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8/17/2019 Syria's Chemical Weapons Stockpile - BBC News
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Syria's chemical weapons stockpile
30 January 2014 Middle East
Last September , the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
received an initial disclosure from the Syrian government of its chemical weapons
programme, the f irst time the country had made a formal declaration. Syria also signed
the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and agreed to the destruction of its chemical
weapons.
The OPCW has yet to release the details of the declaration, leaving the size of Syria's arsenal
subject to speculation.
But experts believe the stockpile, considered to be one of the world's largest, contains the blister
agent sulphur mustard, the nerve agent sarin, and the more potent and persistent nerve agent
VX.
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receive the order and decide on targets, the weapons and the toxic agents."
Human Rights Watch says 330mm surface-to-surface rockets were used to attack Zamalka
in Eastern Ghouta on 21 August. At least four strike sites have been found.
From remnants of the weapons found, HRW has reconstructed the characteristics of the
rocket. It says it was capable of carrying up to 60 litres of chemical nerve agent.
The payload of the rocket consisted of a large, thin-walled container. A small explosive
charge at the front would detonate on impact and rupture the skin, dispersing the chemicals
inside.
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Sulphur mustard
Syria is widely believed to possess large quantities of the blister agent sulphur mustard. The
term "mustard gas" is commonly used to describe the agent, but it is liquid at ambient
temperature.
Sulphur mustard sometimes smells - like garlic, onions, or mustard - and sometimes has no
odour. It can be clear to yellow or brown.
People can be exposed through skin contact, eye contact or breathing if it is released into the air
as a vapour, or by consuming it or getting it on their skin if it is in liquid or solid form. It causes
blistering of the skin and mucous membranes on contact.
Though exposure to sulphur mustard usually is not fatal, there is no treatment or antidote to
mustard which means the agent must be removed entirely from the body.
Syria started to produce tube and rocket artillery rounds filled with mustard-type blistering agents
in 1993, presumed to be the first weaponisation of its kind.
Sarin
Sarin is a neurotoxic organophosphorus compound that is highly toxic and lethal.
It is considered 20 times as deadly as cyanide and is impossible to detect because it is a clear,
colourless and tasteless liquid that has no odour in its purest form. It can also evaporate and
spread through the air.
As with all nerve agents, Sarin inhibits the action of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, whichdeactivates signals that cause human nerve cells to fire. This blockage pushes nerves into a
continual "on" state. The heart and other muscles - including those involved in breathing -
spasm. Sufficient exposure can lead to death via asphyxiation within minutes.
Sarin, like VX, is believed to be stocked in a "binary manner" by the Syrian military. This means
it is kept as two distinct chemical precursors, which are combined just before use, either
manually or automatically inside a weapon when launched.
According to a report by UN chemical weapons inspectors, there is "clear and convincing
evidence" that surface-to-surface rockets containing sarin were fired at suburbs to the east andwest of Damascus in an attack on 21 August that killed hundreds of people.
According to US, British, French and Israeli officials, there is also evidence that Syrian
government forces used sarin against rebels and civilians on several previous occasions.
French intelligence said analysis of samples taken from the northern town of Saraqeb and the
Damascus suburb of Jobar in April showed that munitions containing sarin had been deployed.
However, doubts have been expressed about the chain of custody of those samples as they
travelled from their original locations in Syria to laboratories in other countries.
VX
VX, another neurotoxic organophosphorus compound, is the most toxic known chemical warfare
agent - about 10 times more toxic than sarin.
http://www.un.org/disarmament/content/slideshow/Secretary_General_Report_of_CW_Investigation.pdf
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It is an oily liquid that is amber in colour, and is odourless and tasteless. Once it is released into
the air, people can be exposed through skin contact, eye contact or inhalation.
Symptoms appear within a few seconds after exposure to the vapour form of VX, and within a
few minutes after exposure to the liquid form. As with sarin, VX attacks the nervous system.
VX evaporates about as slowly as motor oil and can persist for a long time under average
weather conditions, unlike sarin. It therefore poses both a short- and long-term threat.
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Background
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