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STAKEHOLDER
Oleh :
Lili Adi WIbowo
1
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Introduction To The Field
A Framework for Studying
Business, Government, and
Society
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Opening Case:ExxonMobil Corporation
Company history Main business is discovering, producing,
and selling oil and natural gas
Descended from the Standard Oil trust In 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust
Act to outlaw its monopoly
Once had more than a 90% market shareof the American oil market
The values of its founder, John D.Rockefeller, defined the company culture
In 1972 Standard Oil of New Jersey
changed its name to Exxon, and in 1999 itmerged with Mobil, to form ExxonMobil
1-
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Opening Case:ExxonMobil Corporation (continued)
The leader John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil)
Brilliant strategist and organizer whocrushed competitors
Emphasized cost control, efficiency,centralized organization, andsuppression of competitors
Although Rockefellers influence is
buried in the passage of time,ExxonMobils actions remain
consistent with his nature
1-
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Opening Case:ExxonMobil Corporation (continued)
Today ExxonMobil remains a powerful force, but that power islimited by economic and political forces.
It now controls only 5.6% of oil production and holds less than1% of petroleum reserves, far less than it did in the 1950s.
It has complex relationships with powerful governments.
For a considerable time, company managers denied that theworld is warming.
ExxonMobils large size attracts the watchful eye ofenvironmental, civil rights, labor, and consumer groups.
It engages in corporate citizenship by funding a variety ofprograms to benefit education, communities, health, nature,
and the arts.
The story of ExxonMobil illustrates the importance of interactionsbetween one large corporation, governments, and society.
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Definition of Basic Terms
BUSINESS
GOVERNMENT
SOCIETY1-6
HJ Taft & LE Taft 2001
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BUSINESS
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A broad term encompassing a range of actions andinstitutions:
HAMBURGER STANDSMANUFACTURINGFINANCETRADESERVICEOTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
GIANT CORPORATIONS
Fundamental Purpose:TO SATISFY HUMAN NEEDS BY CREATING
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
HJ Taft & LE Taft 2001
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GOVERNMENT
1-8
Structures and processes in society thatauthoritatively make & carry out policies & rules.
Local Level
State Level
Federal Level
International Level
ONE FOCUS OF THIS COURSE:THE ECONOMIC AND REGULATORY POWERS OF GOVERNMENT
(FEDERAL LEVEL) AND THEIR IMPACT ON BUSINESS.
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SOCIETY
IDEAS: intangible objects of thought VALUES: enduring beliefs concerning fundamental choices in
personal and social life
IDEOLOGIES: bundles of values that create a certain world view
INSTITUTIONS: formal patterns of relations that link
people together to accomplish a goal Rules and procedures determine how they work (legal system)
Reflect prevailing ideas in a society (U.S. Constitution)
Essential to coordinate the work of individuals who have nopersonal relationship with each other
MATERIAL THINGS: help shape, and are partlyproducts of, ideas and institutions
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BGS FIELD
1-10
PRIMARY FOCUS:
Business
Government Society
PRESSURE
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BGS FIELD
1-11
OF SPECIAL INTEREST:
HOWThe Managers Task
is affected by the
forces in the BGS nexus.
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SOCIAL CONTRACT
1-12
MANAGERS SOCIETYDefines broad relationships between business and society.
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The Market Capitalism Model
1-13
BUSINESS
WEAK IMPACT
PRIMARY FORCE
Figure 1.1
C
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Market Capitalism ModelCONCLUSIONS ABOUT BGS RELATIONSHIP
Government regulation should be limited.
Markets discipline private economic activity
to promote social welfare. The proper measure of corporate
performance is profit.
The ethical duty of management is topromote the interests of shareholders.
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The Dominance Model
1-15
MASSES
BUSINESS-
GOVERNMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES
Figure 1.2
D i M d l
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Dominance ModelCONCLUSIONS ABOUT BGS RELATIONSHIP
Corporations are insulated from pressures thatpromote responsibility to society.
Regulation by a government in thrall to bigbusiness is feeble.
Market forces are inadequate to ensure ethicalmanagement.
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The Countervailing Forces Model
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The Countervailing Forces Model
1-17 Figure 1.3
Environmental
Catalysts
Economicconditions Markets
War Ideology Technology
Nature
Culturechange
The Public
Values Opinions
Demands
Supports
Corporations
Marketoperations
Influenceefforts
Lobbying
Leadership
Government
Statutes Regulations
Politicalleadership Partisan
behavior
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Countervailing Forces ModelCONCLUSIONS ABOUT BGS RELATIONSHIP
Business is deeply integrated into an open society and mustrespond to many forces, both economic and noneconomic. It isnot isolated from its social environment, nor is it dominant.
Business is a major initiator of change in society through its
interaction with government, its production and marketingactivities, and its use of new technologies.
Broad public support of business depends on its adjustment tomultiple social, political, and economic forces. Incorrect
adjustment leads to failure. This is the social contract at work.
BGS relationships continuously evolve as changes take place inthe main ideas, institutions, and processes of society.
1-18
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Stakeholder
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Stakeholder
Person, group, or organization that has
direct or indirect stake in an organizationbecause it can affect or be affected bythe organization'sactions, objectives,
and policies.
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http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/person.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/group.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4681/stake.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/action.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/action.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4681/stake.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/group.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/person.html8/6/2019 Stakeholder@Lili Adi Wibowo
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Key stakeholders in a business organizationinclude creditors, customers, directors, employees,government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, andthe communityfrom which the business draws its resources.Although stake-holding is usually self-legitimizing (those
whojudge themselves to be stakeholders are de facto so), allstakeholders are not equal and different stakeholders are entitled todifferent considerations. For example, a firm'scustomers areentitled to fair tradingpractices but they are not entitled to the sameconsideration as the firm's employees. See also corporate
governance.
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http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/creditor.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/director.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/employee.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/government.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/agency.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/owner.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/shareholder.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/supplier.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5156/union.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/community.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/resource.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/judge.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/de-facto.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/entitled.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consideration.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1967/firm.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5030/trading.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/practice.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/corporate-governance.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/corporate-governance.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/corporate-governance.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/corporate-governance.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/practice.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5030/trading.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1967/firm.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consideration.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/entitled.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/de-facto.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/judge.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/resource.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/community.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5156/union.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/supplier.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/shareholder.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/owner.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/agency.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/government.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/employee.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/director.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/creditor.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.html8/6/2019 Stakeholder@Lili Adi Wibowo
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Definisi Stakeholder
Menurut Phillips (2003:81) adalah : Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by achievement of the
firms objectives.
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Dalam buku Cultivating Peace, Ramizes mengidentifikasi berbagaipendapat mengenai stakekholder
Freeman (1984) yang mendefenisikan stakeholder sebagai kelompokatau individu yang dapat mempengaruhi dan atau dipengaruhi olehsuatu pencapaian tujuan tertentu.
Stakeholder ini sering diidentifikasi dengan suatu dasar tertentusebagaimana dikemukakan Freeman (1984), yaitu dari segi kekuatandan kepentingan relatif stakeholder terhadap issu, Grimble andWellard (1996), dari segi posisi penting dan pengaruh yang dimilikimereka
Biset (1998) secara singkat mendefenisikan stekeholder merupakanorang dengan suatu kepentingan atau perhatian pada permasalahan.
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The Stakeholder Model
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Corporation
Stockholders
Customers
EmployeesCommunities
Governments
EducationalInstitutions
The
Poor
FutureGenerations
Earths
Biosphere
ReligiousGroups
PoliticalParties Creditors
Political
InterestGroups
TradeAssociations
Suppliers
Media
Competitors
Unions
PrimaryStakeholders
SecondaryStakeholders
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Tipe Stakeholder
TYPES OF STAKES - An interest, a legal ormoral right, or ownership
PRIMARY - Any identifiable group that can affecta firms survival
SECONDARY - Any identifiable group that canaffect a firms objectives
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Perspektif Stakeholder terhadap Perusahaan - 1
1. Trust
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Dalam konteks Relationship, trustadalah kesediaan salah satu pihakterkait dalam perusahaan untuk menerima kritikan dari pihak lain.Sebaliknya, distrust adalah tidak bersedianya seseorang untukmenerima kritikan dari orang lain.
2. CommunicationPertukaran informasi yang dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak terkait di dalam
perusahaan.
3. Learning
Interaksi selalu memberikan peluang kepada berbagai pihak untukmempelajari bagaimana suatu kejadian mempengaruhi seseorang,pihak lain ataupun hubungan secara umum
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Perspektif Stakeholder terhadap Perusahaan - 2
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4. PowerAdalah sumber bagi pihak-pihak yang bekerjasama yang digunakanuntuk mempengaruhi pihak lain di dalam perusahaan untuk melakukanapa yang diinginkan dan bukan sebaliknya
5. Reciprocity and CommitmentDalam relationship marketing, commitmentatau perjanjian merupakan halyang paling dasar untuk memperkuat dan memperpanjang hubungan diantara berbagai pihak dimana keduanya melakukan pertukaran (hak) dantimbal balik satu sama lain.
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Stakeholder Relationship Orientation - 1
1. Allied StakeholdersDalam hubungan ini Stakeholdersyang berkepentinganmenjalin kerjasama dengan perusahaan, dan masing-masing pihak peduli terhadap kesejahteraan pihak lainnya.
2. Cooperative stakeholdersHubungan ini terjadi sama halnya dengan Alliedstakeholders, namun komunikasi yang dilakukan lebihformal.
3. Neutral Stakeholders
Hubungan yang terjadi adalah hubungan individualistikantara perusahaan dan stakeholders. Mereka melakukankerjasama untuk meraih tujuan masing-masing
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St k h ld R l ti hi O i t ti 2
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Stakeholder Relationship Orientation - 2
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4. Competitive StakeholdersCompetitive Stakeholders memiliki hubungan denganperusahaan berdasarkan individualistik dan kadangkala denganorientasi bersaing. Mereka tidak hanya meraih tujuannyamasing-masing tetapi berusaha untuk mengalahkan pihak
lainnya.
5. Treating Stakeholders
Perusahaan menghormati hubungan mereka dengan kekuatanmasing-masing, dan dengan kekuatan tersebut salah satudiantara mereka yang akan menang. Dalam hubungan mereka,masing-masing menolak kritikan yang diberikan.
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Contoh Stakeholder
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN
INDONESIA 29
St k h ld U i it P didik I d i
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Stakeholder Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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PemegangSaham
Masya-rakat
ReligiusGroup
Customer/MahasiswaPemerin-
tah
TenagaPengajarKaryawan
Creditors
UniversitasPendidikan Indonesia
Lembaga
Pendidikan
Perusahaan
Media
Primary Stakeholder
Secondary Stakeholder
Alumni
Competitor
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Primary Stakeholder
Pemegang Saham Pihak Rektorat
Rektor Pembantu Rektor I Pembantu Rektor II Pembantu Rektor III Pembantu Rektor IV
Dewan Penyantun 1. Para Anggota Musyawarah Pimpinan Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Barat2. Dada Rosada(Walikota Kepala Daerah Tingkat II Bandung)
3. Ketua Dewan Penyantun Letjen TNI (Purn) DDr. (Hc) H. Mashudi4. Basyuni Suriamihardja. H.
(mantan Ketua Umum Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia5. Ibu Otje Djandjunan, Dra. Hj.
(mantan anggota DPR RI)6. Habibie, Prof. Dr. Ir. B. J.7. Suratman, H. E.
(mantan Ketua DPRD Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Barat8. Somali Wiria, H. (mantan Dirut BNI 1946 Jakarta)
Customer/ Mahasiswa Mahasiswa Terdaftar Senat Mahasiswa Himpunan Mahasiswa Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Dll
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Primary Stakeholder
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Primary Stakeholder
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Employee DosenKaryawanCleaning Service
Alumni Alumni mahasiswa UPI, khususnya yang telah bekerja di lembagapemerintah atau swasta
Masyarakat Merupakan masyarakat luas yang secara langsung dan tidak langsungdapat mempengaruhi kebijakan UPI.Tokoh-tokoh AgamaTokoh PolitikTokoh SeniLSMMasyarakat Umumdll
Pemerintah Keputusan Presiden RIMenteri-Menteri, Khususnya Menteri Pendidikan
KanwilPemerintah Daerahdll
S d S k h ld
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Secondary Stakeholder
Media Media yang dapat mempengaruhi dan mempromosikan keberadaan UPI Televisi Radio Majalah dan Koran Billboad MPR Sponsorship dll
Perusahaan Perusahaan yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung berkaitan denganUPI
Pemerintah BUMN Swasta Lembaga Pendidikan Sekolah-sekolah Dll
Creditor Pihak-pihak yang dapat memberikan bantuan bagi pembangunan dankesejahteraan UPI
IDB Worldbank BNI 46 BTN BRI dll
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S d St k h ld
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Secondary Stakeholder
Relegious Group Kelompok-kelompok Agama Lembaga Pendidikan Lembaga-lembaga yang secara khusus memerlukan lulusan UPI
Lembaga bimbingan belajar Lembaga kursus Sekolah-sekolah pelatihan dll
Competitor Perguruan Tinggi Negeri di Kota Bandung UNPAD ITB Perguruan Tinggi Swasta Sekolah Tinggi
Lembaga Pendidikan Dll
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