SPEECH PRE-PLANNING Before you begin writing any speech there are numerous items to consider that...

SPEECH PRE-PLANNING

Before you begin writing any speech there are numerous items to consider that will help you to be more successful in the writing and delivery of your speech.

SPEECH PRE-PLANNING

No part should be skipped, overlooked, or forgotten, as they are ALL important and serve a specific purpose.

Pre-planning Steps

KNOW YOUR PURPOSE!

STICK to the purpose of the speech!

I. Purpose of the Speech

A. GENERAL PURPOSE: Your broad goal for the speech.

The THREE GENERAL purposes are:1. To Inform: to share information

2. To Persuade: to generate action, to influence behavior, or beliefs3. To Suit a Special Occasion: to suit the need of the occasion (graduation, eulogy, wedding toast, etc.)

GENERAL PURPOSE

Do NOT include persuasive wording in a merely INFORMATIVE speech.

Informative=neutral Cannot tell which side speaker feels

I. Purposes for Speaking

B. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: A statement starting with “to” that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

Usually the general purpose plus the specific points of your topic.

To inform my audience about…. To persuade my audience to….

SPECIFIC PURPOSE

Examples:1. To inform my audience about the three major types of staging for plays.2. To demonstrate the steps in CPR.3. To persuade my audience to vote for proposal two.4. To honor the bride and groom with a wedding toast.

SPECIFIC PURPOSE

Write specific purpose statement at top of your outline (under the title) to keep yourself on target.

Practice Activity

1. Choose a topic you know something about.Topic:2. Choose a general purposeGeneral purpose: To ________3. Write a specific purpose statementSpecific purpose: To _____(GP + specific

speech points)

PARTS OF A SPEECH

I. Introduction

II. Body

III. Conclusion

SPEECH OUTLINES

Type in MLA format Review MLA format

Handout Practice

Speech Outlines & Class Notes

Class notes and practice outline-Handout Held accountable for information May add additional notes from listening and

power point in the margins

Speech Titles

Usually decided at end Title=

Centered

Should NOT be the type of speech Informative Speech=NO!

SHOULD reflect contentbe creative

I. INTRODUCTION

Write in COMPLETE SENTENCES(The introduction, although the first part of the speech, is often written AFTER the body

of the speech)

A COMPLETE introduction contains the following: Attention Getter Thesis Audience Relevance CredibilityALL must be labeled on your outline for points.

I. INTRODUCTION: A. ATTENTION GETTER

Attention-Getter (first sentence of the speech)ALWAYS THE FIRST WORDS OUT OF YOUR MOUTH!

1. To get your audience’s attention-Hook them!2. Purpose

a. Gain contact with the audienceb. Get attentionc. Arouse interest

The more interested your audience the more effectively they will listen and the more likely your speech is to make an impact.

I. INTRODUCTION A. Attention Getter

3. Types of attention getters

a. Quotations (appropriate) Must be labeled on your outline for points.

i. Cite (say) the speaker in the introduction

ii. Cite the source on the outline in parenthesis and on the Works Cited (to be discussed later)

Use of a direct quote said by someone of importance or whose words are worthy, insightful and relative to the topic.

QUOTE EXAMPLES

H. G. Wells once said, “The past is but the beginning of a beginning.” (thinkexist.com/quotes/h._g._wells)

In the words of JFK “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.” (www.brainyquote.com/)

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Attention Getter

b. Startling Statements/Statistics.

Must be labeled on your outline for points.

Uses a startling, shocking statistic or makes some bold statement to catch people’s attention.

Cite the source on the outline in parenthesis and on the Works Cited (to be discussed later)

EXAMPLE STARTLING STATISTICS

More than 3,800 young drivers ages 15-20 are killed every year and more than 326,000 young drivers are injured every year.

(http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/wzsafety)

STARTLING STATISTICS

When using a statistic-do the math and match to the number in your audience.

Example: 10% of all teens ages 13-16 will get an STD

(cite source). That is # ____ of you sitting in this room.

Practice one of your own. Share.

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Attention Getter

c. Challenging question or series of questions/Rhetorical Question

Must be labeled on your outline for points.

i. Questions not meant to beansweredii. Stimulate audience to think about your topic.

SAMPLE: Challenging question or series of questions/Rhetorical Question

How many of you….

What would you do if…

Why might you….. NOTE: Rhetorical Questions can be used in

combination with other techniques! NOTE: Do not overuse!

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Attention Getter

d. Humor (tell an appropriate joke or humorous story) Must be labeled on your outline for points.

i. Must relate to the subjectii. In good taste (appropriate to the classroom)

iii. Not offensiveiv. When in doubt-DON’T!v. Make sure it is funny to everyone!

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Attention Getter

e. Attention Capturing incident

Must be labeled on your outline for points.

i. Might be a personal experienceUses a personal experience to introduce the topic, show that the speaker has an understanding

or reason to be concerned with the topic.“This morning I saw......”

ii. STORIES-Anecdote or NarrativeANECDOTE-A personal story, often humorous, that draws the audience in. It may even be an experience they can relate to, therefore grabbing their interest.

NARRATIVEA story relative to the topic that may not be a personal experience.

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Attention Getter

f. Visual/Audio Aid (picture, chart, music)

Must be labeled on your outline for points.

i. Related to subject

ii. Must be held up, displayed, or played to class

iii. Do not pass visual aids around

iv. Must be reinforced by first words: Explain connection to topic.

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Attention Getter

g. Immediate issue or challenge/Reference to a recent event

Must be labeled on your outline for points.Something in the news related to your topic.

EXAMPLE: Referring to a news story about global warming or health care, etc.

Most of you probably heard the big news yesterday about….(also good if you can combine with a quote from the story/news).

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Attention Getter

h. Hypothetical Situation-You set up a fake sample to get into your topic.

Must be labeled on your outline for points.

What if…..

Imagine….

ATTENTION GETTER PRACTICE ACTIVITY

1. Choose one of the following topics. Study Habits The Golden Rule Pet CareShoe Selection Road Rage PollutionVideo Games Money (It is likely, but not required, that you will have to narrow your general topic down to

some more specific element of the overall topic in order to create a truly useful or interesting attention-getter.)

 2. Select three types of attention-getting techniques and write out a potential attention-

getter for your practice topic using the correct format for each of the three techniques you have selected. LABEL IT!

I. IntroductionB. CREDIBILITY

1. Must include SPEAKER CREDIBILITY

a. Expertise/knowledge

b. Trust

2. Must be labeled on your outline for points.

SPEAKER CREDIBILITY

Credibility is the amount of trust and belief the speaker inspires in the audience. It is the level of knowledge or expertise the speaker has related to the topic. The audience is not likely to listen to a speaker whom they feel lacks credibility.

1. Why are you qualified to speak on the topic? How long have you been interested in it or researching it?

2. Why should they listen to you? How has the topic impacted or related to you?

I. IntroductionC. Audience Relevance

3. Have clear AUDIENCE RELEVANCE or WIIFM (What’s In It For Me?)

a. Tell how the topic relates to or is important to your audience.

b. Link your topic to the interests or concerns of your audience. Why should they listen to you? How does it concern/relate to them?

c. Must be labeled on your outline for points!

I. IntroductionD. Thesis Statement

D. Thesis sentence (usually the last sentence of the introduction)1. Identifies topic and purpose of the entire speech (developed

from your specific purpose statement)2. Name main points when 3 main points are required

a. arrange list in order to be covered in the speechb. Thesis should make a general statement about

purpose of the speech when you have more than three main points.

Must be labeled on your outline for points.

I. IntroductionD. Thesis Statement

Do NOT ever say:

“I am going to tell you…..”

INTRODUCTION ACTIVITY

Class create one together. Choose Topic Choose General & specific purpose Choose type of attention-getter Write and label the introduction.

INTRODUCTION ACTIVITY

1. Choose one of the following topics:  assisted suicide vegetarianism recycling

animal testing driving laws illegal drugs 2. Write:A. TopicB. General purposeC. Specific purposeD. Thesis statement. 3. Write an introduction for this speech making sure that all parts of an introduction are

included. Label each part in parenthesis where it occurs in the introduction. When labeling the attention-getter you must identify which kind it is. (Attention-getter, Credibility, Audience Relevance, Thesis)

Organizational Possibilities PRACTICE

You are to take the following list and organize the items in ways that make sense.

Title/label each category. Organize in as many methods as make sense.

BODY OF THE SPEECH

ORGANIZING

TRANSITIONS

OUTLINING

ORGANIZING ACTIVITY

DIRECTIONS: On the following slide you will have a master list of household items.

You are to create as many headings as you can think of by which to group three or more items.

ORGANIZING ACTIVITY:SAMPLE

Dog Mouse Cat Fish Tiger Shark Elephant Ostrich Hyena Snake Crow Whale Rat Rhino

Household pets Two legs or fewer African animals Zoo animals Scavengers Aquatic creatures Weigh more than 200

pounds

Items: List/Organize/Group Logically-3+items per group

Blender Typewriter TV Pillow Toaster Spoon Laptop Stapler Blanket Blinds

Ladle Recipe Card Pen Report Post-Its Table Phone Desk Chair Newspaper Curtains Couch Bed Strainer Bowl

Some Possibilities

Rooms Size Characteristics

Appliances Paper Furniture

Electric vs. non-electric Soft vs. hard

Ease of portability vs. difficulty

Food vs. non-food relationship

Container vs. non-container

ORGANIZATION

D. Organizational Pattern(s)-all information needs to flow and make sense in the order and reason in which it is presented. There are a variety of organizational patterns such as:

1. Chronological-time2. Spatial- “space” or location3. Topical-all parts equal4. Problem-Solution5. Cause-Effect6. Order of importance (most to least OR least to most)

7. Compare/contrast

ORGANIZATION

For ALL research-based speeches you will be given the organizational template to use for MAIN POINTS-but you will still need to select the best order to present all of your SUPPORT for those main points.

ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICE

Identifying Organizational Patterns

Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.

A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every 10 years will do much to help solve the problem.

Identifying Organizational Patterns

Correction: Was correctA. Many citizens are victimized every year by

incompetent lawyers.B. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for

recertification every 10 years will do much to help solve the problem.

Problem-Solution order

Identifying Organizational Patterns

The outermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the entrance passage.

The next section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the antechamber.

The innermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the burial chamber.

The third section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the treasury.

Identifying Organizational Patterns

The outermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the entrance passage.The next section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the antechamber.The innermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the burial chamber.The third section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the treasury.CORRECTION:

A. The outermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the entrance passage.

B. The next section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the antechamber.C. The third section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the treasury.D. The innermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the burial

chamber.*Spatial order

Identifying Organizational Patterns

The effects of sickle-cell anemia include liver damage, blindness, paralysis, and early death.

Sickle-sell anemia is a hereditary blood disease caused by abnormal blood cells.

Identifying Organizational Patterns

The effects of sickle-cell anemia include liver damage, blindness, paralysis, and early death.

Sickle-sell anemia is a hereditary blood disease caused by abnormal blood cells.

CORRECTION:A. The effects of sickle-cell anemia include liver

damage, blindness, paralysis, and early death.B. Sickle-sell anemia is a hereditary blood disease

caused by abnormal blood cells. Cause-effect

Identifying Organizational Patterns

As a social worker, Jane Addams founded the settlement house movement in Chicago.

As a reformer, Jane Addams campaigned for child-labor laws, unemployment compensation, and better public sanitation.

As a suffragist, Jane Addams fought to give women the vote.

As a writer, Jane Addams is best known for her autobiographical Twenty Years at Hull House.

Identifying Organizational Patterns

CORRECTION: Was correct-as would be any order if years not attached.

A. As a social worker, Jane Addams founded the settlement house movement in Chicago.

B. As a reformer, Jane Addams campaigned for child-labor laws, unemployment compensation, and better public sanitation.

C. As a suffragist, Jane Addams fought to give women the vote.

D. As a writer, Jane Addams is best known for her autobiographical Twenty Years at Hull House.

Topical

Identifying Organizational Patterns

The head was protected by a helmet.

The torso was protected by shoulder pieces, palates, a breastplate, a skirt of tasses and a tuille.

The arms and hands were protected by brassards, elbow pieces, and gauntlets.

The legs and feet were protected by cuisses, knee pieces, jambeaux, and sollerets.

Identifying Organizational Patterns

CORRECTION: Correct

A. The head was protected by a helmet.

B. The torso was protected by shoulder pieces, palates, a breastplate, a skirt of tasses and a tuille.

C. The arms and hands were protected by brassards, elbow pieces, and gauntlets.

D. The legs and feet were protected by cuisses, knee pieces, jambeaux, and sollerets.

Spatial or Order of Importance

Identifying Organizational Patterns

The problem can be solved by a combination of business, government, and individual action.

Disposable batteries have become one of America’s most serious environmental problems.

Identifying Organizational Patterns

CORRECTION:The problem can be solved by a combination of business, government, and

individual action.Disposable batteries have become one of America’s most serious environmental

problems.

A. Disposable batteries have become one of America’s most serious environmental problems.

B. The problem can be solved by a combination of business, government, and individual action.

Problem-solution

Organizational Pattern Activity

Group organizational activity using interactive disc if time allows.

TRANSITION WORDS & SENTENCES

1. Purpose: Helps intro to flow and leads to thesis statement

2. Used whenever and wherever needed in the speech-especially between main ideas and between sub-points.

3. Refer to your YELLOW HANDOUT.

II. BODY-OUTLINING

II. Body (second part of speech; Write the body FIRST using only KEY WORDS or 3-5 word PHRASES)

Use a TRANSITION WORD/PHRASE OR SENTENCE (refer to yellow transitions handout) between points

Use proper outlining format-see handout

OUTLINING BASIC RULES

ALWAYS 3 CAPITAL ROMAN NUMERALS: I, II, III I. Introduction II. Body III. Conclusion

OUTLINING BASIC RULES

Your Body (II.) MUST have at LEAST 3 MAIN POINTS-Capital A. B. C.

II. BodyA.B.C.

These match the three main points stated in your thesis statement.

OUTLINING BASIC RULES

Order is always number-letter-number-letter Capitals to lower case Roman numerals-to digits-to lower case

Roman numerals. I. A. 1. a.i.

You indent every time you get smaller

I.

A.

1.

a.

i.

MINIMUM OF TWO PIECES OF SUPPORT If you have an a. you MUST have a b. If you have a 1. you MUST have a 2.

II. Body

A. First main point in thesis statement

1. First sub-point (separate notes will be given on Types of Support to research and how to cite properly.)

a. Detail

b. Detail

c. Detail

II. Body

(all details used from research MUST be CITED or it is PLAGIARISM!)

B. Second main point in thesis statement

(Remember to use a transitional word or phrase when moving to a new main point)

II. Body

C. Third main point in thesis statement

III. CONCLUSION

(Third part of every speech; Write last using COMPLETE SENTENCES; remember to use a solid transition)

III. Conclusion

A. First 2-4 sentences1. Clinch the central idea

a. Restate the thesis statement (may use exact wording or rephrase)

b. Summarize ideas presentedc. Make sure purpose of speech is clear.

i. To Inform (teach or demonstrate)ii. To convince (sell or debate)iii. To Suit a Special Occasion

III. Conclusion

2. Consider appropriate wording/tone to get desired response

a. enthusiasticb. angryc. thoughtfuld. logicale. other

III. Conclusion

3. Do NOT add new information in the conclusion.

III. Conclusion

B. Last sentence: End smoothly with one clear sentence; STRONG LAST WORDS HEARD!

1. “in other words” or moral of the story2. Epigram (short saying that says a lot)

Examples:It does not take much strength to do things, but it requires great strength to decide on what to do.

All suffering is caused by an obstacle in the path of a force. See that you are not your own obstacle.(http://www.roycrofter.com)

III. CONCLUSION

3. Appropriate question

4. Illustration (with commentary) or striking incident

a. Appeal or challenge

b. Picture of better things to come

III. Conclusion

5. PSYCHOLOGICAL FULL CIRCLE; reverence back to your attention getter, opening story, quote or scenario in a concluding or tie-back manner.

The IMPORTANCE OF WORD CHOICE

Examples: talking to a friend vs. meeting your date’s parents, vs. a job interview, vs. playing with children, etc.

AUDIENCE ANALYSIS: WORD CHOICE ACTIVITY

Choose an abstract concept and explain it to three different audiences adapting the language/vocabulary, details, examples, amount and complexity of information etc to suit the audience.

Example: define/explain honesty to: 1. Employees at work, 2. Teenagers, 3. 6-year olds