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SYNTAXPart 1 Structures & Structural
relations
Abstract Structure
1a. 洗了 b. 春天了2a. 他洗了 b. 他洗了衣 c. 衣他洗了 d. 他打算洗衣
Constituencies and hierarchies
A
B C
D E
dominance/motherhoodprecedence/sisterhood
Constituency test
Displacement Deletion Co-ordination Replacement with a pro-form
He will do it.
a. He will do it and do it he will.
b. They will not do it, but he will.
c. He will do it and win the prize.
d. He will do it and so will the others.
Aux and tense
1a. He kicked the ball. b. He will kick the ball. c. They didn’t kick the ball, but he did. d. Kick the ball I wonder whether he will.2a. He did it. b. I didn’t expect him to do it.
INFL [Tense, AGR]
X-bar convention
XP
Spec X’
X Comp
local (lexical) spec-head (functional)
VP: 他喜爱足球
VP
Spec V’
V Comp
NP: a teacher of English
NP
Spec N’
N Comp(=PP)
AP: rather envious of me
AP
Spec A’
A Comp(=PP)
PP: right across the bridge
PP
Spec P’
P Comp
IP: a functional projection1a. He will kick the ball. b. He kicked the ball. c. I didn’t expect him to do it.
IP
Spec I’
I VP
Spec V’
V Comp
CP: another functional projection1a. I will ask if [he will do it]. b. I think that [he will do it]. c. I expect for [him to do it].
CP
Spec C’
C IP
FP: small clauses
1a. I consider [him very smart].
b. I consider [him a true friend].
c. I consider [his proposals completely out of the question].
2a. Je considère le garçon très intelligent.
I consider the boy very intelligent
b. Je considère la fille très intelligente.
I consider the girl very intelligent.
3 I consider him as my best friend.
Je considère le garçon très intelligent. AGRP
Spec AGR’
AGR AP
I consider him as my best friend.
AGRP
Spec AGR’
AGR AP
Subcategorization
1a. She cried (with grief).
b. She cried real tears.
c. She cried over the loss of life.
2a. 他喜爱足球。 b. 他十分喜爱足球。 c. * 他喜爱十分足球。
他喜爱足球。 IP
Spec I’
I VP
Spec V’
V Comp
他十分喜爱足球。
IP
Spec I’
I VP
Spec V’
Adjunct V’
V Comp
1a. this book b. these books
NP
Spec N’
N
Agreement (I)
Agreement (II)
2 I am je suis
you are tu es.
s/he is il/elle est
we are nous sommes
you are vous êtes
they are ils/elles sont
I am/you are/he is
IP
Spec I’
I VP
V Comp
Head-to-head movement1a. When will he do it?
b.*I wonder whether will he do it.
c.*When that will he do it?
2a. Quoi que tu as fait?
what that you have done
b. Men shal knowe who that I am
men shall know who that I am
When will he do it? CP
Spec C’
C IP
Spec I’
I VP
*I wonder whether will [he do it].
CP
Spec C’
C IP
Spec I’
I VP
Men shall know who that I am.
CP
Spec C’
C IP
Spec I’
I VP
1a. Hei likes him*i/j/himselfi.
b. [Hisi brother]j likes himi/himselfj. 2a. da den inspekteur da boek gelezen eet
that the inspector that book read has b. dan d’inspekteurs da boek gelezen een that the inspectors that book read have
Structural relations
He likes him/himself. IP
Spec I’
I VP
Spec V’
V Comp
His brother likes him/himself. IP
Spec I’
I VP
Spec V’
V Comp
CP
Spec C’
C IP
NP I’
VP I
da den inspekteur da boek gelezen eet
c-commands iff does not dominate and every X that dominates also dominates .
X
C-command
Adjuncts and adjunction1a. John quickly fixed the car. b. John fixed the car quickly. c. Fix the car quickly, I wonder whether he will.2a. Evidently, John fixed the car. b. He fixed the car, evidently.3a. He fixed the car in the morning. b. He fixed the car when Bill was still sleeping.4a. *He speaks badly English. b. He told me to drink every night two glasses of mineral water with a slice of lemon.
VP-adjuncts
IP
Spec I’
I VP
Spec V’
Adjunct V’
V Comp
S-adjuncts
IP
Adjunct IP
Spec I’
I VP
Heavy NP-shift VP
VP NP
V’ Adjunct
V Comp
drink t every day [two glasses of …]
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