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S T E P H E N B Y R D S C H O O L O F E D U C AT I O N
E L O N U N I V E R S I T Y
Disability and Equity In Special Education: Where Do We Go From
Here?
Introduction:
Session Goals Gain an understanding of
special education and disabilities
Gain an understanding the issues of surrounding equity in special education
Think about next steps
Agenda:
What is special education?Disability Disproportionality Conclusion
“Special education means specially designed instruction that meets the
unusual needs of an exceptional student, and which might require
special materialsteaching techniques
equipment and/or facilities.”
(Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2009, p. 12)
AN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DESIGNED TO ADDRESS THE INEQUITY OF STUDENTS
WHO WERE NOT RECEIVING A FREE AND PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THEIR LOCAL
SCHOOL.
Special Education…
Facts
About 6 million students are enrolled in special education.
About 14% of the school population has an identified disability of some type.
About 78% of the students with disabilities spend a large portion of the day in the general education classroom.
A Look at the Law
Public Law 94-142 - Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)
Signed by Gerald FordZero rejectNon-discriminatory evaluationIndividualized Education PlanLeast Restrictive EnvironmentDue processParental participation
A Look at the Law:
Public Law 99-457: EHA 1986 Infants and toddlers Reduce likelihood of institutionalization Family support
Public Law 101-476 – Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) 1990 Transition Autism and traumatic brain injury categories added
ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) Civil Rights for those with disabilities After age 21
A Look at the Law
IDEA 1997 Parent Participation Participation in testing
IDEA 2004 Use of scientifically-based instruction for identifying learning
disabilities In most places – Response-to-intervention (RTI)
Mandated testing Paperwork reduction Use of funding for intervention programs Parent Involvement
What are the defining features of Special Education?
Appropriate indentification Individually plannedSpecializedIntensiveGoal-directedUsing research-based methodsGuided by student performance
DISABILITY…
“ A D I S A B I L I T Y I S A N I NA B I L I T Y TO D O S O M E T H I N G T H AT M O S T P E O P L E , W I T H
T Y P I C A L M AT U R AT I O N , O P P O RT U N I T Y, O R I N S T RU C T I O N C A N D O.
K AU F F M A N E T A L , 2 0 0 5 , P. 3 0
General signs:
Persistence of the problemSeverity of the problemSpeed of progressMotivationParental concerns
Disability Categories
High Incidence Disabilities:Learning DisabilitiesCommunication DisordersIntellectual Disability Emotional/Behavioral
DisordersAutismOther Health Impaired
(OHI)
Developmental delay – until age 8
Low Incidence Disabilities:Multiple disabilitiesHearing ImpairmentVisual ImpairmentTraumatic Brain InjuryOther Impairment
Types of Placements
General Education classroom with supportsResource classroom Self-contained classroomSpecial schoolHospital settingHome-bound
M I C H A E L , J U N E …
The Case of…
Assessment Process for Identification
Initial Screening – whole school assessment of skills
Pre-referral – Student Assistance Team
Referral – Period when testing is conducted
Eligibility – Meeting for stakeholders to decide on special education decisions
IEP – Meeting for planning the special education supports and services
“ T H E R E P R E S E N TAT I O N O F A G RO U P I N A C AT E G O RY T H AT E XC E E D S O U R
E X P E C TAT I O N S FO R T H AT G RO U P, O R D I F F E R S S U B S TA N T I A L LY F RO M T H E
R E P R E S E N TAT I O N S O F OT H E R S I N T H AT C AT E G O RY ”
A R T I L E S , K O Z L E S K I , T R E N T, O S H E R , & O R T I Z , 2 0 0 8 , P. 2 6 6
Disproportionality…
Ways to Measure:
Composition index The extent to which a group is over- or underrepresented in a
category compared to its proportion in the broader population 33% labeled intellectual disability while 17% of the general
populationRisk index
The extent to which a group is found eligible for service at a rate differing from that of other groups
Students Ages 6-21 Served under IDEA, by Race/Ethnicity (Fall 2007) in the US and outlying areas
4%3%
25%
10%
59%
All Disabilities
Amer/Indian Asian Black Hispanic White
2% 1%
33%
10%
55%
Learning Disabilities
Amer. Ind. Asian Black Hispanic White
Ame. In Asian Black Hispanic White Total0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
Students Ages 6-11 Served under IDEA Served in NC
Students Ages 6-11 Served under IDEA Served in NC
North Carolina
2% 1%
35%
7%
55%
Percentage of Students Ages 6-21 Served by IDEA
Ame. In Asian Black Hispanic White
Where do we go from here?
Teacher Education programsPolicyGreater care in testing, evaluation, and interpretationWorking with stakeholders at the pre-referral stageResponse to intervention
Remember the kids…
Effective Teaching…
Reaching out to families…
Learn internationally…
See Strengths…and work together
References:
Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J. M., & Pullen, P. C. (2009). Exceptional learners: An introduction to special education. (11th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Various Authors. (2008). Special Issue: Culturally, diverse exceptional students: Remembering the past, looking toward the future. Exceptional Children, 74, 262-399.
Thank you for attending. I will put these materials up on my
Elon website at:http://facstaff.elon.edu/sbyrd2/
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