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ACLReconstructionTipstoPrevent
Failure
MichaelJ. StuartMD
Mayo ClinicRochester, MN
Financial Relationships• Consultant & Royalties- Arthrex
Research Funding• Stryker• USA Hockey Foundation
Off Label Usage• None
Michael J. Stuart MDFebruary 24, 2018
AJSM2014
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AJSM2014
78 ACL reconstruction patients compared 47 athletes without surgery
• All participated in pivoting/cutting sports
• Followed for injury & athlete exposure (AE) data for a 2 year period
AJSM2014
6x increased risk of a 2nd ACL injury when compared to healthy control participants
30% of athletes suffered a 2nd ACL injury within 24 months of RTS
21% contralateral ACL
9% graft re-tear
AJSM2016
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90femalesoccer playerscomparedto90femalenon‐soccer players(meanage19.6years)
Graft Failures: 11% vs 1%
Contralateral ACL: 17% vs 4%
AJSM2016
2ndACLtear in…
28%ofallfemalesoccerplayers
34% ofthosewhoreturnedtosoccer
AJSM2016
Tips to Prevent Failure
• Identify all injured structures
• Assess alignment & slope
• Perform meticulous surgery
• Address associated problems
• Focus rehabilitation
• Confirm return-to-play criteria
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Accurate Diagnosis
Physical Exam• Lachman & dynamic subluxation• varus/valgus stress @ 0 & 30°• posterior sag & drawer• dial test @ 30 & 90°• posterolateral drawer• anteromedial drawer
Accurate DiagnosisRadiographs• AP (standing)• Lateral (full extension)• Merchant• PA flexion (45) Full length standing Lateral tibia standing
MechanicalAxis
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Weight‐BearingLine
Accurate Diagnosis
MRI• confirm ACL disruption
Accurate Diagnosis
MRI• confirm ACL disruption• meniscus tears
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MedialMeniscusPosteriorHornRootTear
Accurate Diagnosis
MRI• confirm ACL disruption• meniscus tears• articular cartilage lesions
LateralFemoralCondyleOsteochondral Injury
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Accurate Diagnosis
MRI• confirm ACL disruption• meniscus tears• articular cartilage lesions• periarticular fractures
Salter‐HarrisType2PhysealFracture
Accurate Diagnosis
MRI• confirm ACL disruption• meniscus tears• articular cartilage lesions• periarticular fractures• associated ligament injuries
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DistalGrade3MCLSprain
Meticulous Surgical Technique
1. Graft Harvest
2. Notchplasty (as needed)
3. Tunnel Placement
4. Graft Passage
5. Graft Fixation
Stuart et. al. J Knee Surg 25(5) 2012
Technical error is the most common reason for primary ACL reconstruction failure
Femoral tunnel malposition is the most common technical error
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RationaleforStrategicGraftPlacementinAnteriorCruciateLigamentReconstruction:
I.D.E.A.L. Femoral Tunnel PositionPearle, McAllister, Howell
Isometry
DirectInsertion
Eccentric
Anatomical
Lowtension
RationaleforStrategicGraftPlacementinAnteriorCruciateLigamentReconstruction:
I.D.E.A.L. Femoral Tunnel PositionPearle, McAllister, Howell
anterior (high)
proximal (deep)
within femoral footprint
low tension-flexion pattern
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• Meniscus repair
• Limb re-alignment
• Other ligament repair/reconstruction
• Articular cartilage restoration
• Tibial slope reduction
• Anterolateral complex reconstruction?
Address Associated Problems
• Repair the meniscus to protect the ACL graft
Root AvulsionBucket Handle
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18year‐oldmale elitewrestler
• injuredleftkneewhileplayinghighschoolfootball
• jumpedoveropposingplayer&landedwithavalgustwistingforce
• feltapopwithimmediatepainandswelling
• PositiveLachman testonthesidelines
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LateralMeniscus
RadialTear
LateralMeniscus
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RadialRepair
LateralMeniscus
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PatellarTendonAutograftACLReconstruction
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• ResumedDivision1collegiatewrestling
• Nopain,swelling,catching,lockingorgiving‐way
• 5yearfollow‐upexamination&X‐raysplanned
3yearsafterPatellarTendonAutograftACLreconstruction&
ComplexLateralMeniscusRepair
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Limb Re-alignmentProximal Tibial
Distal Femoral
• EvaluatecoronalplanealignmentonthestandingAP X‐ray
• Obtain a full-length standing (hip to ankle) X-ray if indicated
• Perform a re-alignment osteotomy for mechanical axis >5 varus or valgus
Angle ofCorrection
62% coordinate
Other Ligaments
• Identifyassociatedpatholaxity:
physicalexam
MRI
stressfluoro
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PCL
FCL
MCL
Superficial MCL
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Articular Cartilage
• Osteochondral Fixation
• Debridement
• Microfracture
• Osteochondral Autograft
• Osteochondral Allograft
• Cell-based Regeneration
Lateral Femoral Condyle
OsteochondralFracture
Tibial Slope Reduction
1. Tibial slope >13°
2. Anterior tibial translation >10mm
Pre-op Calculation
Deflexion osteotomy indications:
LateralTibiamonopodal standing
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Anterior Translation12 mm
Monopodal Stance
Posterior Slope25 degrees
Anterior Translation12 mm
Monopodal Stance
Posterior Slope25 degrees
Anterior Translation12 mm
Monopodal Stance
Posterior Slope25 degrees
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Anterior Translation12 mm
Monopodal Stance
Posterior Slope25 degrees
Anterior Translation0 mm
Monopodal Stance
Posterior Slope7 degrees
• Pain control
• Reduction of swelling/effusion
• Range of motion (terminal extension)
• Strength
• Proprioception
• Sport-specific activities
Focus Rehabilitation
“Decreased neuromuscular control & high-risk movement biomechanics, which appear to be heavily influenced by abnormal trunk & lower extremity movement patterns, not only predict first knee injury risk but also re-injury risk.”
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• Qualitative assessment of movement patterns
• Serial strength & functional testing to identify neuromuscular strategies
• Rehabilitation protocols targeted to eliminate limb asymmetries
Confirm Return-to-Play Criteria
ACL Reconstruction:Tips to Optimize Outcome
• Assess alignment & slope
• Identify all injured structures
• Perform Meticulous Surgery
• Address Associated Problems
• Focus Rehabilitation
• Confirm Return-to-Play Criteria
ThankYou
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