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Lecture 10. The Brain and Central Nervous System. DC COLLEGE ANATOMY Southern Boone County HS Bill Palmer. Nervous System. The system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made of four parts:. The brain. The spinal cord. The nerves. The senses. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Brain and Central Nervous
System
DC COLLEGE ANATOMYSouthern Boone County HS
Bill Palmer
Lecture 10
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The system that controls all of the activities of the body.
The nervous system is made of four parts:
The brain The spinal cord
The nerves The senses
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The nervous system also allows you to react to a stimulus.
A stimulus is a change in the environment.
Example: A hot stove Or… tripping over a rock
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Reflex reactions are automatic.
Automatic means that you do not have to think about your
reactions.Example: If a bug flies by your eye, you will blink.
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An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make.
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The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made of the brain and the spinal
cord.
The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made of the nerves and the sense
organs.Nerves Sense
organs
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Messages carried throughout the body by nerves.
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Nerve CellMotor Neuron:•Efferent Neuron – Moving toward a central organ or point •Relays messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles and organs
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Nerve CellSensory Neuron: •Afferent Neuron – Moving away from a central organ or point •Relays messages from receptors to the brain or spinal cord
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You have a nerve along your whole arm.
The “funny bone” is the only place on the arm where the nerve is not
protected. The “funny bone” is on the elbow.
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The Central Nervous System controls all of the body’s activities.
The Central Nervous System is made of two main organs.
1. The brain
2. The spinal cord
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The spinal cord sends messages to the brain.The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system.
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The brain controls everything in the body.The brain is made of more than 10 billion nerves!
The brain is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull.
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The Brain has three main parts…1. The Cerebrum
2. The Cerebellum3. The Brain Stem
The Brain• weighs 1300 - 1400 g• made up of about 100
billion neurons• “the most complex
living structure on the universe” Society for Neuroscience
• makes us who we are
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Brain structureCerebrum
cerebellumhypothalamu
s
Pituitary gland
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Parts of the cerebrum
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Parts of the cerebrum
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Sensory homunculus
Homunculus "little human” is a term used to refer to any representation of a human being.
According to these homunculi, what are the most sensitive parts of the human body?
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Motor strip and homunculus Motor
strip
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The Brain
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The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.1. The cerebrum controls your thinking.
2. The cerebrum controls your memory.
3. The cerebrum controls your speaking.
4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs.
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The cerebellum is below and to the back of the cerebrum.
1. The cerebellum controls you balance.
2. The cerebellum controls your posture.
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The Brain Stem connects the brain to the spinal cord.The nerves in the brain stem control your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.
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The vertebrae are the many bones that protect the nerves in
the spinal cord.
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The Outer Nervous System’s job is to connect the Central
Nervous System to the rest of the body.
The outer nervous system carries messages between the central
nervous system and the rest of the body.
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The outer nervous system is made of the nerves and the sense organs.
EarEye
SkinNerves
Tongue
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An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about
it.A reflex happens quickly in
less than a second.
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The outer nervous system controls the body’s activities that you don’t think about.
The outer nervous system controls activities in your small intestine,
your breathing, and your heartbeat.control
s
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Sense organs carry
messages about the
environment to the central
nervous system.
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The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin are examples of sense
organs.The sense organs gather
information (light, sound, heat, and pressure) from the
environment.
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The environment is everything outside the body.
The sense organs gather information from outside the
body, then send the messages to the brain.
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Vision is your ability to see.
Vision involves the eye and the brain.
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The eye is one of your sense organs.The eye is made of the iris
and the pupil.
The eye gathers pictures and sends them to the brain.
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The colored part of the eye is
the iris. The black part of the eye is the pupil.The pupil becomes larger and smaller as it controls the
light coming into the eye.
IrisPupil
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When a sound is made, the air around the sound vibrates.
Hearing starts when some of the sound waves go into the
ear.
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There are nine main parts of the ear.1. Pinna2. Ear canal3. Ear drum
5. Anvil6. Stirrup7. Cochlea
4. Hammer 8. Eustachian tube9. Auditory nerve
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The ear canal is the tube between the outside of the ear and the ear drum.The ear drum is in the middle ear. It
vibrates when sound waves hit it.
The pinna is the part of the ear that you can see.
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The three smallest bones in the body, the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup,
are in the middle ear.The hammer gets the vibrations from the eardrum, then sends them to the
anvil.The anvil passes the vibrations to the stirrup.
The stirrup passes the vibrations to the inner ear.
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The inner ear is made of the cochlea and liquid.
The cochlea is in the inner ear. The cochlea looks like a shell.
The Eustachian tube controls the amount of pressure in the ear.
The auditory nerve carries the hearing information to the brain and
the brain tells us what we heard.
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The ear works with the brain to control your balance.
All of your movements are controlled by balance and muscles.
The liquid in your inner ear is responsible for your balance.
The liquid in your ear moves when we move. The liquid movement sends
information to the brain to tell it how we are moving.
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The sense of touch is located in the skin.
The nerves in the skin allow us to feel texture, pressure,
heat, cold, and pain.Texture is how something feels.
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The nose controls your sense of smell.
The humna nose is able to smell
80 different kinds of smells.
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Your sense of taste comes from the taste buds in the tongue.
Taste buds are the parts on the tongue that allow us to taste.
The four kinds of taste buds are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.
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Tastes and smells work together to make flavors.
Flavors are the tastes of food and drinks.
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Alzheimer's DiseaseCause: unknown-may be
geneticConfusionMood swingsIncurableDegenerativeFatal-seven-yr life expectancySome drugs to treat symptoms
NORMAL ALZHEIMERS
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StrokeCause: Blockage of artery
that carries blood to brainAtherosclerosisDiabetesHigh Blood PressureHigh Cholesterol
May or may not be fatalMay be most common cause
of death in the world
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EpilepsyUncontrolled SeizureAffects 50 million peopleNot curable but may be treated with medicineMany typesSeizures may be caused by
Reading SmellsBlinking lights Stress
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AlcoholismCause: Excessive use of
alcohol Wernicke–Korsakoff Syndrome
ConfusionParalysisWomen more vulnerable
than menFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
small head smooth philitrum
low birth weight thin upper lip
mental retardation low nasal bridge
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Parkinson's DiseaseCause: Brain cannot
produce dopamineGenetics-Toxins-Trauma (Ali) Affects CNSTremorsStiffnessSlow MovementNot necessarily fatalTreat with L-Dopa
Mohammed Ali Michael Fox
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Huntington’s Disease
HereditaryMiddle-age 35-44Mostly Western EuropeansChorea –jerky, uncontrolled movementCan test embryo for HDNo cureLife expectancy 20 yrs after diagnosis
Woody Guthrie died from HD
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Frontal LobotomyRadical, InvasiveStarted in 1800’sWalter Freeman-
Transorbital Lobotomies
Practiced on grapefruit and cadavers
1940-1944 =6841949 =507418,608 total
lobotomies
Above: Walter Freeman and Intraocular lobotomiesBelow: Phineas Gage and “accidental” lobotomy
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The Brain and CNSWrap-ups1. What are the four parts of the human nervous
system?2. What is a stimulus? Give an example.3. Give an example of a automatic reaction other
than the one given.4. What are the functions of the brain?5. What makes up the CNS?6. What makes up the PNS?
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The Brain and CNSWrap-ups7. What is the function of the spinal cord?8. What are the parts of the brain?9. What are the parts of the cerebrum?10. Describe a Sensory Homunculus.11. What is a reflex reaction?12. List the five senses and the organs associated
with each.13. What are five types of CNS disorders?14. What is a Transorbital Lobotomy and why was
it used?
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