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SinoTropia
Watershed Eutrophication management in China through system oriented process modelling
of Pressures, Impacts and Abatement actions
O. Røyseth M. Yang W. An B. Tian
G. Orderud J. Naustdalslid X. Lu
X. Deng
T. Andersen, K. Tominanga G. Wibetoe, C.W. Mohr R. Vogt, B. Zhou
CAS/RCN Bilateral China – Norway Project 2011 – 2014
P. Jiahua L. Meng P. Qimin
The main point We need coherent research where
hydro-biogeochemical processes governing eutrophication are linked to societal response
SinoTropia introduction
Yuqiao water reservoir
Water source for Tianjins 6 – 10 mill. population
Sound ecological condition requires ◦ Knowledge based and system focused management ◦ Knowledge based local participation
and best practices For scientific and sustainable development
and a harmonious society
Sustainable development
Decision makers need ◦ knowledge based abatement strategies
on environmental challenges ◦ strategies that are
politically and socially feasible to ensure sustainable development
We need to balance environmental protection with limitations posed by social harmony and economic production
Sustainability implies positive solutions for all components
Environ. Protection
Sound Economic Production
Social Harmony
Sustain- ability
Impact & Response
SinoTropia introduction
SEI 2007
Holistic approach A necessary basis for good decision-making
and effective environmental policies on our increasingly complex and integrated environmental challenges
The researchers' role is to provide such knowledge
Sustainable development
Enable decision makers to establish knowledge based abatement strategies on environmental challenges thereby ensuring a sustainable development
Sustainability implies positive solutions for all components
Needs for environmental protection are balanced against limitation posed by social harmony and economic production ◦ To obtain this knowledge, integrated assessment studies
of the ways pollution and inadequate resource management affect the environment and humans are required.
Environ. Protection
Sound Economic Production
Social Harmony
Sustain- ability
Rensvik, 2010
Call for Trans-disciplinary environmental knowledge assessment
Drivers for Interdisciplinary in environmental knowledge development
Increased societal legitimacy and improved research relevance ◦ Environmental research must meet
societal challenges Problems discovered by knowledge
◦ Need to be solved with knowledge Problems caused by knowledge,
◦ ”can't be solved by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them”
Generates opportunities for scientific innovation through cross-fertilisation and knowledge integration (the essence of inter-disciplinarity)
Scientific curiosity is driven by scientific skepticism - more prone to be held by outsiders than in the midst of a disciplinary ‘hard core’
Applied research
Basic research
Social science
Natural science
Building bridges
Bridging disciplines Bridging approaches: modeling and observations
– common research site Bridging spatial scales Bridging time scales and weather extremes Deterministic and probabilistic approaches
Science to policy interaction - Integrated assessment
Monitoring Modelling
Critical Load
Forests Water
Assessment Communication with
decision makers facilitated by Critical Load maps “The deposition below which significant harmful effects do not occur according to present knowledge”
• Integrated Monitoring generating system understanding
• ..That is used to construct simulation and prediction models
• So that decision makers can assess the most appropriate abatement actions
Outline Drivers: Population increase, climate change
Pressures: P leaching to water
State: High nutrient levels
Impacts: Eutrophication
Nature’s Response: Change in eco-system services, feedback mechanisms
Society’s Response: Abatement actions, adaptation, environmental technology, policy, legislations, taxes
DPSIR - Conceptual framework
The12th. Five year plan Scientific development Ecological progress
The main issue 60 - 70% of the surface water resources
in China have too poor quality Eutrophication is the main cause
for poor ecological quality
What is the solution..? Can we deal with
eutrophication? ◦ Are the abatement actions
appropriate? Are we targeting the right sources of nutrients
and form of nutrients? Are the effects of our abatement actions disguised by
changes in other environmental pressures?
◦ Are the abatement actions politically and/or socially feasible? What barriers or thresholds in society hinder the
implementation of abatement actions? Is there sufficient knowledge of stakeholder interests? What motivates collective action?
◦ What can we do next, together? We have already used the obvious abatement actions What do we do next? How do we decide the best next
step?
SinoTropia introduction
The research needs Goal: Increase our ability to predict effects of abatement measures and changes in the environment
and the societies response to
Need: Improve the reliability and relevance of prediction models
Strategy: - Assess temporal and spatial variation in P-fractions
- Assess societal thresholds and barriers towards abatement actions
→ identifying the most cost-efficient and feasible abatement actions by substituting empirical deduced assessments with conceptual induced knowledge based process understanding from nature- and social sciences.
Prerequisite: Need to link:
- geochemical and physio-hydrological processes in the catchment with the in-lake biochemical processes controlling the level of nutrients (P, N, C) and its effect on water quality
- nature- and societal sciences
SinoTropia introduction
Thesis By adopting a trans-disciplinary approach
to the eutrophication challenge, i.e. by integrating natural and social sciences with policy - we will improve: ◦ Policy-making process
◦ implementation of relevant policies
In order to achieve water resource management
that meets society’s needs
SinoTropia introduction
Hypothesis – Analytical methods P-fractionation will enhance
our ability to identify : ◦ source of Phosphorous ◦ processes governing fluxes ◦ fate of the Phosphorous effect of bioactive P-fractions
and thereby algal growth
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Hypothesis - Processes
The role of particle transport of nutrients is likely overestimated. Most of this material is mainly buried in the sediments
More frequent and intensive rain episodes enhance eutrophication due to increased erosion and leaching of nutrients
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Hypothesis - Models
Models need to be adopted to Chinese environments ◦ The main governing processes
may not be the same
SinoTropia promotion
SWAT; www.brc.tamus.edu/swat/
Hypothesis – Societal response
Knowledge - ◦ Of stakeholder interests
and learning processes are essential for the success of the public policies abating eutrophication ◦ Constitute a necessary basis
for sound environmental management through facilitating collective action and public policies
SinoTropia introduction
SinoTropia Research Strategy
The hypotheses are tested through integrated works packages WP1 Field sampling and chemical analysis WP2 Catchment processes - the influence of land-
use and climate on nutrient fluxes into aquatic systems.
WP3 Modelling of catchment and lake processes WP4 Societal processes and
management procedures WP5 Nutrient management plan for
Yuqiao reservoir
Conceptual process studies
Dissemination
Compliance with science
Monitoring
Data
P -fraction
data
Field Sampling
and analysis
Analysis of
Eutrophication consensus
Nutrient sources
Barriers and thresholds
against abatement
actions
Citizen response question-
naire
Suggest abatement measures
Predicted societal
responses to abatement actions
Predicted responses to changes in pressures
Societal
Data
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, lysimeter
P fractionation
Yuqiao reservoir Main water supply for 5
mill people in Tanjin Attracts considerable
attention due to its eutrophication problems
Recieves water from the diverted Luan river watershed in Hebei
Main P flux is from local watershed
Progress so far… Collected and synthesized
background data Installed equipment Sampled and analyzed
soils and water Inter-calibrated
chemical laboratories Conducted a survey
covering farmers and local government officials
.. And much in process
Background data
Land-use in local watershed 130 000 residens
in the local catchment
Omnipresent agriculture with abundent use of fertilizers
Clay soils with poor water infiltration
Catchments
1
2
3
4
5
NIVA intercalibration, Summing up for TAES (and RCEES)
TAES has delivered ca 30 components The results required for the SINOTROPIA project, are
mostly acceptable, i.e. ◦ Major components (pH, Cond, Turb, UV-abs ) are good ◦ Anions/Cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4-S) are overall very good ◦ Nutrients: TOC, PO4-P, Total-P, Total-N range from very good to acceptable
RCEES lack data for a thorough evalution
O.Roeyset, NIVA 29 10.01.2013
Water samples collected and analyzed 154 water samples ◦ River: 37 ◦ River - high flow: 75 ◦ Soil water: 25 ◦ Rain: 11 ◦ Ground water： 2 ◦ Reservoir: 1
Soil water
Soil and river water
P fractions Large variation in soil water Surpriced that P is not higher at high flow, especially the particle bound P
Particulate P 40 %
Free PO4 53 %
Organic P 7 %
Median Rain water
Free PO4 87 %
Organic P 13 %
Median Soil water
Particulate P 64 %
Free PO4 24 %
Organic P 12 %
Median River
Particulate P 24 %
Free PO4 70 %
Organic P 6 %
Median River high flow
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
Rain Soil water River River highflow
mg
P/L
Total P
Total P
Max
Min
Median
P in soil water Surprising high values in orchards High Free PO4 in Orchards
- Due to over-fertilization?
0,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Forest Farm Orchard Vegetable
Phosphorous in soil water
Avg
max
min
Med
0 %
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
90 %
100 %
Forest Farm Orchard Vegetable
Free PO4
Org P
Soil samples 44 soil samples
from sites where lysimeters are installed
Soil chemistry Low organic content Typically it is usually higehst in the Ap
Not large differences in Total N Highest in the Ap of the Orchards
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
Ap B Ap B Ap B Ap B
w/w
% O
rgan
ic m
atte
r
Forest Orchard Farmland Garden
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Ap B Ap B Ap B Ap B
TN m
g/K
g
Forest Orchard Farmland Garden
Episode studies 4 streams: Baxianshan river
bridge ◦ Mountain stream
Lin river bridge ◦ Major river
Liuxiangying river ◦ Small stream
Xiaojugezhuang bridge ◦ Typical stream
Liuxiangying river
0,0
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,3
0,4
1.4. 21.5. 10.7. 29.8.
P (m
g/L)
Free PO4
Particualte P
Org-P
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
5,00
5,50
6,00
6,50
7,00
7,50
8,00
8,50
9,00
9,50
1.4. 21.5. 10.7. 29.8.
Alka
linity
(mm
ol/L
)
pH
pH
Alkalinity
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
0,000
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
0,700
1.4. 21.5. 10.7. 29.8.
DO
C (m
g/L)
UV
abso
rben
cy
OD254nm
TOC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
02468
101214161820
1.4. 21.5. 10.7. 29.8.
TIC
(mg/
L)
Turb
(NTU
)
Turb
TIC0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1.4. 21.5. 10.7. 29.8.
NH
4-N
(mg/
L)
K (m
g/L)
K+NH4+-N
When the Turbidity increases the pH, Alkalinity and TIC decreases
Part-P follow Turbidity Highest Free PO4 before or after the peak in Turbidity
NH4 peak along with high Turbidity
Xiaojugezhuang bridge
When the Turbidity increases the pH, Alkalinity and TIC decreases
Part-P follow Turbidity Highest Free PO4 in the last peak runoff
NH4 peak in the 1st small flush, K in the main flush
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
5,00
5,50
6,00
6,50
7,00
7,50
8,00
20.6. 30.6. 10.7. 20.7. 30.7. 9.8.
Alka
linity
(mm
ol/L
)
pH
pH
Alkalinity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
20.6. 30.6. 10.7. 20.7. 30.7. 9.8.
TIC
(mg/
L)
Turb
(NTU
)
Turb
TIC
0,02,04,06,08,010,012,014,016,018,020,0
0,000
0,050
0,100
0,150
0,200
0,250
0,300
20.6. 30.6. 10.7. 20.7. 30.7. 9.8.
DO
C (m
g/L)
UV
abso
rben
cy
OD254nmTOC
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
02468
101214161820
20.6. 30.6. 10.7. 20.7. 30.7. 9.8.
NH
4-N
(mg/
L)
K (m
g/L)
K+NH4+-N
0,00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9
20.6. 30.6. 10.7. 20.7. 30.7. 9.8.
P (m
g/L)
Free PO4Particualte POrg-P
Society: Structures and driving forces Nutrient sources should be put into a
structural framwork and contextualised ◦ Local communities in the context of structural
frames Map central indicators and identify driving forces TAES has already done much work in this field by
collecting data: Summarise and identify gaps in knowledge
Geir Orderud NIBR
Society: Identifying local socio-cultural and socio-economic patterns and attitudes
Main empirical sources: ◦ Survey and in-depth interviews Survey was conducted spring 2012. In-depth interviews to be conducted during
January/February 2013
◦ Survey focussing on a wide range of topics/issues Environmental awareness and motivational aspects for
farming Information sources and knowledge about envrionmental
aspects of farming Local community and Belonging
Geir Orderud NIBR
Society: policies and management Achieving aims of transdisciplinary
research/process: ◦ Input and discussions with on-going work in other
work packages ◦ Contact with and interaction with local leaders: Policy-makers and management (on different
adminstrative levels) Village leaders, county officials in Ji county Tianjin municipality? Hebei?
Input for Work Package 5 – Nutrient management plan for YuQiao reservoir
Geir Orderud NIBR
Planned output
Nutrient management plan for Yuqiao reservoir ◦ including a conceptual model for
pre-warning of algal blooms and pollution control for blue-green algae – pilot implementation in two villages
Improve public awareness regarding nutrient pollution
SinoTropia introduction
Working together? Preservation of water resources
through precautionary principle ◦ Solving the problem up-stream
rather than end-of-pipe Partnership in a innovative and
inclusive project with a trans-disciplinary approach
Contributing to the Tianjin goal of scientific development and social harmony
SinoTropia introduction
Thank you for your attention
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