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Socio-economic losses induced by land subsidence in Indonesia
(part of: Adaptive capacity of household on land subsidence: the Indonesian example)
Erlis Saputra, Thomas Hartmann, Annelies Zoomers, Tejo Spit
Utrecht University, the Netherlands Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
LANDac conference Utrecht, 30 June 2016
Content
1) Introduction 2) Case study areas 3) Cost of land subsidence 4) Losses across incomes 5) Conclusion
Introduction
• Land subsidence: gradual settling or sudden sinking of the earth’s surface due to movement of earth materials (Galloway et al., 1999).
• Triggers (Indonesia): natural compaction of alluvial, groundwater extraction, load of construction, increasing of built areas and population (Abidin et al., 2011; Marfai and King, 2007)
• Impacts: losses for area and land users • Current assessment focuses more on the
institutional aspect than on households • Losses assessment for efficient planning
and land subsidence risk management
Introduction
Case study areas
• 3 localities – Most rapid land subsidence – Urban coastal vs rural-peatland – Variety of impacts for land users
• Interviews 330 land users in 12 sub-district + FGDs
Source: Abidin et al, 2011
Jakarta
(Source: Abidin et al., 2013)
Semarang City
Indragiri Hilir: between 4 and 6 cm/year
Settlement area, Jakarta (1972)
AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI
Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF, 2005
Settlement area, Jakarta (1993)
AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI
Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF, 2005
Settlement area, Jakarta (2002)
AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI
Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF, 2005
Settlement area, Jakarta (2010)
Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF
AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI
Settlement area (projection), Jakarta (2025)
Source: Bappenas, BPS, UNPF, 2005
AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI
Settlement area (projection), Jakarta (2035)
Source: Bappenas, UNPF
AIR/SUNGAI FASILITAS UMUM LAHAN TERBUKA PEMUKIMAN RAWA, TAMBAK, LAUT SAWAH VEGETASI
Income affected
0-5 years 26%
6-10 years 14%
11-15 years 14%
16-20 years
9%
>20 years 37%
53% 32%
4% 1%
10% <IDR 1000000 per year
IDR 1000000 - 2000000 per year
IDR 2000001 - 3000000 per year
IDR 3000001 - 4000000 per year
>IDR 4000,000 per year
Distribution of duration of land users affected by land subsidence
Amount of lost income caused by land subsidence
1 USD = IDR 13,300
Income affected: 110 land users (33% of total)
Extra expenses
housing reparation;
94.7%
housing reconstruction; 2.9%
replantation; 1.8%
others; 0.6%
32%
32%
10%
4%
22% <IDR 1000000 per year
IDR 1000000 - 2000000 peryear
IDR 2000001 - 3000000 peryear
IDR 3000001 - 4000000 peryear
>IDR 4000,000 per year
Type of expenses caused by land subsidence
Amount of expenses to deal with land subsidence
Expenses : 171 land users (52%)
Average saving: IDR 2 million per year (about USD 150 per year)
Income
distribution of land users
Amount of income losses (amount in IDR per year)
Total <IDR 1000000
IDR 1000000 - 2000000
IDR 2000001 - 3000000
IDR 3000001 - 4000000
>IDR 4000000
Poor 24 20 4 1 9 58 % 41.38 34.48 6.90 1.72 15.52 100
Wealthy 34 15 1 0 2 52 % 65.38 28.85 1.92 0.00 3.85 100
Total poor + wealthy
58 35 5 1 11 110
Source: questionnaire analyses (2015)
Income losses
Poverty line: USD 1.5 per day, per capita Losses across incomes
Income distribution
of land users
Amount of expenses influenced (amount in IDR per year)
Total <IDR 1000000
IDR 1000000 - 2000000
IDR 2000001 -
Rp 3000000
IDR 3000001 - 4000000
>IDR 4000000
Poor 30 25 10 3 25 93 % 32.26 26.88 10.75 3.23 26.88 100
Wealthy 25 30 6 4 13 78 % 32.05 38.46 7.69 5.13 16.67 100
Total poor + wealthy
55 55 16 7 38 171
Source: questionnaire analyses (2015)
Extra expenses
Losses across incomes
Perceived social losses: health and job
31
2 4
1 2
18
4 0
2 0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
<IDR 200000per year
IDR 200000 -400000 per
year
IDR 400001 -600000 per
year
IDR 600001 -800000 per
year
>IDR 800000per year
Poor Wealthy
2
26
1 1 0
13
3 0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
loss of job decreasing ofwork time
extra worktime
others
Poor Wealthy
Health expenses distribution across incomes
Impact of land subsidence for land users’ job
Conclusion
• Land subsidence influences land users (across incomes) everyday
• Losses are closely linked to land users’ vulnerability
• To what extent the losses influence their adaptive capacity?
References
• Abidin, Hasanuddin, Heri Andreas, Irwan Gumilar, Teguh P. Sidiq, and Yoichi Fukuda. 2013b. "Land Subsidence in Coastal City of Semarang (Indonesia): Characteristics, Impacts and Causes." Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 4 (3): 226-240.
• Abidin, Hasanuddin Z., Heri Andreas, Irwan Gumilar, Yoichi Fukuda, Yusuf E. Pohan, and T. Deguchi. 2011. "Land Subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its Relation with Urban Development." Natural Hazards 59 (3): 1753-1771.
• Abidin, Hasanuddin Z., Heri Andreas, Irwan Gumilar, Mohammad Gamal, Yoichi Fukuda, and T. Deguchi. 2009. "Land Subsidence and Urban Development in Jakarta (Indonesia)." in Proceeding of 7th FIG Regional Conference, Spatial Data Serving People: Land Governance and the Environment-Building the Capacity, pp. 19-22. Hanoi, Vietnam: FIG.
• Galloway, Devin, David R. Jones, and Steven E. Ingebritsen. 1999. Land Subsidence in the United States. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey.
• Marfai, Muh Aris, and Lorenz King. 2007. "Monitoring Land Subsidence in Semarang, Indonesia." Environmental Geology 53 (3): 651-659.
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