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SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL PROPAGATION
Plant Propagation
FLOWERS, SEEDS, AND SHOOTS
Plant Anatomy
Flower Parts
Dicot Seed
Plant Anatomy
Dicot Stem Cross Section
StolonStolon RhizomeRhizome
Stolon vs. Rhizome
Sexual ReproductionSexual ReproductionAsexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving the exchange of genetic information, i.e. seeds and spores.
Reproduction without the exchange of genetic information resulting in an identical clone, i.e. cuttings and division.
Propagation
Propagating by Seeds
Seed harvesting and storage
When to sow
Seed treatments
Depth
Temperature
Media
Transplanting seedlings
Pathogens
Harvesting Harvesting StorageStorage
When harvesting no longer impairs germination
Maximum dry weight
Dry seeds
Prevent excessive moisture
Cool temps
Rh + Temp < 100
Seeds Collection and Storage
When to sow seeds
Direct sowDirect sow TransplantTransplant
Saves time and space
Many cool season crops such as lettuce and spinach
Plants with tap roots such as peas and radishes
Improve germination
Plants that mature slowly
Increase yield or promote flowering
Seeding
Seed Treatments for Germination
Scarification
Stratification
Soaking
Depth
Light requirements
Twice as deep as the size of the seed
Too shallow is better than too deep
Temperature
Some seeds need certain temperature cycles to break dormancy.
Some crops, such as eggplants, need temps in excess of 80 degrees
As a general rule, temperatures in the mid 60’s are ideal.
Bottom heat can accelerate germination and plant growth.
Media
Seed germination media should be fine, retain moisture, and drain readily.
Fafard Superfine Seed Germination Mix is a good choice.
Avoid media with coarse perlite and large pieces of bark.
Transplanting
Soil temps- plants can take up nutrients when soil temperatures are above 40, but soil temps of 50 for warm season vegetables and perennials is preferred.
Evaluate roots- transplant when roots and reached the side of the container and have started to turn down. Avoid letting transplants become pot bound.
Handle young seedling by their leaves only. It is very easy to crush a stem during transplanting.
Attempt to spread roots out so they are not bent.
Manage shock- maintain consistent moisture. If using fertilizer wait until at least 3 irrigations have occurred before fertilizing.
Pathogens and Pests
Damping off
Insects
Fungus
Animals
Asexual Propagation
Tissue Culture/Micro-propagation
Layering
Grafting/Budding
Division
Cuttings
Tissue Culture
Simple LayeringSimple Layering Air LayeringAir Layering
Layering
Whip and TongueWhip and Tongue BuddingBudding
Grafting
Division
Timing- typically right after flowering
Balance- maintain a balance between root and shoot
Manage shock- maintain consistent moisture until established.
Cuttings
Competence: Competent cells found in nodes or basal plate
Timing: Specific to every plant
Condition of stock plant: Disease and pest free. Usually active but not vigorous growth
Cone of Juvenility: Juvenile tissue roots easier. Can be important with hard to root species. Mature tissue fruit or flowers faster, important with grafting fruit trees.
Ripeness: Semi-ripe wood usually roots best
Auxin : Cytokinin
Media- well draining: retains moisture
Temperature- bottom heat will greatly increase rooting speed/
Humidity- maintain high humidity but not standing water in leaves.
Cone of Juvenility
Phytohormones: Auxin
Auxins root ‘em : Cytokinins shoot ‘em
Auxin is synthesized in small amounts in the apical meristem and then transported down the dark side of the plant.
Auxin is photosensitive.
There are numerous forms of synthetic auxin.
Phytohormones: Cytokinin
Cytokinin is synthesized in the roots and promotes cell division.
The relative amount of auxin to cytokinin are key to plants regulating growth.
Plant Anatomy
References
The Complete Book of Plant Propagation, Clark and Toogood, 1992
Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices, Hartmann and Kester, 1983
Seed Starter, Heffernan, 1996
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