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Solving a Class of Optimal Power Flow Problemsin Tree Networks
Amir Beck1 Yuval Beck2 Yoash Levron3 Alex Shtof3
Luba Tetruashvili3
1Tel Aviv University
2Holon Institute of Technology
3Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
July, 2018
Power networks and problems
Power network (AC)
”A mathematical model describing problems on a large electricalcircuit which conveys power from generators to consumers.”
Ingredients
I Model data - an augmented graph
I Decision variables
I Constraints
Two fundamental problems
Feasibility Power Flow
Optimization Optimal Power Flow
Power network (AC)
1
C1v1, s1
2C2
v2, s23
C3v3, s3
4
C4v4, s4
z12z 1
3
z 24
z23
Model data: P = (G , z, C1, . . . , Cn).
- Topology graph G = (V ,E ).
- Edge impedances 0 6= zij ∈ C.
- Nodal constraints Ci ∈ R× C.
Decision variables:Voltage - v ∈ Cn, Power - s ∈ Cn.
Constraints:
FF(P) = {(v, s) :
si =∑
j∈N(i)
viv∗i − v∗j
z∗iji ∈ V
arg(v1) = 0
(|vi |, si ) ∈ Ci i ∈ V
}.
Power network (AC)
1
C1v1, s1
2C2
v2, s23
C3v3, s3
4
C4v4, s4
z12z 1
3
z 24
z23
Model data: P = (G , z, C1, . . . , Cn).
- Topology graph G = (V ,E ).
- Edge impedances 0 6= zij ∈ C.
- Nodal constraints Ci ∈ R× C.
Decision variables:Voltage - v ∈ Cn, Power - s ∈ Cn.
Constraints:
FF(P) = {(v, s) :
si =∑
j∈N(i)
viv∗i − v∗j
z∗iji ∈ V
arg(v1) = 0
(|vi |, si ) ∈ Ci i ∈ V
}.
Power network (AC)
1
C1v1, s1
2C2
v2, s23
C3v3, s3
4
C4v4, s4
z12z 1
3
z 24
z23
Model data: P = (G , z, C1, . . . , Cn).
- Topology graph G = (V ,E ).
- Edge impedances 0 6= zij ∈ C.
- Nodal constraints Ci ∈ R× C.
Decision variables:Voltage - v ∈ Cn, Power - s ∈ Cn.
Constraints:
FF(P) = {(v, s) :
si =∑
j∈N(i)
viv∗i − v∗j
z∗iji ∈ V
arg(v1) = 0
(|vi |, si ) ∈ Ci i ∈ V
}.
Power network (AC)
1
C1v1, s1
2C2
v2, s23
C3v3, s3
4
C4v4, s4
z12z 1
3
z 24
z23
Model data: P = (G , z, C1, . . . , Cn).
- Topology graph G = (V ,E ).
- Edge impedances 0 6= zij ∈ C.
- Nodal constraints Ci ∈ R× C.
Decision variables:Voltage - v ∈ Cn, Power - s ∈ Cn.
Constraints:
FF(P) = {(v, s) :
si =∑
j∈N(i)
viv∗i − v∗j
z∗iji ∈ V
arg(v1) = 0
(|vi |, si ) ∈ Ci i ∈ V
}.
Common constraints
PQ constraint - known power demand
Ci = [ui , ui ]× {si}.
Examples:Ci = [0.9, 1.1]× {−5− 1ı}.
Ci = [0.9,+∞]× {−5− 1ı}.
PV constraint - known voltage and power generation
Ci = {ui} × {pi + ı[qi, qi ]}.
Example:Ci = [1.05]× {10 + ı[−5,+∞]}.
Common constraints
PQ constraint - known power demand
Ci = [ui , ui ]× {si}.
Examples:Ci = [0.9, 1.1]× {−5− 1ı}.
Ci = [0.9,+∞]× {−5− 1ı}.
PV constraint - known voltage and power generation
Ci = {ui} × {pi + ı[qi, qi ]}.
Example:Ci = [1.05]× {10 + ı[−5,+∞]}.
Common constraints
PQ constraint - known power demand
Ci = [ui , ui ]× {si}.
Examples:Ci = [0.9, 1.1]× {−5− 1ı}.
Ci = [0.9,+∞]× {−5− 1ı}.
PV constraint - known voltage and power generation
Ci = {ui} × {pi + ı[qi, qi ]}.
Example:Ci = [1.05]× {10 + ı[−5,+∞]}.
The optimal power flow (OPF) problem
Input: A power network P = (G , z, C1, . . . , Cn), and a costfunction f : Cn × Cn → RObjective: Solve the optimization problem
minv,s
f (v, s)
s.t. (v, s) ∈ FF(P)
Cost function examples:
f (v, s) =∑i∈Gen
re(si ), f (v, s) =∑i∈PQ
||vi | − 0.5 · (ui + ui )|
A common setup
I Consumers have PQ constraints
I Generators have box constraints.
The optimal power flow (OPF) problem
Input: A power network P = (G , z, C1, . . . , Cn), and a costfunction f : Cn × Cn → RObjective: Solve the optimization problem
minv,s
f (v, s)
s.t. (v, s) ∈ FF(P)
Cost function examples:
f (v, s) =∑i∈Gen
re(si ), f (v, s) =∑i∈PQ
||vi | − 0.5 · (ui + ui )|
A common setup
I Consumers have PQ constraints
I Generators have box constraints.
The optimal power flow (OPF) problem
Input: A power network P = (G , z, C1, . . . , Cn), and a costfunction f : Cn × Cn → RObjective: Solve the optimization problem
minv,s
f (v, s)
s.t. (v, s) ∈ FF(P)
Cost function examples:
f (v, s) =∑i∈Gen
re(si ), f (v, s) =∑i∈PQ
||vi | − 0.5 · (ui + ui )|
A common setup
I Consumers have PQ constraints
I Generators have box constraints.
A non-convex and potentially non-smooth problem.
The bad news
Karsten Lehmann, Alban Grastien, Pascal Van Hentenryck.AC-Feasibility on Tree Networks is NP-HardIEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015
Approaches
I Heuristics1
I Interior point methodsI Convex relaxations
I Global solution methods (e.g. branch and bound)I Specialized solution2 methods for sub-classes
I Tight convex relaxationsI Our method
Stephen Frank, Ingrida Steponavice, Steffen Rebennack
Optimal power flow: a bibliographic survey I
Energy Systems, 2012
Daniel Bienstock
Progress on solving power flow problems
Optima, 2013
1Known to work well in in practice, but no theory explaining why.2A method equipped with a theory explaining why it works
Approaches
I Heuristics1
I Interior point methodsI Convex relaxations
I Global solution methods (e.g. branch and bound)I Specialized solution2 methods for sub-classes
I Tight convex relaxationsI Our method
Stephen Frank, Ingrida Steponavice, Steffen Rebennack
Optimal power flow: a bibliographic survey I
Energy Systems, 2012
Daniel Bienstock
Progress on solving power flow problems
Optima, 2013
1Known to work well in in practice, but no theory explaining why.2A method equipped with a theory explaining why it works
Our setup
Assumptions
Network assumptions
I The topology is a tree T = (V ,E ) with root(T ) = 1 and|V | > 1.
I Leaf constraints: Ci is a compact PQ or PV constraint.
I Root constraint: C1 = [ur , ur ]× C.
I Remaining constraints: Ci is a PQ constraint.
I Non-zero voltages: (u, s) ∈ Ci =⇒ u > 0.
Problem assumptions
I The objective function f is continuous.
Assumptions
Network assumptions
I The topology is a tree T = (V ,E ) with root(T ) = 1 and|V | > 1.
I Leaf constraints: Ci is a compact PQ or PV constraint.
I Root constraint: C1 = [ur , ur ]× C.
I Remaining constraints: Ci is a PQ constraint.
I Non-zero voltages: (u, s) ∈ Ci =⇒ u > 0.
Problem assumptions
I The objective function f is continuous.
Visualization
Example
1
2
3
z 23=
0.02
+0.01
ı
4
z24
=0.04
+0.06
ı
z12=
0.02+
0.005ı C1 = [0.97,∞]× C Root constraint
C2 = [0.9, 1.1]× {−0.2− 0.1ı} PQ constraint
C3 = [0.9, 1.1]× {−0.4− 0.3ı} PQ constraint
C4 = {1} × (0.25 + ı[−1, 1]) PV constraint
Motivation
Only one degree of freedom. So why the effort?
Motivation
I It is challenging - to the best of our knowledge, no knownefficient solution.
I Useful as a computational step.
https://flic.kr/p/5jLLgR
The tree reduction / expansion method
The main result
I A decomposition of the feasible set into a finite union ofparameterized curves:
FF(P) =m⋃i=1
image(γi),
where γi : [0, 1]→ Cn × Cn are continuous and piecewisesmooth functions.
I An algorithm to compute a representation of {γi}mi=1.
I An efficient algorithm to compute γi(t) given i and t.
Solving OPF
I Compute a representation of the curves: {γi}mi=1.
I Choose sampling density N ∈ N.
I Grid search:
(v, s) ∈ argmin(v,s)
{f (v, s) : (v, s) = γi (j/(N − 1)),
i = 1, . . . ,m, j = 0, . . . ,N − 1}
Observation: For any (v, s) ∈ FF(P), the vector s is redundant:
si =∑
j∈N(i)
viv∗i − v∗j
z∗ij, i = 1, . . . , n.
We work with FFv (P) = {v : (v, s) ∈ FF(P)}.
Observation: Compact PQ and PV constraints are line segments inR× C.
Example: [0.9, 1.1]× {−0.4− 0.3ı} is the line segment between(0.9,−0.4− 0.3ı) and (1.1,−0.4− 0.3ı).
Observation: Line segments are curves.
Idea: Replace leaf constraints with parameterized curves -functions from [0, 1] to R× C.
Observation: Compact PQ and PV constraints are line segments inR× C.
Example: [0.9, 1.1]× {−0.4− 0.3ı} is the line segment between(0.9,−0.4− 0.3ı) and (1.1,−0.4− 0.3ı).
Observation: Line segments are curves.
Idea: Replace leaf constraints with parameterized curves -functions from [0, 1] to R× C.
Example
1
2
3
z 23=
0.02
+0.01
ı
4
z24
=0.04
+0.06
ı
z12=
0.02+
0.005ı
Input network
C1 = [0.97,∞]× CC2 = [0.9, 1.1]× {−0.2− 0.1ı}C3 = [0.9, 1.1]× {−0.4− 0.3ı}C4 = {1} × (0.25 + ı[−1, 1])
Curved network
C1 = [0.97,∞]× CC2 = [0.9, 1.1]× {−0.2− 0.1ı}C3 = image(ν3, σ3)
ν3(t) = 0.9 + 0.2t, σ3(t) = −0.4− 0.3ı
C4 = image(ν4, σ4)
ν4(t) = 1, σ4(t) = 0.25 + ı(−1 + 2t)
Curved network
I The topology is a tree T = (V ,E ) with root(T ) = 1.
I Leaf constraints: Ci = image(νi , σi ) given continuousνi : [0, 1]→ R and σi : [0, 1]→ C.
I Root constraint:I If |V | > 1 then C1 = [ur , ur ]× C.I If |V | = 1 then C1 = [ur , ur ]× {0}.
I Remaining constraints: Ci is a PQ constraint.
I Non-zero voltages: (u, s) ∈ Ci =⇒ u > 0.
Next: find a relationship between FFv (P) and FFv (P ′) for asmaller network P ′.
Curved network
I The topology is a tree T = (V ,E ) with root(T ) = 1.
I Leaf constraints: Ci = image(νi , σi ) given continuousνi : [0, 1]→ R and σi : [0, 1]→ C.
I Root constraint:I If |V | > 1 then C1 = [ur , ur ]× C.I If |V | = 1 then C1 = [ur , ur ]× {0}.
I Remaining constraints: Ci is a PQ constraint.
I Non-zero voltages: (u, s) ∈ Ci =⇒ u > 0.
Next: find a relationship between FFv (P) and FFv (P ′) for asmaller network P ′.
Tree reduction
I Reducible node - a non-leaf whose children are all leaves
I Tree reduction - the operation of removing all children ofsome reducible node.
Example
A
B C
E F
D
G H
A
B C
E F
D
G H
T T ′
Tree-Reduction Theorem
Let P = (T , z, C1, . . . , Cn) be a curved network.
Let j be areducible node, let T ′ be the resulting reduction, and w.l.o.g itschildren are {j + 1, . . . , n}. Define
νk(t) = |νk(t)− zkj(σk(t))∗/νk(t)|, k = j + 1, . . . , n
assume νk are invertible, and let
Uj = [uj , uj ] ∩ image(νj+1) ∩ · · · ∩ image(νn).
Then,
I If Uj = ∅ then FF(P) = ∅.I Otherwise, the there exist functions hj+1, . . . , hn, and a curveC′j , such that v ∈ FFv (P) if and only if
(v1, . . . , vj) ∈ FFv (T ′, z′, C1, . . . , Cj−1, C′j),vk = hk(vj), k = j + 1, . . . , n
...
j[uj , uj ]× {sj}
j + 1
ν, σ
j + 2
ν, σ
. . . n
ν, σ
Tree-Reduction Theorem
Let P = (T , z, C1, . . . , Cn) be a curved network. Let j be areducible node, let T ′ be the resulting reduction, and w.l.o.g itschildren are {j + 1, . . . , n}.
Define
νk(t) = |νk(t)− zkj(σk(t))∗/νk(t)|, k = j + 1, . . . , n
assume νk are invertible, and let
Uj = [uj , uj ] ∩ image(νj+1) ∩ · · · ∩ image(νn).
Then,
I If Uj = ∅ then FF(P) = ∅.I Otherwise, the there exist functions hj+1, . . . , hn, and a curveC′j , such that v ∈ FFv (P) if and only if
(v1, . . . , vj) ∈ FFv (T ′, z′, C1, . . . , Cj−1, C′j),vk = hk(vj), k = j + 1, . . . , n
...
j[uj , uj ]× {sj}
j + 1
ν, σ
j + 2
ν, σ
. . . n
ν, σ
Tree-Reduction Theorem
Let P = (T , z, C1, . . . , Cn) be a curved network. Let j be areducible node, let T ′ be the resulting reduction, and w.l.o.g itschildren are {j + 1, . . . , n}. Define
νk(t) = |νk(t)− zkj(σk(t))∗/νk(t)|, k = j + 1, . . . , n
assume νk are invertible, and let
Uj = [uj , uj ] ∩ image(νj+1) ∩ · · · ∩ image(νn).
Then,
I If Uj = ∅ then FF(P) = ∅.I Otherwise, the there exist functions hj+1, . . . , hn, and a curveC′j , such that v ∈ FFv (P) if and only if
(v1, . . . , vj) ∈ FFv (T ′, z′, C1, . . . , Cj−1, C′j),vk = hk(vj), k = j + 1, . . . , n
...
j[uj , uj ]× {sj}
j + 1
ν, σ
j + 2
ν, σ
. . . n
ν, σ
Tree-Reduction Theorem
Let P = (T , z, C1, . . . , Cn) be a curved network. Let j be areducible node, let T ′ be the resulting reduction, and w.l.o.g itschildren are {j + 1, . . . , n}. Define
νk(t) = |νk(t)− zkj(σk(t))∗/νk(t)|, k = j + 1, . . . , n
assume νk are invertible, and let
Uj = [uj , uj ] ∩ image(νj+1) ∩ · · · ∩ image(νn).
Then,
I If Uj = ∅ then FF(P) = ∅.
I Otherwise, the there exist functions hj+1, . . . , hn, and a curveC′j , such that v ∈ FFv (P) if and only if
(v1, . . . , vj) ∈ FFv (T ′, z′, C1, . . . , Cj−1, C′j),vk = hk(vj), k = j + 1, . . . , n
...
j[uj , uj ]× {sj}
j + 1
ν, σ
j + 2
ν, σ
. . . n
ν, σ
Tree-Reduction Theorem
Let P = (T , z, C1, . . . , Cn) be a curved network. Let j be areducible node, let T ′ be the resulting reduction, and w.l.o.g itschildren are {j + 1, . . . , n}. Define
νk(t) = |νk(t)− zkj(σk(t))∗/νk(t)|, k = j + 1, . . . , n
assume νk are invertible, and let
Uj = [uj , uj ] ∩ image(νj+1) ∩ · · · ∩ image(νn).
Then,
I If Uj = ∅ then FF(P) = ∅.I Otherwise, the there exist functions hj+1, . . . , hn, and a curveC′j , such that v ∈ FFv (P) if and only if
(v1, . . . , vj) ∈ FFv (T ′, z′, C1, . . . , Cj−1, C′j),vk = hk(vj), k = j + 1, . . . , n
...
j[uj , uj ]× {sj}
j + 1
ν, σ
j + 2
ν, σ
. . . n
ν, σ
Tree-Reduction Theorem - the definition of hk and C ′jLet
σk(t) = σk(t)− zkj|σk(t)|2
(νk(t))2,
φk = σk ◦ ν−1k ,
Then,
hk(vj) = vj − zkjφk∗(|vj |)v∗j
,
and C′j = image(νj , σj) with
νj(t) = (1− t) · (minUj) + t · (maxUj),
σj(t) =
sj +n∑
k=j+1
(φk ◦ νj)(t), j 6= 1,
0 j = 1.
Tree reduction theorem - example
The big picture (j = 2)
(v1, v2, v3, v4)T ∈ FFv (P)
⇐⇒(v1, v2)T ∈ FFv (P ′),
v3 = h3(v2),
v4 = h4(v2).
1
C1
2
C2
3
C3
z23
4
C4
z24z12
1
C1
2
C′2z12
P :
P ′:
Tree reduction theorem - example
The big picture (j = 2)
(v1, v2, v3, v4)T ∈ FFv (P)
⇐⇒(v1, v2)T ∈ FFv (P ′),
v3 = h3(v2),
v4 = h4(v2).
1
C1
2
C2
3
C3
z23
4
C4
z24z12
1
C1
2
C′2z12
P :
P ′:Details:
I Compute ν3 and ν4. Verify invertability.
I Compute U2 = [u2, u2] ∩ image(ν3) ∩ image(ν4). Verify U2 6= ∅.I Compute the functions h3 and h4, and the curve C′2.
Tree reduction theorem - example
The big picture (j = 2)
(v1, v2, v3, v4)T ∈ FFv (P)
⇐⇒(v1, v2)T ∈ FFv (P ′),
v3 = h3(v2),
v4 = h4(v2).
1
C1
2
C2
3
C3
z23
4
C4
z24z12
1
C1
2
C′2z12
P :
P ′:Details:
I Compute ν3 and ν4. Verify invertability.
I Compute U2 = [u2, u2] ∩ image(ν3) ∩ image(ν4). Verify U2 6= ∅.I Compute the functions h3 and h4, and the curve C′2.
Tree reduction theorem - example
(v1, v2, v3, v4)T ∈ FFv (P)
⇐⇒v1 ∈ FFv (P ′′),
v2 = h2(v1),
v3 = h3(v2),
v4 = h4(v2).
1
C1
2
C2
3
C3
z23
4
C4
z24z12
1
C′1
P :
P ′′:
Observation
I C′1 = U1 × {0}I =⇒ FF(P ′′) = {(v1, s1) : |v1| ∈ U1, s1 = 0, arg(v1) = 0}I =⇒ FFv (P ′′) = U1.
Tree reduction theorem - example
(v1, v2, v3, v4)T ∈ FFv (P)
⇐⇒v1 ∈ FFv (P ′′),
v2 = h2(v1),
v3 = h3(v2),
v4 = h4(v2).
1
C1
2
C2
3
C3
z23
4
C4
z24z12
1
C′1
P :
P ′′:
Observation
I C′1 = U1 × {0}
I =⇒ FF(P ′′) = {(v1, s1) : |v1| ∈ U1, s1 = 0, arg(v1) = 0}I =⇒ FFv (P ′′) = U1.
Tree reduction theorem - example
(v1, v2, v3, v4)T ∈ FFv (P)
⇐⇒v1 ∈ FFv (P ′′),
v2 = h2(v1),
v3 = h3(v2),
v4 = h4(v2).
1
C1
2
C2
3
C3
z23
4
C4
z24z12
1
C′1
P :
P ′′:
Observation
I C′1 = U1 × {0}I =⇒ FF(P ′′) = {(v1, s1) : |v1| ∈ U1, s1 = 0, arg(v1) = 0}
I =⇒ FFv (P ′′) = U1.
Tree reduction theorem - example
(v1, v2, v3, v4)T ∈ FFv (P)
⇐⇒v1 ∈ FFv (P ′′),
v2 = h2(v1),
v3 = h3(v2),
v4 = h4(v2).
1
C1
2
C2
3
C3
z23
4
C4
z24z12
1
C′1
P :
P ′′:
Observation
I C′1 = U1 × {0}I =⇒ FF(P ′′) = {(v1, s1) : |v1| ∈ U1, s1 = 0, arg(v1) = 0}I =⇒ FFv (P ′′) = U1.
Conclusion
(v1, v2, v3, v4)T ∈ FFv (P)
⇐⇒v1 ∈ U1,
v2 = h2(v1),
v3 = h3(v2),
v4 = h4(v2).
Invertability =⇒ the feasible set is a curve γ1 : [0, 1]→ R× C
The above is an algorithm to evaluate γ1(t)
Two-phase meta-algorithm
Phase 1 - tree reduction- Perform a sequence of reductions, until one-node network isobtained.- Compute hk functions (φk in practice) and Uj intervals.- If any Uj = ∅ - return ”problem infeasible”- If any νk non-invertible - return ”error”
Phase 2 - tree expansion
- Take any v1 ∈ U1.- Use expand v1 to the full v vector using hk functions.- Compute the s vector.
Inverting νk
source: Wikipedia
The remedy - spline approximation
Choose approx. density d . Let t = 1d−1(0, 1, 2, . . . , d − 1).
I νk and σk are approximated by vectors:
νk = (νk(t1), . . . , νk(td)),
σk = (σk(t1), . . . , σk(td)).
I Approximations of νk and σk are computed componentwise:
νk =
∣∣∣∣νk − zkj(σk)∗
νk
∣∣∣∣ ,σk = . . .
I φk = σk ◦ ν−1k is approximated by a cubic spline interpolantmapping the components of νk to σk .
Multiple curves
νk(t) invertible ⇐⇒ it is strictly monotone.
t
νk(t)
0 1
I1 I2 I3
Clearly, νk is invertible on I1, I2, and I3.Solution: Split the network P into 3 networks.
Multiple curves
νk(t) invertible ⇐⇒ it is strictly monotone.
t
νk(t)
0 1I1 I2 I3
Clearly, νk is invertible on I1, I2, and I3.
Solution: Split the network P into 3 networks.
Multiple curves
νk(t) invertible ⇐⇒ it is strictly monotone.
t
νk(t)
0 1I1 I2 I3
Clearly, νk is invertible on I1, I2, and I3.Solution: Split the network P into 3 networks.
Multiple curves - cont.
P
Reduction
P ′
Split
P ′(1)
P ′(2)
P ′(3)
Reduction
infeasble
P ′′(2)
P ′′(3)
Split
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Eventually: multiple terminal single-node networks
Multiple curves - cont.
P
Reduction
P ′
Split
P ′(1)
P ′(2)
P ′(3)
Reduction
infeasble
P ′′(2)
P ′′(3)
Split
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Eventually: multiple terminal single-node networks
Multiple curves - cont.
P
Reduction
P ′
Split
P ′(1)
P ′(2)
P ′(3)
Reduction
infeasble
P ′′(2)
P ′′(3)
Split
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Eventually: multiple terminal single-node networks
Multiple curves - cont.
P
Reduction
P ′
Split
P ′(1)
P ′(2)
P ′(3)
Reduction
infeasble
P ′′(2)
P ′′(3)
Split
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Eventually: multiple terminal single-node networks
Multiple curves - cont.
P
Reduction
P ′
Split
P ′(1)
P ′(2)
P ′(3)
Reduction
infeasble
P ′′(2)
P ′′(3)
Split
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Eventually: multiple terminal single-node networks
Multiple curves - cont.
P
Reduction
P ′
Split
P ′(1)
P ′(2)
P ′(3)
Reduction
infeasble
P ′′(2)
P ′′(3)
Split
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Eventually: multiple terminal single-node networks
Numerical results
Experiment setup
I Test networks: IEEE radial distribution feeders.http://sites.ieee.org/pes-testfeeders/
I Modified to conform to the assumptionsI PV constraints on leaves only.I zij for each edge (i , j) ∈ E .
I Several testsI Accuracy - distance from the feasible set w.r.t the
approximation density.I Reliability - comparison with MATPOWER3.I Number of parallel networks in practice.
I Software available fromhttps://github.com/alexshtf/trem_opf_solver.
3A well-known PF and OPF solver. Stability function can be specified usingthe extension mechanism.
Accuracy
Test setup
I Check several approximation densities d ∈ [23, 212].
I For each approximation density, sample each curve atN = 1000 points.
I For each deviation measure, report the highest value amongthe samples.
Deviation measuresPQ constraints
EPQ,v (v, s) = maxj∈PQ
d(|vj |, [uj , uj ]
),
EPQ,s(v, s) = maxj∈PQ
|sj − sj |,
PV constraints
EPV ,v (v, s) = maxj∈PV
|uj − |vj ||
EPV ,p(v, s) = maxj∈PV
|pj − re(sj)|
EPV ,q(v, s) = maxj∈PV
d(
im(sj), qj , qj
)
Accuracy
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
2-45
2-40
2-35
2-30
2-25
2-20
2-15
2-10
2-5
EPQ,s
13b
34b
37b
47b
69b
123b
EPQ,v and EPV ,q were zero in all our experiments.
Accuracy
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
2-45
2-40
2-35
2-30
2-25
2-20
2-15
2-10
EPV,p
13b
34b
37b
47b
69b
123b
EPQ,v and EPV ,q were zero in all our experiments.
Accuracy
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
2-55
2-50
2-45
2-40
2-35
2-30
2-25
2-20
2-15
EPV,v
13b
34b
37b
47b
69b
123b
EPQ,v and EPV ,q were zero in all our experiments.
Accuracy
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
211
212
2-55
2-50
2-45
2-40
2-35
2-30
2-25
2-20
2-15
EPV,v
13b
34b
37b
47b
69b
123b
EPQ,v and EPV ,q were zero in all our experiments.
Reliability
Test setup
I Perturb the PQ constraints of each network:
[uj , uj ]× {re(sj) · αj + (im(sj) · βj)ı},
where αj , βj ∼ U[0, 2].
I Generate 5000 random networks from each existing network.
I Solve OPF with the “stability” objective function:
f (v, s) =∑j∈PQ
∣∣∣∣|vj | − 1
2(uj + uj)
∣∣∣∣I Solve using both MATPOWER and our solver.
I Gather statistics.
Reliability
13-node 34-node 37-node 47-node 69-node 123-node
6.46% 5.22% 2.56% 2.78% 2.34% 39.64%
The % of random networks, generated from each original network,for which our method found a solution while MATPOWER did not.
Number of networks in parallel
Observation: νk becomes more ‘wild’ when |z | increases:
νk(t) = |νk(t)− zkj(σk(t))∗/νk(t)|
Setup: Make νk non-invertible my replacing z with αz forα ∈ [1, 10].
Results - Maximum (worst) number of networks in parallel
13-node 34-node 37-node 47-node 69-node 123-node
3 5 4 1 2 2
Number of networks in parallel
Observation: νk becomes more ‘wild’ when |z | increases:
νk(t) = |νk(t)− zkj(σk(t))∗/νk(t)|
Setup: Make νk non-invertible my replacing z with αz forα ∈ [1, 10].
Results - Maximum (worst) number of networks in parallel
13-node 34-node 37-node 47-node 69-node 123-node
3 5 4 1 2 2
Number of networks in parallel
Observation: νk becomes more ‘wild’ when |z | increases:
νk(t) = |νk(t)− zkj(σk(t))∗/νk(t)|
Setup: Make νk non-invertible my replacing z with αz forα ∈ [1, 10].
Results - Maximum (worst) number of networks in parallel
13-node 34-node 37-node 47-node 69-node 123-node
3 5 4 1 2 2
Questions?
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