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Temperate Forests
Climate
• Named for their occurrence at Mid-Latitudes
• Extreme fluctuations in daily and seasonal temperatures and precipitation
Forest Biotic Structure
• Upper Canopy Layer Dominant Trees
• Lower Canopy Layer Saplings & Understory Trees
• Shrub LayerWoody Shrubs
• Ground LayerHerbs, Ferns, and Mosses
Ground Layer Decomposition
• Fungi, bacteria, and Soil Invertebrates act to recycle the nutrients from leaves and trees limbs back into the soil
• This is the most diverse layer of the forest
Symbiosis & the Forest
• MycorrhizaeFungi that have developed beneficial relations with the tree roots providing them water and nutrients for sugars
• LichensFungi and algae that live on tree bark
Forest Abiotic Factors
• Sunlight, Temperature, and Humidity change seasonally
• These factors may effect the stomatal densities of forest plants
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Secondary Growth
• The Vascular Cambium is responsible for creating new xylem and phloem tissues
• Xylem is thick and is created to the inside of the tree with identifiable annual rings
• Phloem thin and is created to the outside and part forms protective bark
Xylem Growth Rings
• During the Spring when there is sufficient water and sunlight the xylem tubes are large
• As precipitation decreases in Summer the xylem tubes produced are smaller in size
Old Growth & Secondary Forests
• Old Growth Forestsshow variation in tree ages, contain more woody debris, fallen logs, and a greater diversity of animal life
• Secondary Forests have young homogeneous aged tree stands with little diversity and developed layers
Human Impacts
• Lumber and Paper• Cleared for
Agriculture• Mining• Human
Development• Global Warming
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