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E-JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 2020 (8TH EDITION)
E-JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 2020 (8TH EDITION)
(e-ISSN : 2289-6680 ). Copyright & published by https://worldconferences.net Page 1
THE DIALECTAL VARIATIONS IN LEXICAL BETWEEN ADAMAWA
AND SOKOTO DIALECT OF FULFULDE LANGUAGE
MUSTAPHA ABUBAKAR
FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, YOLA
ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
ABSTRACT
The paper tends to outline the lexical dialectal variation between Adamawa and Sokoto fulfulde
dialects in respect of their differences in morphological and phonological aspect. Fulfulde as
a spoken language has a phenomenon of dialectal variations in both Nigeria and in Diaspora.
The two levels of variations are carefully observed-phonologically and Morphological. The
processes of variations are scaled out. The levels are in deletion, insertion, consonantal
variations, vowel lengthening/strengthening, weakening, substitution, as well as metathesis.
On Morphological aspect, the following give room for variations among the two dialects i.e
reduplication- both total and partial, as well as modification. Lexicons were also identified as
various names of animals, birds, places, things, cardinal directions, days of the week, month
of the year and part of speech. The variations will enable the researchers to fished out the
importance and relate it during teaching and learning processes.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.0 Introduction
The Fulfulde Language is emanated from the circle of Semito-Hamitic family chain. Fulfulde
is a language spoken in West African sub-region that spans areas in modern Niger, Cameroon,
Guinea, Gambia, Chad, and the language expand to as far as part of Sudan, Mauritania,
Ethiopia, Senegal down to Mali and Nigeria. As a result of trade and missionary movement,
there is significant emergence of dialectal variations influenced by other dialects. In relation to
different geographical dimension.
The Fulfulde Language expatiates by having six (6) major dialects in Nigeria according to
Arnott (1970:3).He postulates that three of these dialects belong to northern Nigeria whereas
three others belongs in West African Countries, such as Senegal, Guinea, Burkina Faso and
Niger Republic.
The paper looks on the Fulfulde major dialect in Nigeria. The analysis of this dialect would be
based on the Adamawa and Sokoto dialects. The existence of variations between the two
dialects is in Phonology, Syntax, Morphology and semantics. The Geo-political zone of the
two (2) dialects differs in terms of the distance and areas; that is: Adamawa belong to the North-
East Region, while Sokoto belong to the North-West. The reason for their distance helps in
producing the variations.
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The paramount effect concerning this paper is by considering the lexical aspects where various
examples are cited in order to furnish the dialectal differences between the two dialects.
1.1 Definition of Dialect
The term dialect is defined indifferent Dictionaries and by different scholars.
The Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary defines dialect as the form of language that is spoken
in one area with grammar, words, and pronunciation that may be different from other forms of
the same language. However, the Encarta Dictionaries defines dialect as “a Regional variety of
language with differences in vocabulary grammar and pronunciation or a form of a language
spoken by members of social class or profession”. M.C David (1968), in Endward (1979:39)
states that a dialect is “a habitual variety of language, set off from other such varieties by
complex features of pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary. Pei (1966) also defines dialect as
a specific branch or form of a language spoken in a given geographical area differing
sufficiently in one or all of the levels of the language.
Chambers and Trudgill (1998) stated that a dialect is sub-standard, low status, often rustic form
of language generally associated with the peasantry, the working class, or other group looking
in prestige. Crystal (1980) referred to a dialect as regionally or socially distributive variety of
a language identified by a particular set of words and grammatical structures, speakers often
differ in their dialect not only regionally but also societal, thought their division are less easily
represented geographical on the dialect not maps of linguistic geographers.
The encyclopedia Dictionary of language and linguistic by crystal (1992) states that a dialect
is language variety in which the use of grammar and vocabulary identities the regional or social
background dialects are heard in the country.
1.1.0 Types of Dialect
1. Standard dialect
2. Social dialect
1.1.1 Standard Dialect
Standard dialect is generally developed to provide a very good useful means of Communication
across the area of dialect diversity. This usually defined as dialect of language which have
status or regard as prestige in term of communication in many aspects of human development
such as teaching and learning process, media as well as in state House of Assembly for example
Hausa Kananci in Northern Nigeria. But this must follow the rules of selecting standard dialect
among the varieties of language spoken.
Standard English has served as useful variety for communication between areas of dialect
diversity where the British had a colonial influence. Local varieties of English have developed
in nations like Malaysia, Singapore, India and many African Countries as well as New Zealand,
Australia, Canada and the United States. But the degree of variation at least in the written
Standard English of UK has served as normal unit. In Singapore for instance, British English
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is still endorsed by the Government as an appropriate target variety in school and official
communication, rather the local Singaporeans.
Secondly, the popular speech of the region where the standard has arisen continues to adopt
innovation none of which led to their way into Standard Language. Thus in Britain, Standard
English originated in southeast (Probably Essex, but later it was adopted in London) but while
it is still basically southern variety, it has now acquired certain features from the region and the
dialect of Essex and that of London.
For language to serve as standard it may become actually or virtually in many areas of
activities, such as the Law, Government, official matters, Ceremonies etc.
It therefore usually become a medium of introduction or at least an object of education with
the result that nonstandard dialect is in no way inferior as a linguistic system frequently comes
to be regard as sub-standard and correct (Petty 1989)
1.1.2 Social Dialect
The stereotypical “Dialect” is an elderly rural person who is all but unintelligible to modern
city dwellers. But dialects are simple linguistic varieties which are distinguishable in
vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. The speech of people from different society as well
as regional groups may differ in these ways, just as Pronunciations so that they no longer
understand each other. Linguist have agree that for varieties of the same language to be
considered as dialect of the same language, they have to differ in at least three level of
organization; pronunciation or phonology vocabulary or morphology, grammar or syntax (of
McMaton, 1994, Romaine 1994). These can referred to as the distinguishing features of dialect
of a language. Fulfulde is not an exception “Fulfulde is a language composed of several
dialects” Mukoshy (1983:30).
1.1.2.1 Pronunciation
The way in which language is spoken or more precisely the way a person speaks or pronounced
words starts a dialectal variation. This is the lexeme of language pronounce with sounds
variations and this is known as phonological variations.
1.1.2.2. Vocabulary
This is one of the transparent ways for dialect of a language to differ; therefore vocabulary
collection is one of the common way in which dialectal differences is profiled. This idea was
proposed by Weinreich (1968). This is known as morphological variation where registered
words are called in different form of the same language.
1.1.2.2 Grammar
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When in language, you examine how you combine words in order to build up sentence; you
study the syntax of the language. This is also an area where dialect of language show
differences; in case of Fulfulde language this happen through interface of neighboring or
contact or vice-versa. The phenomenon is known as syntactic variation as far as three level of
dialect variation is concern. Standard English spoken throughout the world is the variety used
for national news broadcast and points in the variety general taught in speaking schools
(Holmes 1992).
Similarly Yule, (1996) define social as a variety of language used by group, defined according
to class, Education, Age, Sex and number of other social parameters.
On the other hand, the term variety is frequency utilized in the sociology of language as a non-
Judgmental term is needed in order to refers to kind of language speak within the area, but the
smallest speech communication. (Group of people speaking the same language). There are sub-
divisions of recognizable different types of language called render inter-communication
(Britanica 1989).
2.0 Fulfulde Major Dialects in Nigeria
This simply means the variety form of Fulfulde speaking in Nigeria more especially the
northern part of the country.
Three (3) major Fulfulde dialects in Nigeria are:
2.0.1 Sokoto Dialect (Sokoto, and Western Niger)
2.0.2 Central Dialect (Roughly Katsina, Kano, Zaria, Plateau, Bauchi and Gombe).
2.0.3 Adamawa Dialect (Yola, Taraba, Cameroon, Chad, Central-African Republic).
Arnott (1970:3).
2.1 Levels of Fulfulde Dialects
Fulfulde has dialectal variation in three levels, and one has to bear in mind that dialect of a
single language are mutually intelligible, but when speakers cannot understand each other it
refers to another language.
2.0 Identification/Emergence of Fulfulde Dialect
The question raised here is how original single language (Fulfulde) developed into various
dialect spoken by it speakers in both Nigeria and Diaspora. In other words, what are the causes
of various dialects of language?
These causes are:
3.1.1 Geographical Location
3.1.2 Historical Background
3.1.3 Sociological/Sociolinguistic
3.1.1 Geographical Location
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The more distance in space a language is from its original mother tongue, the more difference
it tends to be, Francis (1983). This means that as they settle in different geographical location,
far from their original base. They tend to develop some new Pronunciation/Phonology,
Vocabulary/Morphology, and Grammar/Syntax.
For example, the place with the following physical environment in one way or the other must
give room for dialectal variation; because they can cut up contact among the people of the same
language as a result of difficulties in transportation of any kind.
Mountain Areas
River rain Areas
Hard Forest
High and lowland Areas
Desert Areas
All the above mention can cut up contact between people that are across and with no visit or
contact among the speakers of the same language variation occur in all language levels.
3.1.2 Historical Background
Migrations, forming of new settlement, and inter-marriages of different ethnic group over a
long period of time also contributed in giving rise to different dialect of a language. Mukoshy
(1984:30) categorically states that Fulfulde is a language composed of several dialects with
very high mutual intelligibility among the speakers as in Dauda (2005:12)
4.0 Relationship Between Adamawa and Sokoto Emirate Council
The relationship among the two cities of Fulbe community has a long standing history since
the period of Sokoto Caliphate in 19th Century. The Sokoto caliphate was a powerful Islamic
State in West Africa in the ninetieth Century. It was founded during the Fulbe war waged in
1809 by Usman Dan Fodio.
The independent Sokoto Caliphate arose in 1804 and grew into one of the most significant
empire in Africa in the 1860s. They developed in the context or multiple independent Hausa
Kingdoms, creating an empire which linked over 30 kingdoms or emirates. Adamawa Emirate
was included because Modibbo Adama, the great scholar collected the Islamic flag from sheikh
Usman Bin Foduye, and this is the genesis of the existing relationship between Sokoto and
Adamawa Emirates till date.
4.1 Lexicons
This simply means the list of words of a language spoken, in other words it seen as Dictionary
word of language. It is also regarded as registered words of a language.
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4.1.0 The List of Lexicons with Regard to Adamawa and Sokoto Dialectical Variation of
Fulfulde
The following words will show variation between Adamawankoore and sokkotankoore which
will comprise names of Animals, cardinal directions, days of the weeks, Month of the year,
names of things, and places, part of speech, pronouns, verbs, Adverbs, Auxiliary Verb,
Adjectives, as well as conjunction.
4.1.1 Table 1: Names of Animals in Sokoto and Adamawa Dialects
S/No Sokoto Dialects Adamawa Dialects Glossary
1. Be’a Mbeewa Goat
2. Baalu Mbaala Sheep
3. Jawdiri Njawdiri Ryme
4. Gaari Ngaari Bull
5. Nyoga Ngelooba Camel
6. Gerogal Gertongal Hen
7. Jakaraari Asgumri Cock
8. Iloori Ndamdi Hi goat
9. Muusuuru Faatuuru Cat
10. Kutiru Ɓoosaaru Dog
11. Buuru Fowru Heyna
12. Jaggere Mawndu Lion
13. Mallewol Siiwo Tiger
14. Barroga Lelwa Gazelle
15. Babba Wamnde Donkey
16. Naoruwa Nooda Crocodile
17. Fallaadu Fallaadi Lizard
18. Jigaare Jigaawai Vulture
19. Daabuulal Daawngal Crow
20. Ɓonngu Cufu Mosquito
21. Boddi Boodi Snake
22. Jumri Njumri Honey
23. Yahare Yaare Scorpion
The above table shows the name of animals such as birds, and reptiles as well as insect with
regard to Sokoto and Adamawa dialect of Fulfulde.
Some of this lexicon shows the variations in phonological level with regard to different
phonological process as stated below.
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4.1.2 Example of Variations in Lexicon
S/No Adamawa Variation Phonological Process
Be’a Mbeewa mb Prenasal
Baalu Mbaalamb Prenasal
Jawdiri Njawdiri nj Prenasal
Gaari Ngari ng Prenasal
Jumri Njumri nj Prenasal
The above five (5) phonological variations with regards pre-nasalization in Sokoto dialect of
Fulfulde dropt pre-nasalization process, while is in existence in Adamawa dialect of Fulfulde.
Falladu – Fallandi U – I Vowel Substitution
In the above word the substitution of vowel exist among the two dialects U in sokoto dialect
substitute to I in Adamawa dialect of Fulfulde.
Boddi – Boodi – D – O
Compensatory vowel lengthening, the D replace O in Adamawa dialects of Fulfulde
Yahare – Yaare – H –A
Compensatory vowel lengthening, the H replace by A among the two (2) dialects.
S/No Sokoto Dialect Adamawa
Dialect
Variation Level of V
1. Nyoga Gelooba Total
Modification
Morphological
2. Gerogal Gertongal Total
Modification
Morphological
3. Jakaraari Asgumri Total
Modification
Morphological
4. Iloori Ndamdi Total
Modification
Morphological
5. Muusuuru Faatuuru Total
Modification
Morphological
6. Kutiru Ɓoosaaru Total
Modification
Morphological
7. Buuru Fowru Total
Modification
Morphological
8. Jaggere Mawndu Total
Modification
Morphological
9. Mallewol Siiwo Total
Modification
Morphological
10. Barroga Lelwa Total
Modification
Morphological
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11. Nooruwa Nooda Total
Modification
Morphological
12. Daabuulal Dawngal Total
Modification
Morphological
13. Ɓonngu Cufu Total
Modification
Morphological
All the above mentioned are lexicons showing variation among the Sokoto and Adamawa dialect
of Fulfulde with regard to Morphological variation and also to total modification under
morphological process.
4.1.4. Table II: Cardinal Directions with Regard to two Dialects
S/no Sokoto dialect Adamawa
dialect
Level of variation Process Glossary
1. Lettugal Fuuna Morphological Total Modification East
2. Gorgal Hiina Morphological Total Modification West
3. Hoorehudo Fommbina Morphological Total Modification South
4. Soɓɓiire Woyla Morphological Total Modification North
Justification:
The above are four (4) cardinal directions among the two (2) dialects which show the variations
base on morphological level and total modification under morphological process.
4.1.4 Table III: Names of Things and Places between two Dialects
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S/No Sokoto
Dialect
Adamawa
Dialect
Level of Variation Process Glossary
1. Hunneere Hufneere Phonological (n-f) Strengthening Cap
2. Dettere Deftere Phonological (t-f) Strengthening Book
3. Zaariyaawol Tumburngol Morphological Total
Modification
Cored
4. Hotiire Loonde Morphological Total
Modification
Pot
5. Laana Piirowal Morphological Total
Modification
Aeroplane
6. Guru Laral Morphological Total
Modification
Skin
7. Tekkere Limsere Morphological Total
Modification
Rag
8. Basu Booro Morphological Total
Modification
Bag
9. Laanɗam Manda Morphological Total
Modification
Salt
10. Gawri Muuri Morphological Total
Modification
Millet
11. Wuro Saare Morphological Total
Modification
House
12. Maawo Maayo Phonological (w-y) Consonantal
Variation
River
13. Hocceere Hooseere Phonological (c-o) Vowel
Lengthening
Hill
14. Nyakkorngol Hawaare Morphological Total
Modification
Highland
15. Simmitaalo Dirtorde Morphological Total
Modification
Lowland
16. Ɓundu Wawru Morphological Total
Modification
Well
17. Luggere Seeboore Swampy
Area
18. Goloore Golowol Morphological Partial
Reduplication
Spring
Water
19. Karaal Karal Morphological Partial
Reduplication
Dry Place
20. Dow Asama Morphological Total
Modification
Sky
Justification:
The above table carry two (2) levels of variations; Sokoto and Adamawa dialects is concerned
with Phonological variation and Morphological variation under which it carries processes in
phonological level No. 1 n – f and No. 2 t – f which regard as consonant strengthening another
one is consonantal variation in (12) Maawo – Maayo w – Y as well as vowel lengthening in (13)
Hocceere – Hooseere C – O respectively. All the remaining are varied morphologically base on
total modification with exception 18 and 19 where partial reduplication in existing.
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4.1.5 Table IV: Days of the Week in Sokoto and Adamawa Dialects of Fulfulde
S/No Sokoto Dialect Adamawa
Dialect
Level of
Variation
Process Glossary
1. Asaye Asawe Phonological
(y-w)
Consonantal
Variation
Saturday
2. Alal Alat Phonological
(l-t)
Consonantal
Variation
Sunday
3. Altine Altine Monday
4. Talata Salaasa Phonological s Consonantal
Variation
Tuesday
5. Alarba Alarba Wednesday
6. Alhamiisa Alkhaamisa Phonological
/k/
Insertion Thursday
7. Maawde Juum’aare Morphological Total
Modification
Friday
Justification:
The above table shown the variation among the two dialects of study 1, 2, 4, 6 have shown
phonological variation with regard to consonantal variation with exception of number six (6)
which carry consonant insertion 3 & 5 have no Variation while 7 is morphological variation
which carried total modification.
4.1.6 Table V: Month of the Year in Sokoto and Adamawa Dialect of Fulfulde
S/N Sokoto Dialect Adamawa
Dialect
Level of
Variation
Process Glossary
1. Haaran Haaram
arandeere
Morphological Partial
Reduplication
Muharram
2. Min Haaran Haaram
tumbiidu
Morphological Partial
Reduplication
Safar
3. Gaani Haaram
sakitiidu
Morphological Partial
Reduplication
RabiuAwal
4. Min Gaani Banjaaru
arandeeru
Total
Modification
RabiuSani
5. Hoddaru Banjaaru
tumbiidu
Morphological JimadaAuwal
6. Wayrordu Banjaaru
Sakitiidu
Morphological JimadaSani
7. Suumeteedu
nayeeɓe
Suumeteedu
Mawbe
Morphological Total
Modification
Rajab
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8. Gaajel Wayrordu
Suumaye
Morphological Total
Modification
Sha’aban
9. Suumaye Suumaye Ramadan
10. Jundaadu Juldaadu Phonological Pre-
nasalization
Shauwal
11. Siwtoraadu Siutoraandu Phonological Pre-
nasalization
Zulki’ida
12. Layya Layyaaru Morphological Suffixation Zulhajji
Justification:
The above table has shown the variation in the following levels, and processes 1, 2 and 7 is
morphological and partial reduplication in the process 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 are also morphological
but total modification in the process 9 has no variation 10, 11 and 12 is phonological 10 and 11
is pre-nasal while 12 is insertion in the process.
4.1.7 Table VI: Part of Speech which also give a Room of Variation between Sokoto and
Adamawa Dialect of Fulfulde
S/N Part of speech Sokoto Dialect Adamawa
Dialect
Level of
Variation
Process Glossary
1. Personal
Pronoun
1st Person
Singular
Exclusive
1st Person plural
Exclusive
1st Person plural
Inclusive
Mihin
Menon
Enen
Miin
Minon
Enen
Phonologi
cal
Phonologi
cal
Vowel
Lengthening
Vowel
Lengthening
Me
We
we
2. 2nd Person
singular
2nd Person
plural
Ahan
Onon
An
Onon
Phonologi
cal
Deletion You
You
People
3. 3rd Person
Singular
3rd person
Plural
Kanko
Kambe
Hanko
Hambe
Phonologi
cal
Phonologi
cal
Consonantal
Consonantal
Him/Her
Them
4. Possessive
Pronoun
Makko
Maɓɓe
Maako
Maaɓe
Phonologi
cal
Vowel
Lengthening
His/Her
There own
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Phonologi
cal
Vowel
Lengthening
5. Interrogative
Pronoun
Moye
Koye
Noye
Beye
Moy
Koy
Noy
Bey
Phonologi
cal
Phonologi
cal
Phonologi
cal
Phonologi
cal
Deletion
Deletion
Deletion
Deletion
Who
What
How
Whose
6. Verbs 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Lootaago
Diwnugo
Lonnugo
Hoccugo
Baggaago
Foodugo
Ijaago
Batugo
“
Yartaago
Anndutugo
Yiiwaago
Dinwugo
Lootugo
Hoosugo
Baaraago
Laayungo
Yerbugo
Yeccugo
Diwugo
Numtugo
Morpholo
gical
Phonologi
cal
Morpholo
gical
Phonologi
cal
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Total
Modification
Metathesis
Total
Modification
Vowel
Lengthening
Total
Modification
Total
Modification
Total
modification
Total
Modification
Total
Modification
Total
Modification
Barth
Sharking
Washing
Talking
Resting
Driving
Pushing
Telling
Crossing
Remember
ing
7. Adverbs Joni-Joni
Seese – Seese
Jotta-Jotta
HakkiiloHa
kkiilo
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Total
reduplication
Total
Reduplicatio
n
Now
Slowly
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Sanne Masin
Morpholo
gical
Total
Modification
Strongly
8. Auxiliary Verbs Iɗon Ɗon Phonologi
cal
Deletion He is there
9. Preposition Dow
Less
Der
Gada
Hadde
Sawaade
Dow
Ley
Nder
Naawo
Kammbi
Ɗowtaada
Phonologi
cal
Phonologi
cal
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Consonantal
Variation
Pre-
nasalization
Total
Modification
Total
Modification
Total
Modification
On
Under
In
Back
Near
Side
10. Adjective Towdo
Kaanaado
Maayeeji
Judo
Ginnaado
Kaaramaaj
o
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Morpholo
gical
Total
Modification
Total
Modification
Total
Modification
Tall
Mad
Witch
11. Conjunction I Bee Morpholo
gical
Total
Modification
And
Justification:
Be careful observation one can realized that the last table have a phenomenon of variation
among the dialects in both phonological and morphological levels in respect of difference
processes with regard to the levels. In case of pronoun all variation are on phonological level
right from personal to possessive pronoun but with different processes 1st Personal Pronouns
have a case of vowel lengthening in singular exclusive mihin = h – I while in plural is vowel
substitution in menon – minon e-1 2nd person singular Ahan is Deletion An in Deleted. 3rd
person both singular and plural a case of consonantal variation as in Kanko – Hanko & Kambe
–Hambe K – H in possessive both singular & Plural have a case of vowel lengthening as in
Makko – Maako - Maɓɓe- Maaɓe k – a, b – a Respectively while in interrogative pronoun all
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the process is deletion where last vowel deletion Adamawa Dialect e.g., moye, koye, noy-koy,
noye, Ɓeye, bey etc.
Verbs:
Verbs here also two level of variation are observed morphological & Phonological levels 1, 3,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are all dealing with morphological variation and total modification on the
process. While 2 is phonological and metathesis in the process 4 phonological also but vowel
lengthening in the process.
Adverbs:
Adverbs, all the adverb show the morphological variation and total modification on the process.
Others are morphological in two processes Joni – Joni, Jotta – Jotta but some are on total
reduplication but by comparing two dialects the process tone to partial reduplication since only
Jo is repeated in both Dialects. The same case seese – seese, Hakkiilo –Hakkiilo both of them
are in reduplication but when two compared base – on variation second dialect show total
modification on the process which insure variation among two dialect but sanne – massin here
its directly show the modification process.
Preposition:
Under preposition both phonological and morphological levels are existing example der – nder
phonological and pre-nasalization process, les ley phonological and consonantal variation,
while in Gaɗa - ɓaawo, Haɗɗe - Komniɓi, Sawaade – Ɗowtaade are all morphological and total
modification in the process.
Adjectives:
All of them are morphological varied and they varied and they have total modification in the
process.
Recommendation:
Fulfulde is a widely spoken language in Africa with higher mutual intelligibility among its
dialects. The paper will enable people to understand Adamawa and Sokoto dialects of Fulfulde
for both communities. This is to enhance study, research, teaching and learning processes its
used to help in selecting standard dialect among the two or more if need arises. In some primary
issues as far as lexicons is concern it will make a person from Adamawa to know some lexicons
in Sokoto dialects or vice – versa.
Conclusion:
The paper discussed the concept of dialect and the historical relationship among the
community/speakers of the Adamawa and Sokoto dialects of Fulfulde. It also mentioned the
three Fulfulde major dialects in Nigeria with presentation of lexical variation between
Adamawa and Sokoto dialects. Examples were shown in names of Animals, cardinal Direction,
days of the week, month of the year, name of things and places as well as part of speech,
pronouns, verbs, Adverbs, Auxiliary Verb, Prepositions, Adjectives and Conjunction in
Fulfulde. Which clearly show the variation in phonological and morphological level with
E-JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 2020 (8TH EDITION)
E-JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 2020 (8TH EDITION)
(e-ISSN : 2289-6680 ). Copyright & published by https://worldconferences.net Page 15
regards to processes like; Pre-nasalization, Vowel Lengthening, Strengthening, weakening,
Consonantal Variation, Deleting Insertion, Vowel Substitution and metathesis respectively
while in morphological level two processes are observed reduplication both total and partial
modification. These will no doubt help the activities of teaching and learning processes as well
as researcher’s, since Fulfulde Language is a course of study in various institutions of learning
both in Nigeria and in Diaspora.
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BioData
Title: The Dialectal Variations in Lexical between Adamawa and Sokoto Dialect of
Fulfulde Language
Mustapha Abubakar is a Lecturer with school of Secondary Education: Languages
Programs, Federal College of Education, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. He had his Masters
degree in Applied Linguistics from Universiti Utara Malaysia, and his Bachelor of Arts in
Linguistics/ Fulfulde from University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. He loves playing
table tennis in his leisure time. He can be contacted through
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