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Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. European research programm RECIPE. Socio-economics consequences of peatland exploitation in Switzerland. Froidevaux Viviane. Part 1: Peat and peatland use in Switzerland Peat extraction Litter meadows Present use of raised bogs Regional distribution - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Socio-economics consequences of peatland exploitation in Switzerland
Froidevaux Viviane
European research programm RECIPE
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL
Part 1:
Peat and peatland use in Switzerland
Peat extraction
Litter meadows
Present use of raised bogs
Regional distribution
Political framework
Political framework in Switzerland
Chronology of Swiss mire protection
Legal organisation and application of mire habitats and landscapes protection in
Switzerland
Economic importance of peat extraction and peatland
The peat market
Alternative uses of peatlands
Part 2:
Agriculture
General presentation
General ideas in matter of agricultural exploitation of mire areas
Tourism
General presentation
Examples of agricultural and touristical management in Swiss mire landscapes
The mire landscape of Schwägalp
The mire landscape of La Gruère
Partie 1:
Peat and peatland use in Switzerland
Peat extraction
Litter meadows
Present use of raised bogs
Regional distribution
Political framework
Political framework in Switzerland
Chronology of Swiss mire protection
Legal organisation and application of mire habitats and lanscapes protection in Switzerland
Economic importance of peat extraction and peatlands
The peat market
Alternative uses of peatlands
Part 2:
Agriculture
General presentation
General ideas in matter of agricultural exploitation of mire areas
Tourism
General presentation
Examples of agricultural and touristical management in Swiss mire landscapes
The mire landscape of Schwägalp
The mire landscape of La Gruère
SOME WORDS ABOUT HISTORY…
Beginning of peat exploitation: 18th century
Industrial exploitations: middle of the 19th century
Beginning of the 20th century: about 60% of peatlands had disappeared
1st World War: strong exploitation
2nd Worl War: strong exploitation and drainages
During both World Wars, more than 2.5 millions of tons of peat are extracted
Disappearance of 1000 hectares
Years 1940-1970: development of horticultural peat
1987: acceptation of the Rothenthurm Initiative, protection of peatlands
La Chaux-des-Breuleux / JU
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION:
1’500 hectares of raised bogs
about 500 ha are primary or nearly intact
about 1’000 ha are secondary
In total, 5’165 hectares are protected by the raised and transitional bogs inventory.
0.13% of the Swiss territory
18’000 hectares of fens and about 88’000 hectares of mire landscapes can be added
THE PEAT MARKET: IMPORT
Diverse origins, but principally
On average: 115’000 tons of peat are imported every year
Germany Belgium The NetherlandsFrance
Italy Sweden
RussiaLithuaniaLatvia Belarus
Peat import development between 1988 and 2003
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
14000019
88
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Qu
anti
ties
(to
ns)
According to the Customs General Direction, 2004
According to the Customs General Direction, 2004
Import 1988-2003
0
20'000
40'000
60'000
80'000
100'000
120'000
140'000
1'98
8
1'98
9
1'99
0
1'99
1
1'99
2
1'99
3
1'99
4
1'99
5
1'99
6
1'99
7
1'99
8
1'99
9
2'00
0
2'00
1
2'00
2
2'00
3
Qu
anti
ties
(to
ns)
Other countries
Eastern Countries
The netherlands
Germany
Does Switzerland export peat?
YES!
What for peat?
Industrial or manufactured products that are produced on our territory from rough peat
Principal partners:
The quantities are very varying and not high
THE PEAT MARKET: EXPORT
GERMANY AUSTRIA
Peat export development between 1988 and 2003
0
500
1'000
1'500
2'000
2'500
3'000
3'500
4'000
4'50019
88
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Qu
anti
ties
(to
ns)
According to the Customs General Direction, 2004
According to the Customs General Direction, 2004
Peat export from Switzerland between 1988 and 2003
0
500
1'000
1'500
2'000
2'500
3'000
3'500
4'000
4'500
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Qu
anti
ties
(to
ns)
Other countries
Austria
Germany
The Swiss agriculture get direct payments
• General direct payments
• Ecological direct payments
These direct payments have to obey ecological required contributions
obligation to have a part of ecological compensation surface areas
• Litter meadows
• Extensive meadows
• Extensive pasture lands
THE AGRICULTURAL EXPLOITATION OF MIRES
According to Meier & Rudmann, 1997
Specifical diversity according to the agricultural exploitation
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Num
ber
of v
eget
al s
peci
es
Fallow lands
Pasture lands
Maintenance mow
Mow of the litter
Agricultural zones Contribution (per ha)
Great cultures and intermediary zones
CHF 1500
Hills zone CHF 1200
Mountain zones I and II CHF 700
Mountain zones III and IV CHF 450
CONTRIBUTIONS FOR EXTENSIVE AND LITTER MEADOWS:
According to the Federal Office for Agriculture, 2003
LITTER MEADOWS…
• 6634 exploitations
• 6600 hectares
• On average 922 CHF per hectare
• More than 6 millions of CHF per year
Type of parametre
Unity Plain area
Hills area
Mountain area
Total
Exploitations Nbr 1’705 1’830 3’099 6’634
Surface area Ha 1’711 1’423 3’437 6’571
Contribution per exploitation
CHF 1’478 751 699 914
Total contributions
1000 CHF
2’520 1’375 2’166 6’061According to the Federal Office of Agriculture, 2003
LES PRAIRIES EXTENSIVES…
Type of parametre
Unity Plain area
Hills area
Mountain area
Total
Exploitations
Nbr 18’201 9’049 9’679 36’929
Surface area
Ha 22’783 9’222 14’066 46’071
Contribution per exploitation
CHF 1’836 1’031 768 1’359
Total contributions
1000 CHF
33’417 9’332 7’436 50’186
• 37’000 exploitations• 46’000 hectares• On average 1’089 CHF per hectare• More than 50 millions of CHF per year
According to the Federal Office of Agriculture, 2003
Direct payments in 2002:
- litter meadows = 0.24%
- extensive meadows = 2%
The ecological compensation surface areas cover 120’000 hectares, that means about 11% of the useful agricultural surface area
Mean amounts paid per exploitation:
- general direct payments: 36’000 CHF per year
- ecological direct payments: 7’000 CHF per year
43’000 CHF per year per exploitation
2.5 milliards de CHF
• Raised bogs: 1’257 hectares
940’000 CHF
• Fens: 9’700 hectares
9 millions de CHF
In total, about 10 millions of CHF, that means an average of 913 CHF per hectare
SURFACE AREAS OF THE FEDERAL INVENTORIES THAT COULD POTENTIALLY BE EXPLOITED
TOURISM IN MIRES
Observation: big lack of pieces of data!
Landscape and nature are the main reasons of the choice of Switzerland as holydays site.
In1998, 30.6 billions of CHF were spent in the tourism sector
Added value: 12.9 billions de CHF
3.4% of the GDP
- Landscape utility: 2.5 billions of CHF
- Landscape value: 70 billions of CHF
The mire landscape have a very strong impact in the landscape
MAIN PROBLEMS:
Incomes engendered by landscapes are not used for their maintenance or their development.
Without infrastructures, tourism can not produce added value and therefore can not produce money.
The landscape remains a public good with free access. It is very difficult to determine to him a market price.
We have to attribute an utility value to the nature protection and define its economical importance as capital and factor of production that is essential to the national economy.
• Extremely famous touristical site
• 56 hectares of raised bogs
A CONCRETE EXAMPLE: THE MIRE LANDSCAPE OF LA GRUERE
Main problems and damages:
Peat stamping
Banks erosion
Wastes
Bathing and skating
« Wild » toilets
…
If the agricultural management is quite in order, there is still problems with the touristical management:
• Between 100’000 et 150’000 visitors per year
• Most of them come with their private vehicle
• They are not aware of the existence of the raised bog
• They want more touristical infrastructures
The site is perceived as a public park or a leisure park and not as a nature reserve
Proposals of touristical management:
• Maintenance of the current situationAlways more damages
• Ideal protection of the peatland
Emptying of the lake
• To establish a balance between the nature protection and tourism
Picnic zones, dustbins, toilets, pontoons, ways around the lake and the reserve
Option A: fishing and bathing are allowed
Option B: fishing and bathing are not allowed
Countries partner of RECIPE can be divided into two groups:
• Countries were exploitation is maintained or intensifyied
• Countries were the exploitation stopped or will stop
IN CONCLUSION…
Durability in the exploitation
Re-use of the sites
The contribution of Switzerland is an examle of what could happen in the other countries if they continue to exploit strongly their peatlands.
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