
M/ Mariam Yidersh 12
M/ Mariam Lam Metech 2
M/ Mariam Guansame 2
M/ Mariam Gegnbila 1.5
M/ Mariam Fesash 1
Tana Mitsili Mosalit 28
Tana Mitsili Wend Asira 24
Tana Mitsili Dube 22
Tana Mitsili Ahun Weta 25
Tana Mitsili Ahya Sat 4.75
Tana Mitsili Azima 27
Tana Mitsili Arade 25
Tana Mitsili Dibo Gedel 21
Gigna Tankua 35
Gigna Atirko 38
Gigna Aminda 40
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Woredas Kebele Wetland Name Estimated area(ha)
Gigna Barhe 28
Gigna Walka Midir 35.5
Gigna Feto Midir 43.5
Zara Tija Esar 27
Zara Tire Betin 25
Zara Shengo 29
Zara Senbete 22.5
Zara Eja Wenz 24
Zara Zere Bela 26
Zara Tikur Wuha 27
Zara Giribsha 25.5
Zara Dibo Gedel 22
Mecha
Zemen Birihan Bye Meda 200
Lehulum Selam Bdrki 10
Lehulum Selam Toma 1
Lehulum Selam Kechinosh 1.5
Enashenifalen Kurit Bahir 2
Enashenifalen Asa Bila 8
Berta Gebere Senderes 6
Berta Gebere Abd W uhd
Berta Gebere Bekilo Mankira 4
Berta Gebere Sayiben Bahir 4
Tagel Wedefit Mensh Mesik 3
Tagel Wedefit Gebiru Mesk 1
Tagel Wedefit Minchras 1
Rim Mark Kudi 1
Rim Kusquam Mesk 6
Rim Qerem Mesk 2
Rim Sind Mesik 4
Rim Aba Gollu 6
Kurit Bahir Kurit Bahir 20
Kurit Bahir Minzir 10
Kurit Bahir Bojed 1.5
Kurit Bahir Dinzibar 5
Midre Genet Wosegn Mesik 25
Midre Genet Wosegn Bahirshesh 198
Amrita Wenz Bamind 70
Amrita Wenz Dengira Mender 70
Amrita Wenz ChebaMender 7.5
Amrita Wenz Dengel 20
Adis Lidet Abey Mesk 156
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Woredas Kebele Wetland Name Estimated area(ha)
Tatek Gebere Kurit Bahir 30
Tatek Gebere Denbar 7
Tatek Gebere Lol 20
Tatek Gebere Woyira ber 5
Ediget Behibiret Birakat 15
Banja Akena Jefi Gushira Akena 2.5
Akena Jefi Kilajeta Gushiru 1.75
Surta Dantafi 2.5
Surta Sitayita 0.0625
Asem Gedam 2.5
Asem Chagani 1.25
Asera Akel 4
Fagita
Ashewa Mesikela,Marikana 12
Amesh Shinkuri Zimbiri 165
Furije Golla Arerta 62.5
Waz Enkuach, Kunta 26.5
Dimama? Dimdam 250
Fagita Tuji Shehanti 80
Sizla T/Hayimanot Janagul 150
Golla Azimach Anzerek 357.25
Bahir Dar
Zaria
Debiranta Tana Dar 150
Yigodi Tentela Zimba 60
Sekelet Adoki 3
Sekelet Lum Ager 15
Robit Engido Dengel 161
Robit Hawunet 15
Robit Boled 80
Wegelisa Enfiraz Minch Wuha Anat 1225
Lata Kersere 50
Lata Lencho 30
Lata Amba 20
Debir Mesenta Mesenta 300
Wenjeta ? 93
South
Achefer
Dilamo Zola Mariam 1.5
Ker Serdo Ber 2
Kurbiha Gushet 3
Lihudi Delekes Fendika 3
Abchikly Zaria Chomet 300
North
Achefer
Estumite Abay Dar 2048.12
Legidia Legidia 1444.88
Kunzila Zaria Demoaki 15
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Woredas Kebele Wetland Name Estimated area(ha)
Shobela Bakastic Shobela 1624.76
Chemba Dawnti 1419
Guge Ensugn Guge 15
Wonberia Eyesus Wenberia 1.435
Ambeshem Atuga 1
Ambeshem Shita Kab 0.5
Takusa
Mekonta Mariam Wuha 25
Mekonta Sensay toka 10
Mekonta Gibza Toka 5
Mekonta Gibza Gote 9
Mekonta Delgi Giraru 6
Mekonta Sbseba 30
Chantie Bargen Meskeliye/Arko 20
Chantie Bargen Chegena/ Arko 20
Chantie Bargen Bargen Anferpiba 23
Achera Tinish Toka/Kosan 12
Achera Tilk Toka/Achel 15
Achera Asratie Toka 30
Achera Gohil Toka 30
Chach Aliwa Kosana Zeter 12
Chach Aliwa Shanshinit/Befie Toka 15
Chach Aliwa Kechinena Nejo Mesik 5.125
Chach Aliwa Godiguadit 5
Arima Arima Gebreale 2.5
Arima Arima Achera 2
Guayi Sahirt 2.5
Sebir Serako Kima 1
Alefa
Tara Kazen Mate 80
Tara Kazen Kezen 20
Tara Kazen Kudadie 41
Tara Kazen Tara 5
Dengel Ber Dengel Shewa 10
Dengel Ber Giba Gondar 3
Acha Mangur Zewude Grar 6
Dengel Ber Beles Mesik 12
Asey Debir Azo Mewcha 4
Farta
Sahirna Fegan 0.0625
Ayiva Niva Ankokoy 0.4
Ayiva Niva Figfig 0.3
Ayiva Niva Ayba Minch 0.25
Ayiva Niva Hawaryat 0.75
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE 94
Woredas Kebele Wetland Name Estimated area(ha)
Ayiva Niva Dashena 0.04
Ayiva Niva Fridihoy 0.04
Buro Bzushl 0.04
Fogera
Sositu Dilmo Dilmo Giorgis 2.5
Wagetera Taqua 75
Kidist hana Dingiz 200
Shaga Shesher 125
Shina Shesher 400
Nabega Shesher 125
Nabega Daga 100
Nabega Daba 125
Nabega Deke Bet 17
Nabega Wolela 100
Dembia
Jerjer Amba Gibara 131
Tana Weyina Gira 90
Tana Weyina Likilik 127
Tana Weyina Ketera 148
Debir zuria Abelay 181
Achera Ashiwa Bahir 245
Seraba Dblo Teter 229
Aberjha Dhnawawa Wawa 56
Aberjha Dhnawawa Birguada 2
Mange Badima 8
Mange Hana 2
Mange Wegeda 2
Gorgora Ketema Debire sina 17
Gurandi Wenbha Tukutuka 52
Gurandi Wenbha Alay 3
Gurandi Wenbha Tikur Bahir 2
Tezeba Genbera Bichign 116
Fentaye Bichign 130
Jangua Mariam Abiriha 10
Gondar
Zaria
Tsion Seguach Dilikana Walika 6.5
D/Chinchaye Shenkor Mesk 3.75
D/Chinchaye Shinkurt Wuha 4
D/Chinchaye Chika Wonz 3.5
D/Chinchaye Ambo Got 20
Chira Manchiro Ferengi Wuha 4.5
Denkez Regim Mesik 5
Denkez Bahir Mesk 3
Denkez Aelo 5
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE 95
Woredas Kebele Wetland Name Estimated area(ha)
Denkez Hamusit 6
Degola Chinchaye Selo 15
Degola Chinchaye Chiraye 4
Degola Chinchaye Shiha 8
Degola Chinchaye Senberzgie 20
Degola Chinchaye Damotoch 18
Zengagi Barena 2
Zengagi Dingay Midir 1
Debire Selam Debire Kerbe 1
Debire Selam Enizeker 1
Debire Selam Debire Selam 1
Debire Selam Kebila 2
Debire Selam Barengua 2
Chilga Kenweta Amanuael Amanual Kenweta 3.25
Mirt Amba Molla mesk 1.52
Wogera
Ayiva Shinkuri wenz 4
Ayiva Lenchakit 3
Debir Mekidie 3
Derjaji Delidalit1 0.25
Derjaji Delidalit2 0.5
Derjaji Regireg 0.5
Kossoye Scrdagela 3
Kossoye Megech Ras 5
East Estie
G/ Atemem Kassie Gedel 3
G/ Atemem Kachena 4
G/ Atemem Lome Wuha 6
G/ Atemem Werke Midir 7
G/ Atemem Azegemishign 3
G/ Atemem Mimita 10
G/ Atemem Derek Aybet 6
G/ Atemem Tsid Wuha 4
G/ Atemem Bere Mesk 4
G/ Atemem Etsi Esrael 1.25
G/ Atemem Mebregi 2
G/ Atemem Amija Godir 1.75
Shimagle Georgis Medhanilem 2
Shimagle Georgis Tirtiriat 3
Shimagle Georgis Giorgis 4
Shimagle Georgis Layi Godir 6
Gib Asra Kerewa 3.75
Gib Asra Selamge 2.5
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE 96
Woredas Kebele Wetland Name Estimated area(ha)
Gib Asra Bad mayat 4.25
M/Eyesus Chako 1.25
Recha Boled 1.25
Recha Getaw Bado 0.5
Recha Cheber 0.25
Recha Digirineya 0.25
Recha Gira Azimach 0.25
Recha Layi Bet 0.55
Recha Srsgi 0.25
Recha Shola Meda 0.525
Recha Bsensa 0.25
Recha Deri Bado 0.125
Recha Sekela 1.25
Recha Wageza 1.25
Recha Tilabat 0.5
Recha Alela Mesibekia 1.25
Leway Asama Meda 5
Leway Sar Godir 2.5
Appendix 2: Questionnaires for House Hold
Fisheries and Wetlands
Rate the most driving forces for
Wetlands wild animal Migration and
extinction?
1=First, 2=Second, 3=Third, Forth=4
Hunting Wet01
Habitat Degradation Wet02
Human and Animal interference to their
home
Wet03
Others Wet04
What types of grazing system is practiced in your locality on wetlands? Free grazing =1
Rotation grazing =2 Zero grazing =3 Wet05
Is there degradation of rivers, streams and wetlands? Yes =1 No =2 Wet06
Do you get the followings from wetlands?
1=Yes
2=No
Fish Wet07
Animal feed Wet08
Reed boat ,roof, Wet09
Potable Water Wet10
Water for Animals Wet11
Irrigation Water Wet12
Rate the change in the condition of wetlands in your area?
1= Deteriorating, 2=No change, 3=Improving Wet13
Number and type of both plant and animal species in wetlands?
Decreasing =1, Constant =2, Increasing =3, Wet14
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE 97
Rate natural and manmade threats affecting wetlands
Severity Rate of threats: Very low=1, Low=2, Medium=3, High=4, Very
High=5
Wet15
Threats Rate Threats Rate
Over grazing Wet016 water diversion Wet22
Upper catchment lands
degradation Wet017
Expansion of urban
areas Wet23
Eucalyptus encroachment
or plantation
Wet018
Expansion of
Settlement
Wet24
Invasion of alien species
or weeds Wet019
Hotel and other
developments Wet25
Over harvesting of their
resources Wet020
Pollution
Wet26
Deforestation Wet021 Expansion of Farm Wet27
Data Collector Supervisor
Name ---------------------------- Name ---------------------------
Signature ----------------------- Signature ----------------------
Date ----------------------------- Date ---------------------------
Appendix 3: Questionnaires for Key informants
Zone----------------------------------
Woreda---------------------
1. Which of the following animals are most endangered?
Fish=1
Hippopotamus=2
Birds =3
Crocodile=4
Other=5
2. Is Crane migratory bird in your area? Yes=1 No=0
3. If‟ yes for Q4 which area it prefer to live a)wetlands=1 b) lake=2 c=)others=3
4. Which type of fishes abundantly people prefer to eat in the area?
Tilapia Yes=1
Varicorhinus Beso=2
Labeobarbus=4
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE 98
Catfish=5
5. Identify the change in the number and the type of fish. decreasing=1 increasing=2 Constant=3
6. If” decreasing ” for Q7, what are the most limiting factors
Overfishing=1
Habitat degradation=2
Illegal fishing=3
7. Is there degradation of rivers, tributaries, wetlands or separation of the river from the Lake?
Yes=1 No=0
8. Is the number of fisher men increase from year to year?
Yes=1
No=2
9. Is there a market problem of fish?
Yes=1
No=2
10. What types of major wild animals are living in wetlands and the Lake --------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------Where is breeding sites of these
animals------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. What do you get from wetlands? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------ Are these things decreasing from year to year? If
“yes” by how much---------------% and why? -----------------------------------------------
12. What is the condition of wetlands in your area?---------------------------- if you say bad, what is
the cause?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. What are threats (natural and manmade) of wetlands?-----------------------------------------------
14. What are the possible solutions to solve these treats? -----------------------------------------------
15. What types of major Aquatic endemic species are found in the areas?----------------------------
16. Where do you suggest /prefer the land can be used for aquaculture production? Please consider
all imputes like temperature, water and soil type
………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. What are the difficulties or the most challenging for Fisheries and Wetlands existence?----------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix 4: Formats for secondary and other Data Collection
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE 99
Zone/ Region ----------------------------------
Woreda---------------------
Name of the organization----------------------------------
1. Total fish production per year ----------2004 E.C----------2005 E.C tone and estimated income --
--------------and------------------------birr, respectively and if the following fish species exist,
please fill the blanks for the year2005E.C bellow.
(a) Varicorhinus ---------------------------tone/year………………….….…..birr
(b) Labeobarbus -----------------------------tone/year………………………birr
(c) Catfish --------------------------------- tone/year……………….…………birr
(d) Tilapia……………………………. tone/year………………………….birr
2. Is the stock/ the population of the fish increasing or decreasing? If decreasing by how mach for
the last years…….……%?
3. Number of fisher men/ fishers /total -------------- fishers, from these land less fisher
men………………..and landless households……………
4. By how mach--------------------- %the wetlands change from the last years?
5. Is invading of Water hyacinth increasing on wetlands and the Lake Shore of Tana if it is found
in your area?
a. Decreasing
b. Increasing
6. The condition of aquaculture, the number of households who have fish
ponds………………..and the number of ponds…………….
7. Income obtained in the pond………………………….. What types of major Aquatic endemic
species are found in the areas? --------------------------------------------------------------
8. What types of management practices must be done in wetlands, lakes and rivers?
...................................................................................................................................................
9. What are the possible solutions to solve these treats (Q10)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Is invading of Water hyacinth increasing on wetlands and the Lake Shore of Tana, if it is found
in your area?
Decreasing=1
Increasing =2
Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands
BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE 100
What are the difficulties or the most challenging for Fisheries and Wetlands existence? ---------------
------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix 5: Check Lists
Zone----------------------------------
Woreda---------------------
Name and type of area------------------------------------------------------------------------Coordinates
X-------------------------------Y---------------------------------------Z---------------------------------------
1. Type of wetlands seasonal, permanent…
2. The condition and the change of wetlands for about the last ten years
3. Types of grazing system practiced on wetlands
4. The degradation of rivers, tributaries, wetlands or separation of the river from the Lake
5. The threats (natural and manmade) of wetlands
6. Possible solutions to solve treats
7. For Aquaculture development
-Soil
- Water
- Environmental temperature
8. What types of fishes are existing in the area
9. Existing endemic organisms
10. Dominant organisms in the lake, river and wetlands like birds, fish…
11. Current Land use type of fisheries and wetlands.
12. Allover observations and satiations of fisheries and wetlands.
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