View
226
Download
2
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Space Today
Citation preview
Space Today
Are there other lifefroms out there?
The Mystery of “DARK ENERGY”
Our mission is to explore more
than what the human race
expects, to go beyond our
understanding and explore.
Here we try to go beyond earth
and our understanding of it by
exploring the space and beyond.
Scientists strive to know who we
are and where we came from, our
job is to present these findings
in manner that would cater
for the average human being.
They too deserve to grasp an
understanding of the universe
and how it all began.
We strive to present theses facts,
findings, scientific debates
Mission Statementthrough a variety of articles, fun
facts, and mini games that will
convey the messege quickly and
efficiently.
Omar Ihab Salama
Youssef Ezzat Magdi
Omar Ibn El Khattab Ezz
Moataz Hossam El Din Shokeir
Marwan Abdel-Moniem
READ MORE INSIDE
1- Where and When we Stand in THE UNIVERSE2- Solar System Exploration3- DARK ENERGY4- DARK ENERGY V.S. Matter5-Hubble Space Telescope6- Is There An Edge To The Universe?7- Black Holes 1018- Where did it all start?9- Are there any life forms outhere?
After hundreds of years of observations,
speculations and researches, astronomers
have managed to reach an acceptable ratio of
information about the universe we live in. a lot
of mysteries are now facts that we study in our
test books. But all in all we have only managed
to know and study normal matter correctly
and that occupies only 5% of our universe.
The other 95% is made up of 70% dark energy
and the other 25% is dark matter.
Our universe is 13.7 years old; so if one sim-
ply considers the vast amount of large masses
in galaxies, stars and planets; shouldn’t we rec-
ollapse already due to all of those gravitational
forces. I believe that 13.7 billion years is more
than enough to slow down the forces from the
big bang or even worse recollapse again but we
are living proof that the gravitational forces
have not yet taken its toll on the universe. Af-
ter all who am I to have a belief when I know
very little about astronomy and cosmology. All
of my questions were answered when I have
learnt about the dark energy which occupies
almost two thirds about the universe.
More is unknown than is known. We know
how much dark energy there is because we
know how it affects the Universe›s expansion.
Other than that, it is a complete mystery. But
it is an important mystery. There are so many
explanations for that mystery but nothing of
them has y been taken into account as a fact
yet.
The first explanation is the property of space;
space has many spectacular properties and
one of them that space has its own energy and
as more space comes to existence more energy
comes with it. Another explanation is derived
from the quantum theory of matter. This the-
ory states that the space is full of temporary
particles that keep on appearing and disap-
pearing but when this is tried to be put equa-
tion result came out wrong by large portions.
Yet another one which that Einstein’s theory of
gravity is not correct and that gravity cannot
effect the expansion of the universe but Ein-
stein’s theory, till our time, has not been fully
challenged by a better theory that could de-
scribe more correctly.
One could consider the theory that agrees
with his beliefs, disagree with them all and
think of the dark energy as a mysterious force
beyond man’s capability of understanding or
even propose a new prediction of the dark en-
ergy. But till this moment there is no predic-
tion or hypothesis that can be fully corrobo-
rated to be considered as a scientific fact. And
in front of such strong forces a human can-
not but be humble and I quote Albert Einstein
when he said” Everyone who is seriously in-
volved in the pursuit of science becomes con-
vinced that a spirit is manifest in the laws of
the Universe-a spirit vastly superior to that of
man, and one in the face of which we with our
modest powers must feel humble.”
Citation for this article:
Where and When we Stand in THE UNIVERSE
Omar Ibn El Khattab Ezz
For thousands of years people believed that
the Earth was the center of the universe, but
as time passed philosophers, scientists and as-
tronomers have proved with evidence that the
Earth isn’t the center of the universe and that
are other planets that revolve around the sun
like our planet, and therefore the solar system
was discovered.
The Solar system was formed 4.6 billion
years ago from the collapse of a giant molecu-
lar cloud.The solar system is located local In-
terstellar Cloud, Local Bubble,Orion-Cygnus
Arm, Milky Way Galaxy. Our Solar System
is occupied mainly by the Sun, planets and
thousands of small bodies like asteroids and
comets. The Solar system’s mass is approxi-
mately 1.0014 solar masses, the majority of the
system’s mass is in the Sun and almost all the
remaining mass is in the planet Jupiter. There
are eight planets in the Solar System so far, the
four smaller inner planets are Mercury, Venus,
Earth and Mars which are also called the ter-
restrial planets , the two largest planets are Ju-
piter and Saturn which are mainly composed
of hydrogen and helium, the two outermost
planets are Uranus and Neptune which are
mostly formed from ices such as water, «Our
Solar System».
The Sun is the center or rather the heart of our
Solar system, without this hot ball of glowing
gases and it’s enormous energy there would be
no life on Earth. The sun is the closest star to
Earth, at a mean distance from our planet of
149.60 million km (92.96 million miles). This
distance is known as an astronomical unit (ab-
breviated AU), and sets the scale for measur-
ing distances all across our solar system.The
sun, a huge sphere of mostly ionized gas, sup-
ports life here on Earth. Seasons, ocean cur-
rents, weather and climate are all derived from
the connection and interactions between the
sun and our home planet,»Sun».
Our solar system planets were the only known
planets to mankind, until the year 1991 when
radio astronomers detected the first extra solar
planets orbiting a dying pulsar star, Since then
more than 450 planets have been found orbit-
ing other stars.According to NASA («Beyond
Our Solar System.») there›s a chance to find
«Earth-type» planets if a search of the nearest
1,000 stars to our sun is achieved, and if these
planets are found they must be solid bodies
with masses roughly between 0.5 - 10 Earth
masses. These planets need to be found at
distances from their parent star such that the
planets temperature and atmospheric pressure
are supportive of the existence of liquid water.
There›s yet more to explore in the solar sys-
tem, and with the aid of modern technology
and further intensive research the secrets of
the solar system and the universe will be re-
vealed.
Solar System Exploration Molecular cloud: A molecular cloud, some-
times called a stellar nursery if star formation
is occurring within, is a type of interstellar
cloud whose density and size permits the for-
mation of molecules, most commonly molec-
ular hydrogen (H2). Molecular cloud. 2012. .
Solar mass: The solar mass is a standard unit
of mass in astronomy, used to indicate the
masses of other stars, as well as clusters, nebu-
lae and galaxies. It is equal to the mass of the
Sun, about two nonillion kilograms: 1 solar
mass = 1.9891 × 1030 kilograms Solar mass.
2012. .
Works CitedUnited States. NASA. Solar System Exploration, Our Solar System. 2012. Web. <http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=SolarSys>.United States. NASA. Solar System Exploration, Be-yond Our Solar System. 2012. Web. <http://solarsys-tem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Beyond>.United States. NASA. Solar System Exploration, Sun. 2012. Web. <http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/pro-file.cfm?Object=Sun>.
By Omar Ihab Salama
FUN FACTSThere is still so little known about outer space by modern science, but of that little we do know, there are
some extraordinarily amazing things. This is a list of the top 10 cool facts about Space.
8. LightweightFact: If you put Saturn in water it would floatThe density of Saturn is so low that if you were to put it in a giant glass of water it would float. The actual density of Saturn is 0.687 g/cm3 while the density of water is 0.998 g/cm3. At the equator Saturn has a radius of 60,268 ± 4 km – which means you would need an extremely large glass of water to test this out. 7. Constantly Moving
Fact: We are moving through space at the rate of 530km a secondOur Galaxy – the Milky Way is spinning at a rate of 225 kilometers per second. In addition, the galaxy is travelling through space at the rate of 305 kilometers per second. This means that we are traveling at a total speed of 530 kilometers (330 miles) per second. That means that in one minute you are about 19 thousand kilometers away from where you were. Scientists do not all agree on the speed with which the Milky Way is travelling – es-timates range from 130 – 1,000 km/s. It should be said that Einstein’s theory of relativity, the velocity of any object through space is not meaningful.
6. Farewell old friend!Fact: The moon is drifting away from EarthEvery year the moon moves about 3.8cm further away from the Earth. This is caused by tidal effects. Consequently, the earth is slowing in rotation by about 0.002 seconds per day per century. Scientists do not know how the moon was created, but the generally accepted theory suggests that a large Mars sized object hit the earth causing the Moon to splin-ter off.
5 Ancient LightFact: The light hitting the earth right now is 30 thou-sand years oldThe energy in the sunlight we see today started out in the core of the Sun 30,000 years ago – it spent most of this time passing through the dense atoms that make the sun and just 8 minutes to reach us once it had left the Sun! The temperature at the core of the sun is 13,600,000 kelvins. All of the energy produced by fusion in the core must travel through many successive layers to the solar photosphere before it escapes into space as sunlight or kinetic energy of particles.
3. Solar DietFact: The Sun loses up to a billion kilograms a second due to solar windsSolar winds are charged particles that are ejected from the upper surface of the sun due to the high tempera-ture of the corona and the high kinetic energy parti-cles gain through a process that is not well understood at this time. Also, did you know that 1 pinhead of the sun’s energy is enough to kill a person at a distance of 160 kilometers? [Sourced from Planet Science]
4. The Big Dipper is not a constellationFact: The Big Dipper is not a constellation, it is an aster-ismMany people consider the big dipper to be a constella-tion but, in fact, it is an asterism. An asterism is a pat-tern of stars in the sky which is not one of the official 88 constellations; they are also composed of stars which are not physically related to each other and can be vast distances apart. An asterism can be composed of stars from one or more constellations – in the case of the Big Dipper, it is composed entirely of the seven brightest stars in the Ursa Major (Great Bear) constellation.
1. George’s StarFact: Uranus was originally called George’s StarWhen Sir William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781, he was given the honor of naming it. He chose to name it Georgium Sidus (George’s Star) after his new patron, King George III (Mad King George). This is what he said:In the fabulous ages of ancient times the appellations of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were given to the Planets, as being the names of their principal heroes and divinities. In the present more philosophical era it would hardly be allowable to have recourse to the same method and call it Juno, Pallas, Apollo or Minerva, for a name to our new heavenly body. The first consideration of any particular event, or remarkable incident, seems to be its chronology: if in any future age it should be asked, when this last-found Planet was discovered? It would be a very satisfactory answer to say, ‘In the reign of King George the Third.’Uranus was also the first planet to be discovered with the use of a telescope.
2. Extra MoonsFact: Earth has at least 4 moonsOkay – that is not actually true – but it is very close. In 1986, Duncan Waldron discovered an asteroid (5km across) that is in an elliptic orbit around the sun with a period of revolution virtually identical to that of Earth. For this reason the planetoid and earth ap-pear to be following each other. The periodic plane-toid is named Cruithne(pronounced krin-y?) after an ancient group of Scottish people (also known as the Picts). Because of its unusual relationship with Earth, it is sometimes referred to as Earth’s second moon. Cruithne, is fainter than Pluto and would require at least a 12.5 inch reflecting telescope to attempt to be seen. Since its discovery, at least three other similar asteroids have been discovered. These types of objects are also found in similar relationships to other plan-ets in our Solar System. In the image above (courtesy of Paul Wiegert), the earth is the blue circle with a cross in it, and Cruithne’s orbit is shown in yellow.
Dec 10-11 - 2nd Australian Exoplanet Workshop, Canberra, AustraliaDec 10-12 - Workshop: The Next Generation of Hemispheric Redshift Surveys and the Prospect for TAIPAIN, Sydney, AustraliaDec 10-13 - 5th International Workshop on Astronomical X-Ray Optics, Prague, Czech RepublicDec 10-17 - Winter School on Astronomical and Cosmological Surveys, Mumbai, IndiaDec 11 -[Dec 06] X-37B OTV-1 F-2 Atlas 5 LaunchDec 11 - Asteroid 1168 Brandia Occults HIP 18805 (5.7 Magnitude Star)Dec 11 - Asteroid 2009 BS5 Near-Earth Flyby (0.022 AU)Dec 11 - Asteroid 43844 Rowling Closest Approach To Earth (1.655 AU)Dec 11-14 -[Dec 03] Meeting: The Search for Quantum Gravity - CDT and Friends, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDec 12 - Moon Occults MercuryDec 12 - Comet P/2011 N1 (ASH) Closest Approach To Earth (2.262 AU)Dec 12 - Comet 129P/Shoemaker-Levy Closest Approach To Earth (3.078 AU)Dec 12 -[Dec 05] Asteroid 2012 XA Near-Earth Flyby (0.037 AU)Dec 12 - Asteroid 4179 Toutatis Near-Earth Flyby (0.046 AU)Dec 12 - Asteroid 2187 La Silla Closest Approach To Earth (1.550 AU)Dec 12 - Asteroid 10792 Ecuador Closest Approach To Earth (2.164 AU)Dec 12 - 45th Anniversary (1967), Pioneer 8 Launch LaunchDec 12-14 - Cosmological Radiative Transfer Comparison Project Workshop IV, Austin, TexasDec 12-14 - 2012 DoD Commercial SATCOM Users' Workshop, Arlington, VirginiaDec 12-15 - ALMA First Science Workshop, Santigao, ChileDec 12-15 - Conference: Compact Stars in the QCD Phase Diagram III, Guaruja, Brazil
Timeline and Events
1. What is the closest planet to the Sun?
2. What is the name of the 2nd biggest planet in our solar system?
3. What is the hottest planet in our solar system?
4. What planet is famous for its big red spot on it?
5. What planet is famous for the beautiful rings that surround it?
6. Can humans breathe normally in space as they can on Earth?
7. Is the sun a star or a planet?
8. Who was the first person to walk on the moon?
9. What planet is known as the red planet?
10. What is the name of the force holding us to the Earth?
11. Have human beings ever set foot on Mars?
12. What is the name of a place that uses tele-scopes and other scientific equipment to re-search space and astronomy?
13. What is the name of NASA's most famous space telescope?
14. Earth is located in which galaxy?
15. What is the name of the first satellite sent into space?
16. Ganymede is a moon of which planet?
17. What is the name of Saturn's largest moon?
18. Olympus Mons is a large volcanic mountain on which planet?
19. Does the sun orbit the Earth?
20. Is the planet Neptune bigger than Earth?
1. Mercury - 2. Saturn - 3. Venus - 4. Jupiter - 5. Saturn6. No - 7. A star - 8. Neil Armstrong - 9. Mars - 10. Gravity11. No - 12. An observatory - 13. Hubble Space Telescope
14. The Milky Way Galaxy - 15. Sputnik16. Jupiter - 17. Titan - 18. Mars - 19. No - 20. Yes
ANSWER KEY
QUIZ YOURSELF
After hundreds of years of observations, speculations and
researches, astronomers have managed to reach an acceptable
ratio of information about the universe we live in. a lot of
mysteries are now facts that we study in our test books. But all
in all we have only managed to know and study normal mat-
ter correctly and that occupies only 5% of our universe. The
other 95% is made up of 70% dark energy and the other 25%
is dark matter.
Our universe is 13.7 years old; so if one simply considers
the vast amount of large masses in galaxies, stars and planets;
shouldn’t we recollapse already due to all of those gravitational
forces. I believe that 13.7 billion years is more than enough to
slow down the forces from the big bang or even worse recol-
lapse again but we are living proof that the gravitational forces
have not yet taken its toll on the universe. After all who am I
to have a belief when I know very little about astronomy and
cosmology. All of my questions were answered when I have
learnt about the dark energy which occupies almost two thirds
about the universe.
More is unknown than is known. We know how much dark
energy there is because we know how it affects the Universe›s
expansion. Other than that, it is a complete mystery. But it is
an important mystery. There are so many explanations for that
mystery but nothing of them has y been taken into account as
a fact yet.
The first explanation is the property of space; space has many
spectacular properties and one of them that space has its own
energy and as more space comes to existence more energy
comes with it. Another explanation is derived from the quan-
tum theory of matter. This theory states that the space is full
of temporary particles that keep on appearing and disappear-
ing but when this is tried to be put equation result came out
wrong by large portions. Yet another one which that Einstein’s
theory of gravity is not correct and that gravity cannot effect
the expansion of the universe but Einstein’s theory, till our
time, has not been fully challenged by a better theory that
could describe more correctly.
One could consider the theory that agrees with his be-
liefs, disagree with them all and think of the dark energy as
a mysterious force beyond man’s capability of understanding
or even propose a new prediction of the dark energy. But till
this moment there is no prediction or hypothesis that can be
fully corroborated to be considered as a scientific fact. And in
front of such strong forces a human cannot but be humble and
I quote Albert Einstein when he said” Everyone who is seri-
ously involved in the pursuit of science becomes convinced
that a spirit is manifest in the laws of the Universe-a spirit
vastly superior to that of man, and one in the face of which we
with our modest powers must feel humble.”
Citation for this article:
DARK ENERGYOmar Ibn El Khattab Ezz
About one-quarter of the universe consists of dark matter, which releases no detectable energy, but which exerts a gravitational pull on all the visible matter in the universe.
Because of the names, it’s easy to confuse dark mat-ter and dark energy. And while they may be related, their effects are quite different. In brief, dark matter attracts, dark energy repels. While dark matter pulls matter inward, dark energy pushes it outward. Also, while dark energy shows itself only on the largest cosmic scale, dark matter exerts its influence on indi-vidual galaxies as well as the universe at large.
In fact, astronomers discovered dark matter while studying the outer regions of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
The Milky Way is shaped like a disk that is about 100,000 light-years across. The stars in this disk all orbit the center of the galaxy. The laws of gravity say that the stars that are closest to the center of the galaxy — which is also its center of mass — should move faster than those out on the galaxy’s edge.
Yet when astronomers measured stars all across the galaxy, they found that they all orbit the center of the galaxy at about the same speed. This suggests that something outside the galaxy’s disk is tugging at the stars: dark matter.
Calculations show that a vast “halo” of dark matter surrounds the Milky Way. The halo may be 10 times as massive as the bright disk, so it exerts a strong gravitational pull.
The same effect is seen in many other galaxies. And clusters of galaxies show exactly the same thing — their gravity is far stronger than the combined pull of all their visible stars and gas clouds.
Are dark matter and dark energy related? No one knows. The leading theory says that dark matter con-sists of a type of subatomic particle that has not yet been detected, although upcoming experiments with the world’s most powerful particle accelerator may reveal its presence. Dark energy may have its own
A ring of possible dark matter highlights this HubbleSpace Telescope image of a distant galaxy clus-])ter. ]NASA/ESA/M.J. Jee/H. Ford )Johns Hopkins
particle, although there is little evidence of one.
Instead, dark matter and dark energy appear to be competing forces in our universe. The only things they seem to have in common is that both were forged in the Big Bang, and both remain mysterious.
DARK ENERGY V.S.DARK MATTER
Youssef Ezzat Magdi
Goodbye MoonDue to tidal acceleration, the moon is moving away from the Earth at a rate of 3.8 centimeters per year. But don’t say your goodbyes just yet. At that rate, it will take a long time before the moon makes any headway in its path toward Venus.No Burping AllowedAstronauts cannot burp in outer space. No, they’re not just being polite. Because there is no gravity in outer space to separate liquids from gas in their stomachs, they cannot burp like we do on Earth. Their burps would come out "wet."Forever FootprintsFootprints last forever on the surface of the moon. Because the moon does not have wind or water like the Earth, the footprints left by astronauts on its surface will remain unchanged for millions of years.Space TravelThe Milky Way is traveling through space at a rate of 305 kilometers per second. It is also spinning at a rate of 225 kilometers per second. This means that we humans
on Earth are shooting through space at a rate of 530 kilometers per second. Are you dizzy yet?The Silent CosmosIf you shouted in outer space, even the person right next to you would not be able to hear what you said. Sound travels as pressure waves through air. Because there is no air in outer space, there is also no sound. So don’t bother trying to tell your astro-buddy his fly is down, he ain’t gonna hear you.Liquids in Outer SpaceThe lack of gravity in outer space combined with the inherent surface tension of liquids causes them to form into free-floating spheres. That’s why astronauts often drink water out of a straw in a tightly sealed container. Although they can suck free-floating water bubbles in the weightlessness of zero-gravity space if they want to!Speed of LightBelieve it or not, the light that we see each morning when the sun comes up only took 8 minutes to get here. Yep, that’s even quicker than your daily commute. Booyah!
Cool Facts
1) What is a blue moon?
a) A wheat-based beer distributed by the craft brewing divi-sion of Miller Coors
b) Europe, ice moon of Jupiter
c) The second full moon in the same month
d) The painted bare bottom of a North Carolina Tar Heels’ fan
2) What is a shooting star?
a) A distant super nova
b) A meteor that incinerates itself in Earth’s atmosphere
c) An actor with a brief but notable career
d) A meteor that incinerates itself in Earth’s atmosphere
3) Bolide refers to:
a) A particularly elliptical orbit
b) A boron-rich asteroid
c) A blemish on a part of the body that you’d rather not discuss
d) Whatever it was that fell out the sky and made that hole in the ground
4) Mars is called the red planet because:
a) The Soviet Union made an ambitious effort to explore it
b) Of the bloody reputation of its namesake, the Roman god of war
c) “Blue moon” was already taken
d) It looks kinda red
5) The first Mars landing by an object launched from Earth occurred in what year?
A) 1965
b) 1981
c) 1971
Test your space knowledge
D) 1997
6) What is Earth’s most distant active spacecraft?
a) Sputnik 1
b) Mariner 4
c) Probably a kardashian
D) Voyager 1
7) Where do we live in our galaxy?
a) The Orion Spur
b) The Perseus Arm
c) Hector’s Toga
d) On the back of a roaming giant turtle, with our sun
orbiting us
8) How big is our galaxy? Pick the closest answer.
a) 1,000 light years across
b) 10,000 light years across
c) 100,000 light years across
d) 1,000,000 light years across
9) What is the color of our sun?
a) red
b) Yellow
C) orange
d) Purple
10) How will our soon die?
a) Slow death (white dwarf)
b) Quick death (super nova)
c) Heart attack
For more than 22 years now Hubble Telescope has been
providing scientists and the public with extraordinary
images of deep space. The Telescope has been in
orbit since 1990, and it is considered to be one of the
most advanced equipments that have ever been sent
to space. Hubble helped in making new significant
discoveries; it has also helped astronomers in their
search to understand the history of the universe and
its fate.
Why it was built?
Although the Telescope has been in orbit since
1990, but the first serious concepts of a space-based
optical observatory began just after World War II.
There were many reasons which lead to this unique
invention. Lyman Spitzer, a professor and researcher
at Yale University believed that space-based optical
observations are much more accurate and useful
than ground-based observations. He explained in
his paper Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-
Terrestrial Observatory that Earth’s atmosphere blurs
and distorts light coming from stars, in addition that
the atmosphere blocks X-rays emitted from high-
temperature phenomena in stars and other objects, so
they cannot be detected by instruments on the Earth’s
surface, but they can be detected by a space telescope.
Take off!
NASA originally planned to launch in 1983, but
the program experienced a considerable delay.
All the pieces of Hubble were in place by 1985, so
NASA planned for a launch in October 1986, but
unfortunately a tragedy occurred when the space
shuttle Challenger lifted off in Florida but only minute
later it exploded into a million pieces. When shuttle
flights resumed in 1988, Hubble was finally launched
aboard Discovery on April 24, 1990. After a few weeks
of operation the images sent from Hubble were Fuzzy,
after a fruitful investigation scientists finally revealed
a spherical aberration in the primary mirror, due to
a miscalibrated measuring instrument that caused
the edges of the mirror to be ground slightly too flat.
Engineers were able to come up with a way to fix to the
problem in time for Hubble’s first scheduled servicing
mission which was in 1993. In December, 1993, the
crew of STS-61 embarked on a service mission to
replace a number of Hubble’s parts, the problem was
fixed and Hubble began sending sharp and spectacular
images. Hubble Telescope was supposed to retire by
the end of the last decade, but servicing mission 4
which took place in May 2009 is expected to extend
Hubble’s life into at least 2013.
Future Space Telescopes
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Hubble’s
successor, is currently in the works to be launched
Works Cited
Okolski , Gabriel. United States. NASA. A Brief His-tory of the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA, 2008. Web. <http://history.nasa.gov/hubble/index.html>.
“Hubble Essentials.” Telescope. Web. 8 Dec 2012. <http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essen-tials/>.
Hubble Space TeleScope as soon as possible. JWST’s orbit will roughly be 1.5
million km away from Earth; JWST will unveil secrets
about the birth of stars, solar systems and galaxies by
peering through the dust that blocks visible light. The
telescope is scheduled to launch this decade.
By Omar Ihab Salama
Once in a while, a really big idea comes along.
One that completely changes our concept of who
we are. In 1543, Nicoulas Copernicus proved that
earth is not at the center of the cosmos. In the
1920s, Edwin Hubel observed that all the stars
and galaxies were rushing away from each other,
sparking the idea that the universe has not been
here forever but was created in one explosive mo-
ment. The Big Bang. We have long imagined the
universe to be infinite in size. But maybe cosmol-
ogists now think that the universe is finite. Some
believe they even know its chain. If we do discov-
er an edge to the universe, we will have to find an
answer to another unsettling question: “what lies
beyond the edge?”
If you play a game of asteroids, every time your
spaceship reaches the top, it re-appears again at
the bottom. This cycle continues infinitely. This is
more or less what happens to our universe. The
universe is all together linked just like the aster-
oids game. That is why we feel it is never ending.
If a light beam exits the universe from one side, it
re-enters again from the other side. But to prove
this, it needs billions of years for the light beam
to take a loop around the universe. That’s why it
is not testable and needs a lot of work, equipment
and technology that we have not yet reached in
Is There An Edge To The Universe?order to prove such a theory.
If you stand in a room that has these character-
istics, you would have a torch or a light emitting
object. If you light at one side of the room, the
light will reach the end of the room and the light
is teleported to the other side of the room and you
see an image of your back on the side where the
light comes from. The room would appear as if it
had mirrors everywhere, whatever side you look
at, there is a picture of you. This is what happens
in the universe. And since we cannot totally dif-
ferentiate between all galaxies and star, maybe
most of them are just an illusion to others that al-
ready exist.
Another scientist claims he knows the exact
shape of the universe. He states that the universe
is a twelve sided, football shaped universe. This
is because each side has a correspondent on the
other side where the light is teleported to when
it exits from the opposing side. With so many
work and equations, he was able to prove his
theory. Each edge is identical to every other edge
but with a small twist of 36 degrees. If the earth
was surrounded by this football shape with all the
properties, you would see images of the earth all
around us but in different angles and views. But if
the edges are billions of light years apart, it would
have escaped even the most careful astronomers.
Youssef Ezzat Magdi
If you did not know about black holes, you came to the right
place. “Black holes are objects so massive that nothing could es-
cape the grasp of their gravity” according to NASA. Black holes
were long believed to be an entrance to other dimensions. But
Einstein’s theory of relativity concludes that black holes suck ev-
erything out even light. In short black holes are believed to suck
everything that comes in contact with it. Observation of the first
black hole was in the 1700s. That observation was very brief. A
lot of scientist took Einstein’s theory and then improved on it
and made other discoveries. Einstein first stated that in theory
anything can become a black hole if squeezed into a tiny enough
volume, even a rock. The question you might ask is that how
can something get squeezed into an enough volume. It is pre-
dicted that a white dwarf collapses into supernovae and a part
of its body mass might become a black hole. This is only done
in things such as stars because its extreme power can make an
object be squeezed into enough volume using that much pow-
er. Now black holes basically defy most laws of physics in our
earth, but they follow Einstein’s theory of relativity and other
various theories. Black holes in general are collapsing stars that
take a much smaller mass. Black holes absorb light because its
sucksion speed is extremely high even higher than the speed of
light! We call something a black hole when we send light to it
and don't recive light back. It also has to have planets revolving
around it which proves that it was once a star and collaped on its
self and became into a tiny mass with a huge gravitational pull.
Each year hundereds of thousands of stars were created. Black
holes are belived to be a one way trip into space time.
Black Holes 101Moataz Hossam El Din Shokeir
When we read such words as “Where did it all start” we
usually refer to something that happened recently or when
we are reading a history text book. But in this article you
should know that it will talk about how “everything” started.
This is something strange to try to come by. When we ask
ourselves where did our world or our universe appear as it
is today? A lot of us would say that it came together because
god created it. But, to not get religion and science misdi-
rected we should say that scientists try to find an explanation
to everything that matters to us. Well, if you did not know
about the scientific explanation you should know it. Scientist
believe that the entire universe was created by something
referred to as the Big Bang. The Big Bang is a theory which
states that space and time both were created with a massive
explosion of energy. This energy was extremely immense that
it created space and time. For this emense energy to start
all of the universe started evolving. In the first few seconds
of the universe, primitive atoms were created. these atoms
contained only protons and neutrons. After is three hunderd
million years electrons came together and they formeded
the first primative atoms. This occured when stars started to
from and they started to explode. When the universe created
atoms, it started to build upon them and then atoms became
one. The first atoms were hydrogen atoms. This is because
they contain 1 proton and 1 neutron and 1 electron. After
hydrogen was created, hydrogen atoms from the debries of
stars and then two hydrogen atoms came together to create
helium. This started the creation of all of the atoms of all the
elements that we know on earth today. This helped the uni-
verse extremely in creating the atoms. Then after a long time,
earth was created when the nessisary elements were formed
in the universe. So our existance is soley made because of the
big bang and how elements were created.
Where did it all start?
Moataz Hossam El Din Shokeir
Many have claimed to witness UFO sightings all over
the world, others have claimed to see aliens wonder-
ing in their crop fields. But are these claims true? No
scientific evidence can support these claims; how-
ever, life forms do exist in space.
Many hypotheses, some proven, say that life forms
such as bacteria do exist in our solar system and
throughout the universe. These hypotheses do rely on
many observations as well as studies relevant to the
physical laws. Both Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawk-
ing argued that it would be improbable for life not to
Are there any life forms outhere?
exist in space.
Other scientists believe that extraterrestrial is plau-
sible, but they refute the notion of the existence of
aliens and other intelligent life forms in space. Some
bodies in the Solar System have been suggested as
having the potential for an environment that could
host extraterrestrial life, particularly those with pos-
sible subsurface oceans. Though due to the lack of
habitable environments beyond Earth, should life be
discovered elsewhere in the Solar System, astrobiolo-
gists suggest that it will more likely be in the form of
extremophile microorganisms.
By Marwan Abdel-Moniem
List of Solar System objects
CHECK OUT OUR VIDEO. CLICK
ON THE URL BELOW AND FIND OUT MORE.
Recommended