Systolic Ejection Murmurs Chapter 14 Are G. Talking, MD, FACC Instructor Patricia L. Thomas, MBA,...

Systolic Ejection MurmursChapter 14

Are G. Talking, MD, FACC

Instructor

Patricia L. Thomas, MBA, RCIS

Outline

• Outflow Tracts• Inflow Tracts• Inter-Ventricular Flow• Ejection Murmur• Classification of

Ejection• Aortic Stenosis• Bicuspid Aortic Valve

• Tetralogy of Fallot• Dilatation of the

Proximal Pulmonary• Pulmonary Arterial

Narrowing• Coarctation of the

Aorta• Musical Murmurs

Introduction

• Levine stated, “Systolic noise with a duration longer than a heart sound.”

• Result of turbulent blood flow across outflow tracts, ejection murmurs,inflow tract, and from ventricle to ventricle

Outflow Tracts/ Ejection Pathways

• Left outflow tract– Left ventricle– Aortic valve– Aortic root– Ascending Aorta

• Right outflow tract– Right ventricle– Pulmonary Valve– Main Pulmonary

Artery

Causes of Abnormalities of Flow

• Forward flow across normal outflow tracts• Forward flow across stenosed aortic or

pulmonic outflow tracts• High flow across normal right or left

ventricular outflow tracts• High flow across a regurgitant aortic or

pulmonic valve without significant stenosis• Forward flow into a dilated great vessel

Inflow Tracts

• The inflow tracts of the heart are the chambers that are open to tack other during diastolic filling. – Mitral valve is part of the left inflow tract– Tricuspid valve is part of the right inflow tract

• Abnormalities are insufficiency/regurgitant related: rheumatic valvular disease, mitral valve prolapse, or papillary muscle dysfunction

Inter-Ventricular Flow

• Small VSD results in turbulent blood flow from ventricular to ventricle

Ejection Murmur

• Mixed frequencies and is moderate-to-marked crescendo-decrescendo

• Caused by forward flow across the left or right outflow

• Aortic stenosis & pulmonic stenosis

Classification of Ejection Murmurs• Early Systolic Ejection Murmur

– Commonly heard in a small VSD without pulmonary hypertension, large VSD with pulmonary hypertension, septal perforation resulting from MI, acute severe mitral regurgitation

• Mid-systolic Ejection Murmur– Long and is loudest in mid-systolic with the sound of S2

clearly audible & implies significant aortic or pulmonic outflow tract obstruction, TOF, dilatation of he proximal pulmonary artery or ASD

Aortic Stenosis• Murmur is harsh, rough, & grunting• Degrees of Obstruction

– Mild- softer, shorter & earlier-peaking systolic murmur– Severe-louder, longer, & late-peaking murmur

• Causes– Result of congenital aortic valve disease, rheumatic fever

(aortic & mitral valve involved), or degenerative calcification in elderly patients

• Listen with the diaphragm of the stethoscope for maximal intensity at the second right intercostal space; listen at the apex & over the precordium, both clavicles, both carotids, & suprasternal notch

Pulmonic Valve Stenosis• Harsh systolic murmur,wide splitting of S2

• Loudest in the 2nd & 3rd interspaces along the left sternal border (pulmonic area)

• Palpable Thrill felt directed toward the left neck or clavicle

• Murmur peaks in mid-systole with maximal ejection & produces a diamond shape on the phono.

• Heard during expiration• Ejection sound heard over the pulmonary area• Sound caused by doming & abrupt arrest in motion of

the stenotic PV

Tetralogy of Fallot

• Described by Fallot in 1888• VSD, Pulmonic Stenosis, Dextroposition of the

aorta & RV hypertrophy• PS results of a fibromuscular ring below the PV in

the RV out flow tract-infundibular • More severe the obstruction, the more blood is

shunted RT to LT the VSD• Systolic thrill pulmonic with grade IV murmur

Coarctation of the Aorta

• Grade II or III murmur

• Heard posteriorly & over base of the heart

• Hypertension in the arms, but not in the legs

• Decreased or absent femoral arterial pulsation

Musical Murmurs• Caused by vibrating structure enve in the the absence of

flow turbulence• Musical systolic murmurs

– Cooing of a dove

– Buzzing of a saw

– Spinning of a top

– Whistling

– Systolic whoop

– Precordial honk

• Mitral valve prolapse can assume such a noise

THE END OF

CHAPTER 14

Tilkian, Ara MD Understanding Heart Sounds and Murmurs,

Fourth Edition, W.B. Sunders Company. 2002, pp. 154-178