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The Civil War, 1861-1865. Chapter 5. The two nations that existed in 1861, the US and the Confederate States of America, were surprisingly similar Both Presidents were trying to maintain unity Both prayed for peace in their Inaugural Addresses - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Civil War, 1861-1865
Chapter 5
Communities Mobilize for War
The two nations that existed in 1861, the US and the Confederate States of America, were surprisingly similar
Both Presidents were trying to maintain unity
Both prayed for peace in their Inaugural Addresses
Both nations were unprepared to fight such a war
Fort Sumter was a Federal fort at the entrance of Charleston, SC waters
SC knew that they would not be able to mobilize with the fort under Federal control
They began asking for its surrender even before they seceded The fort was low on supplies so Lincoln, hesitantly,
ordered non-military supplies be sent to them Now, the Confederacy would have to make the first charge of
war Davis did not hesitate; on April 10 he ordered General P.T.
Beauregard to attack if the fort did not surrender Two days later, after open fire had occurred on the fort, the
stars and bars hung over Fort Sumter
Communities Mobilize for War
Communities Mobilize for War
Prior to the attack on Fort Sumter Congress had authorized a volunteer army of 10K for 12 months
They evoked the Revolutionary sentiment of freemen without tyranny
The attack on Fort Sumter made men even more willing to “protect the southern soil, and settle blame later”
In the South, they believed that the Northerners would scatter—”blue-bellied Yankees!”
They thought that the war would be over within 60 days Fort Sumter startled the North into action
On April 15 Lincoln called for 75K state militiamen to serve in the Federal army
Eager to serve included black men who were turned away
Communities Mobilize for War
Scenes like this were common throughout the North
The women would organize assistance for the troops (clothes, food, etc.) and their families at home
The North “accompanied” their men into war
Communities Mobilize for War
When war broke out the 8 border states had to choose sides
VA went first, leading AR, TN and NC to join the South The other 4 controlled key assets
MO bordered the Mississippi River and controlled access to the West
KY controlled the Ohio River MD controlled the main RR; plus if they went, that would mean
that Washington, D.C. would be surrounded by the Confederacy DE controlled access to Philadelphia
All 4 states would ultimately choose to stay with the Union MD stayed after a crowed that attacked a troop of Union soldiers
headed for D.C. were fired on, killing 12 people The laws that Lincoln put in place to punish them included martial
law, suspension of due process
Communities Mobilize for War
A new state was birthed out of the Civil War
55 of Virginia’s western counties decided to side with the Union, resulting in Lincoln accepting the new State of West Virginia, 1863
Division was also common amongst families
Even Mary Todd Lincoln’s brothers fought for the Confederacy
Communities Mobilize for War
The preconceived notions that this would be a quick, easy war disappeared at the first battle of Bull Run
So naive were the Northerners about war, sightseers followed the troops to watch the battle
The Union held their own until an extra 2,300 troops appeared for the Confederacy
The Union broke ranks, swept up the sightseers and retreated back to Washington in a confused mass
The Confederate soldiers lacked the discipline to follow them This was a reality check for everyone
The Civil War has been the most lethal military conflict in our history
620,000 (1:4 soldiers in the war) died—more than WWI & WWII combined
Communities Mobilize for War
Communities Mobilize for War
Advantages for the North: 22M people versus 9M (3.5 of which were slaves) Industry: 9x larger than the South 97% of firearms production 71% of the RRs, 94% of cloth produced, 90% of footwear
produced By the end of the war the North was able to feed, cloth and
care for their 2M soldiers (South only had 800K) South’s advantages:
Desire and defense Military personnel, many of the regular Federal troops choose
to side with the South The troops that the North did have were untrained in comparison to
Southern troops Gen. Robert E Lee choose to side with the South, despite not
agreeing with the cause…”I have been unable to raise my hand against my native state, my relatives, my children, and my home.”
Communities Mobilize for War
The economic advantage that the North had seemed unimportant to the South initially
“Cotton is King” as James Hammond had declared in 1858 would rule the day according to Southerners
They believed that the industrialization of the North still depended on the Southern cotton
They also believed that Britain and France’s need for Southern cotton would force them into recognizing the Confederacy as a separate nation
They were wrong
Communities Mobilize for War
Lincoln considered his main task was to preserve the Union
Task 1: Assert control over his Cabinet who was staffed with Republicans such as William Seward and Salmon Chase
Lincoln called up state militias, etc. without Congressional permission
Gen. Frémont wanted to free slaves in MO, Lincoln said no to avoid KY and MD from joining the South
Lincoln’s military planning was guided by his desire to reunite the country, thus many did not take heed of his now famous speeches
The War Department expanded significantly to help feed, cloth, and supply their troops (community efforts also helped with this)
The Lincoln Presidency
Lincoln did not try to control economic policy, he believed it was the job of Congress
Treasury Secretary worked with private sector financial experts to create a plan for financing the war
The government used patriotism to sale war bonds Government borrowed $2.6B and the first federal Income Tax
(3%) was imposed Printed paper money (disputed by Congress)
Legal Tender Act of 1862 establish a national currency (called greenbacks)
National Bank Act of 1863 forbade banks from issuing notes and forced them to apply for federal charters
These two acts took away the independence of state banks The only reason this worked is because Southern Democrats
who opposed these efforts were not currently a part of Congress
The Lincoln Presidency
Republican agenda: Morrill Tariff Act, as well as other acts doubled tariff rate Created two federal corporations to build a transcontinental
railroad Homestead Act granted 160 acres of land to any citizen who
agreed to live on and improve it Morrill Land Grant Act (1863) provided land to states to
create colleges offering education to ordinary citizen 1862—Creation of the Department of Agriculture to push for
modern agriculture This package was an updated version of Henry Clay’s
American System of National Economic Development
The Lincoln Presidency
Gen. Seward fought to keep Britain and France from recognizing the Confederacy
King Cotton did not gain European support British support for abolish would not favor the South British cotton manufactures turned to Egypt and India for
their supplies They and France did allow the Confederacy to use their ports
and Britain built 6 ships for them When Britain built two iron clad ships for ramming for the
South, the Union threatened war France had used the war to invade Mexico, violating the
Monroe Doctrine To avoid the French helping the South, war was not declared
but troops were placed in TX to prevent invasion from France France withdrew from Mexico in 1866 after diplomatic
pressure
The Lincoln Presidency
Jefferson Davis’ job included not only fighting the war but creating a nation based on a loose relationship between 11 States
He was unable to hold the Confederacy together not only because of his status as “new money” but the structure of the Confederacy itself
Having a representative from each state in his Cabinet caused him to not be able to unify them under one country due to “States’ Rights”
Davis was a micro-manger who alienated people under him Rich slave owners refused to give up their privileges for the
good of the new nation Failure of “cotton diplomacy” shocked Southerners
They withheld their cotton from the market hoping that it would drive up demand, they were wrong
When they released their supply again, prices plunged
The Confederacy
States refused to raise taxes for war By the time uniform taxes were laid it was too late Inflation occurred at a rate of 9000% damaging morale and
unity After the initial surge of volunteers the Confederacy was
forced to institute a draft All able bodied white men age 18-35 were eligible Purchasing substitutes was allowed Men who owned more than 20 slaves were exempt which
created class resentment “It’s a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”
The Confederacy
States refused to raise taxes for war
By the time uniform taxes were laid it was too late
Inflation occurred at a rate of 9000% damaging morale and unity
After the initial surge of volunteers the Confederacy was forced to institute a draft
All able bodied white men age 18-35 were eligible
Purchasing substitutes was allowed Men who owned more than 20
slaves were exempt which created class resentment
“It’s a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”
The Confederacy
Politics pushed Lincoln to become more aggressive in fighting the war
Lincoln’s original plan was to simply blockade the South at sea and on the Mississippi River
The only reason Lincoln agreed to the Battle of Bull Run was because the people wanted a fight
Gen. McClellan invaded Virginia with 120K troops in order to capture Richmond
Lee’s army of Northern VA pushed him back to the James River so he returned to Washington
Lee also won the Second Battle of Bull Run in August of 1862 Davis felt the same pressure for action that Lincoln had
He supported an attack on MD and tried to get MD to make peace with the South
Lee invaded MD but was turned back in the Battle of Antietam (1862)
The war was a stalemate in northern VA
Fighting Through 1862
In the West Gen. Grant pushed Confederate troops back to northern MS
Despite loosing 13K men in the Battle of Shiloh, Grant capture Memphis in June 1862 and moved on to Vicksburg
Earlier in the year naval forces under Adm. Farragut captured New Orleans and moved up the Mississippi River
In effort to spread slavery into SW Confederate forces from TX occupied Santa Fe and Albuquerque
Confederate troops were not able to spread further because of resistance from militias from CA
Other fighting took place along the KA and MO border
Fighting Through 1862
Many Indians fought Confederacy They were angry about previous treatment from the US Indian support for the Confederacy was used as justification
to take more land from them after the war (the Union’s was of retaliation)
The Santee Sioux in MN rose up against the US killing between 500-800 settlers
Even more Sioux were killed in retaliation and all Sioux were expelled from MN
In 1863 the US Army invaded Navajo Country in AZ and forcefully marched 8000 prisoners to NM
They were held there until a treaty was signed in 1868
Fighting Through 1862
The Union naval blockade of the South was initially unsuccessful
In 1862 it only stopped 1/8th of all Confederate shipping Confederate privateers destroyed US ships By 1865 the blockade was stopping ½ of all shipping
The Confederate Navy covered the Merrimac an old Union vessel with iron plating and renamed it the CSS Virginia
The North had its own ironclad ship called the Monitor These two ships met at the Battle of Hampton Roads and
fought to a draw By the end of 1862 the North had captured the sea islands
of NC and SC and Fort Pulaski at the entrance to Savannah Harbor
Fighting Through 1862
Blacks moved in droves to Union lines and fortresses Slaves were considered a contraband of war
“Contrabands” were put to work building fortifications Many took refuge in Washington, D.C. By war’s end nearly 1M blacks (25% of all slaves in South)
had run to Union forces
Fighting Through 1862
As slaves fled to Union lines it became apparent that any policy would have to include emancipation of the slaves
Lincoln began his presidency by declaring that slavery would go untouched
He personally hated the idea of slavery, but understood the South’s economic attachment
He refused to free slaves before the war for fear of starting the war, and refused to free them early in the war for fear of losing MO, DE, KY, and MD
He also needed to be able to keep the Republican Party together—most of them were not in favor of freeing the slaves, but rather stopping expansion of slavery
Most people were still anti-black even though they were anti-slavery
The Democrats played to this saying that free blacks would flock to cities and take white people’s jobs
The Death of Slavery
Lincoln proposed that every state undertake gradual, compensated emancipation
Former slaves were to be resettled in Haiti and Panama (neither under US control)
Some such as Horace Greenly believed it was foolish to fight the rebellion without immediately freeing the slaves
Lincoln told Horace Greenly in a letter: “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would
do it; and if I could save it by freeing all slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some slaves and leaving others alone, I would also do that. Why I do about Slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save this Union.”
Lincoln had already decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, he was just waiting for the right time
After the win in Antietam in Sept. 1862, Lincoln gave the South the ultimatum: surrender or your slaves will be “free forever”
The Death of Slavery
On Jan. 1, 1863, as promised, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
Problem: It only freed slaves in the Confederate areas, not in Union held lands
Seward remarked, “We show our sympathy with slavery by emancipating slaves where we cannot reach them and holding them in bondage where we can set them free.”
Lincoln tried to impress Britain, but instead just puzzled them The symbolic gesture of the Emancipation Proclamation was
met with cheers from African Americans outside the White House
Blacks hoped that the news would encourage a work stoppage among southern slaves, which did happen
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony pushed Lincoln to support a constitutional amendment outlawing slavery
Lincoln made it part of his 1864 platform, and the 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865 (without any say from the southern states)
The Death of Slavery
After the Proclamation is passed, Lincoln supported the idea of free blacks joining the military
They were assigned to all-black units under the command of white officers
Officials were unsure of how black units would be treated as they marched through northern towns, but they were cheered by people of both races
Blacks had to prove their worth through their performance in combat
Many high-ranking officers began to welcome the idea as African-Americans proved themselves over and over
Confederates did not feel the same way about black soldiers
Captured black soldiers were treated as runaway slaves and executed
Southern blacks were overjoyed to see black units come through
The Death of Slavery
The soldiers still faced racism in the military They were only paid $10 as opposed to the $13 white soldiers They protested by not accepting any pay until it was equal to
whites It worked…in 1864 the War Department equalized pay
Service in the military also ended discrimination in some states
MA enacted the first laws forbidding discrimination in public places
Other major cities soon followed: San Francisco, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and NYC
OH, CA, and IL repealed laws barring black people from testifying in court or being on a jury
Frederick Douglass: “Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.”
The Death of Slavery
Many thought that the Civil War would be one of “brotherly” fighting, avoiding excessive violence
Due to more accurate weaponry this was not true The Generals were using the strategy of throwing as many
men as possible into the gun fire hoping enough would survive to win the attack
Another reason for so many deaths on the front lines was medical ignorance
Minor wounds led to Gangrene and unsanitary conditions led to smallpox, dysentery, typhoid, pneumonia, and malaria
Soldiers would be recalled in Aug. and Sept. due to high risk for spread of disease
Another health risk was prison space Andersonville, a Southern stockade, led to 100 Northern deaths
per day due to disease, exposure, and malnutrition
The Front Lines and the Home Front
Men who were injured during battle would often be left in the fields to die
Soldiers at the battle of Shiloh, unable to move, drowned as the rain poured down 24 hours after the battle
The Front Lines and the Home Front
Many people were opposed to the idea of women working in army hospitals taking care of strange men
Despite objections from army doctors, women became nurses in military hospitals thanks to the leadership of Dorothea Dix and Mother Bickerdyke
Clara Barton used her political connections to get nurses and medicine to the front lines, and to reform the military medical system
Southern women worked in small organizations to provide care to troops, but were not well connected like their northern counterparts
Southern women view the war as a wake-up call, and become more politically active following its end
The Front Lines and the Home Front
A soldier’s daily life was filled with disease and destitution Mud, dirt, lack of uniforms, communicable diseases, and a
lack of sanitation all made life difficult Many soldiers simply deserted their units Fraternization between the two sides caused problems
The Front Lines and the Home Front
Stephen Douglas helped promote unity in the north between Democrats and Republicans
His death created a separation between the “War Democrats” and the “Peace Democrats”, known as “Copperheads”
“Copperheads” drastically opposed many of Lincoln’s policies such as emancipation, the draft, and martial law
They referred to him as “King Abraham” They played to midwest farmers by saying Republican tariffs
hurt farmers, and played to immigrants’ racial fears, claiming that black workers would flood into northern cities
The leader of the Copperheads, Clement Vallandigham, wanted to negotiate peace without regard to slaves
He, as well as 13,000 others, were arrested and imprisoned under martial law due to suspected conspiracy with the Confederacy
Within his own party, Lincoln struggled with Radicals, the strongest being Salmon Chase
The Front Lines and the Home Front
Wartime needs caused massive economic growth in the North
Industries such as coal, iron, and agriculture are some of the beneficiaries
As with all governmental spending, there was corruption and an unequal distribution of wealth
Most people did not realize any economic upturn They still faced day-to-day hardships like inflation Due to the need for goods to be shipped nationally, there is a
rise in large organizations to accomplish this goal This lead to battles between employees and employers going
into the 20th Century Read from p. 471 (New York City Draft Riots) to 472 (stop
at The Tide Turns)
The Front Lines and the Home Front
The opening of 1863 saw a stalemate between North and South
In May, Robert E. Lee daringly divided his forces General “Stonewall” Jackson lead his men to
Chancellorsville, VA, where, despite losing 13,000 soldiers and Jackson himself, the Confederacy gets a victory
Lee took his forces to Gettysburg in July, where on the last day he sent George Pickett and 15,000 men to advance on the Union lines
“Pickett’s Charge” has been deemed the symbolic representation of the Confederate war efforts
Matchless valor, apparent initial success, ultimate disaster Gettysburg was the last offensive mounted by the
Confederacy On July 4th, 1863, Ulysses S. Grant took Vicksburg The news of Gettysburg and Vicksburg ensured that France
and Great Britain would stay out of the war
The Tide Turns
Grant devised a plan of strangulation Grant rook on Lee in Virginia, while William Tecumseh
Sherman heads through Tennessee into Atlanta The new strategy was to make sure that the war directly
affected the citizens Total War was evident as Sherman marched to Atlanta,
earning the nickname “Burnin’ Sherman” Sherman’s goal was to make the war so terrible to the
citizens of the south that they would never resort to it again
The Tide Turns
The war was the main focus of the election of 1864 Radicals thought Lincoln was too conciliatory with the south,
while conservatives balked at emancipation The Democrats ran General George McClellan, who didn’t
really endorse the party platform Proclaim the war a failure and seek an armistice Stoked racial fears by warning of a racially mixed society
Lincoln anticipated losing unless a miracle occurred The miracle was Sherman’s capture of Atlanta This allowed Lincoln’s policy of unconditional surrender to
continue Lincoln’s reelection was a mandate from the people to
continue a war that had been extremely hard on the citizens
The Tide Turns
In a last-ditch effort to replace Confederate soldiers, the South armed slaves to serve in the Confederate army.
Slaves who fought for the Confederacy were granted freedom The South never had to go public with this irony because
support had disintegrated by the spring of 1865 Davis sent his Vice President to negotiate peace Lincoln would accept nothing less than total surrender, while
Davis insisted on Southern independence While this is going on, Grant advanced on Lee’s men, leading
to full surrender at the Appomattox Davis hoped to set up a new government in Texas, but was
caught in Georgia on May 10th, 1865, thus ending the war
The Tide Turns
While attending a play at Ford’s Theater on April 14th, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
He died the next day, and after a week of observance in Washington, D.C., his coffin was shipped back to Springfield to be buried
People gathered along the railroad tracks to pay last respects to the President
Booth was a Southern supporter, but killed the best friend the South had when he assassinated Lincoln
The Death of a President
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