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The Exploration of the Solar System in Europe:synergy between ground-based and space-borne activities
Marcello Coradini
September 03
1990 Ulysses (on-going)
1995 SOHO (on going)
2000 CLUSTER (on-going)
2012+ Solar Orbiter
1999 OERSTED (DK)
1998 ASTRID (S)
1997 EQUATORS (D)
2000 ODIN (S)
1992 FREJA (S/D)
2004 Double Star (ESA-China) 2007 Solar B (Japan-ESA)
Sun and Sun-Earth Interaction Missions
Ground-based observations of magnetospheric phenomena have been on-going for decades:however their relevance for ESO type of infrastructure is basically nihil.
We concentrate then for the rest of this presentations on planetary issues.
2011 MERCURY ORBITER - Differentiated Materials
2004 ROSETTA - Building Blocks
2003 MARS EXPRESS - Comparative Planetology & Exobiology
2003 SMART-1 - Technology & Lunar Science
1997 CASSINI-HUYGENS - Outer Regions & Exobiology
1989 GALILEO (NASA/D)
2009 NETLANDER ?
Planetary Exploration Missions
2005 Venus Express – Understanding atmospheric processes
Cassini/Huygens
When NASA & ESA work together
Huygens factsheet Landing on Titan, Saturn's mysterious moon. Name: Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was a Dutch astronomer who discovered Saturn's rings and, in 1655, its largest moon, Titan. Description: Huygens will be the first probe to land on a world in the outer Solar System - on the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Data from Huygens may offer clues about how life began on Earth. Huygens is currently in space, hitching a ride on NASA’s Cassini spacecraft.
Determine abundance of atmospheric constituents (including noble gases); Establish isotope ratios for abundant elements; Constrain scenarios of formation and evolution of Titan and its atmosphere;Observe vertical and horizontal distributions of trace gases; Search for more complex organic molecules; investigate energy sources for atmospheric chemistry; Model the photo-chemistry of the stratosphere; Study formation and composition of aerosols ;
Scientific Objectives
Measure winds and global temperatures;
Investigate cloud physics, general circulation and seasonal effects in Titan's atmosphere;
Search for lightning discharges;
Determine the physical state, topography and the composition of the surface; infer the internal structure of the satellite;
Investigate the upper atmosphere, its ionization, and its role as a source of neutral and ionized material for the magnetosphere of Saturn;
Scien obj. cont’d
Mars Express:Can you be faster
and cheaper?
Mars Express orThe Search for Water & Life
Mars Express Scientific Objectives
ORBITER Global high-resolution photogeology
Super-resolution imaging of selected areas
Global mineralogical mapping at 100 m resolution
Global atmospheric circulation and composition
Subsurface structure a few km down to permafrost
Surface-atmosphere interactions
Interaction of upper atmosphere with solar wind
LANDER Geology and mineralogy of landing site
Organic and mineral geochemistry
Exobiology (i.e. search for life signatures)
Meteorology and climatology
Mars Express Instruments
HRSC: High Resolution Stereo Camera
ASPERA: Energetic Neutral Atoms Analyser
MaRS: Mars Radio Science
Experiment
MARSIS : Sub-surface
Sounding Radar Altimeter
OMEGA: Visible and Infrared
Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer SPICAM: Ultraviolet and Infrared
Atmospheric Spectrometer
BEAGLE- 2 Lander
PFS: Planetary Fourier Spectrometer
Venus Express
Once again we do it fast & cheap!
Venus Express – Payload Heritage
PAYLOAD Instrumental concept Heritage
VIRTIS UV-Visible-near-IR imaging Spectrometer ROSETTA
VERA Radio Science (RSI) ROSETTA
ASPERA Energetic Neural Atoms Analyser MARS EXPRESS
PFS Atmospheric High Resolution Fourier Spectrometer
MARS EXPRESS
SPICAM UV & IR Atmospheric Spectrometer MARS EXPRESS
Magnet magnetometerr ROSETTA
And a ….small camera to give eyes to the s/c
Solar System bodies with an atmosphere have a potential for triggering joint observations from space and the ground. In particular the ground-based observations may have an important role in monitoring large scale dynamical and chemical processes.
The difficulty in launching frequent missions to the gaseous giants of the Solar System makes the ground-based observations the only mean to follow over long periods of time the evolution of atmospheric processes
Rosetta : a space archeology mission
The Scientific PayloadOSIRIS: Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (H.U. Keller, Germany)
ALICE: Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (S.A. Stern, USA)
VIRTIS: Visible and Infrared Thermal ImagingSpectrometer (A. Coradini, Italy)
MIRO: Microwave Instrument for the RosettaOrbiter (S. Gulkis, USA)
ROSINA: Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (H. Balsiger, Switzerland)
COSIMA: Cometary Secondary Ion MassAnalyser (J. Kissel, Germany)
MIDAS: Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System W. Riedler, Austria)
CONSERT: Comet Nucleus Sounding (W. Kofman, France)
GIADA: Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (L. Colangeli, Italy)
RPC: Rosetta Plasma Consortium
RSI: Radio Science Investigation (M. Pätzold, Germany)
Ground-based cometary observations have been for centuriesthe only tool to study cometary processes. Still to-day the relevance of these observations remains evident
Asteroidal Observations: the perfect synergy between ground-based and space-borne observations
SMART-!: testing electric propulsion in space
SMART-1:first lunar mission of Europe
• Launch 28/09/03 • A5 auxiliary P/L
(Cyclade)• <18 m cruise + 6
m operations• 350 kg at launch• 6 instruments (~
17 kg)
SMART-1 Payload
6 instruments operating in all mission phases (cruise/moon)10 distinct science and technology investigations:
• SPEDE SPEDE (Spacecraft Potential Electron and Dust Experiment)
• EPDPEPDP (Electric Propulsion Diagnostic Package)
• KATE KATE (Ka-Band TT&C Experiment)
– RSIS (Radio-Science Investigations for SMART-1)
• AMIEAMIE (Advanced Moon micro-Imager Experiment) – Laserlink (Experimental Deep-space Laser link)
– OBAN (On-Board Autonomous Navigation experiment)
• SIRSIR (SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer)
• D-CIXSD-CIXS (Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer)
– XSMXSM (X-ray Solar Monitori
– (Embossed the investigations with dedicated HW)
BEPICOLOMBO
Telescope observations of atmosphereless planetary objects are inPrinciple very promising. However, the number of in-situ missions make the relevance of ground-based observations rather low unless high resolution spectroscopic capabilities can beImplemented…..
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