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Rural Women and Science:Rural Women and Science:Enabling and Excluding Enabling and Excluding
FactorsFactors
Marcela Villarreal, Ph.D.Marcela Villarreal, Ph.D.Director Gender, Equity and Rural Director Gender, Equity and Rural
Development DivisionDevelopment DivisionFAOFAO
Women in ScienceWomen in ScienceBibliotheca Alexandrina, October 23-24, 2007Bibliotheca Alexandrina, October 23-24, 2007
Focus on rural areas essential for effective science Societies advance at the speed of the
slowest Source of knowledge (gendered)
75 percent of the world poor live in rural areas
Women: Over-represented among the poor
Making Science benefit PeopleMaking Science benefit People
EducationEducation
HealthHealth
PolicyPolicy Mechanisms of exclusionMechanisms of exclusion
Top Five Causes of Death:Top Five Causes of Death: U.S.A U.S.A
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
HeartDisease
Cancer Stroke Respiratoryinfections
Accidents
Top Five Causes of Death: Top Five Causes of Death: South & East AsiaSouth & East Asia
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Heart disease Respiratoryinfections
Stroke Perinatalconditions
Tuberculosis
Top Five Causes of Death:Top Five Causes of Death: Africa Africa
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
HIV/AIDS Malaria Respiratory
infections
Diarrheal
diseases
Perinatal
conditions
Days of work lost to disease, Days of work lost to disease, 20052005
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Americas Africa
Communicable
Noncommunicable
Thousands
Source: calculated from WHO 2005
HIV and AIDSHIV and AIDS
Total: 39.4 (35.9 – 44.3) million
Western & Central Europe
610 000610 000[480 000 – 760 000][480 000 – 760 000]
North Africa & Middle East540 000540 000
[230 000 – 1.5 million][230 000 – 1.5 million]
Sub-Saharan Africa25.4 million25.4 million
[23.4 – 28.4 million][23.4 – 28.4 million]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia1.4 million 1.4 million
[920 000 – 2.1 million][920 000 – 2.1 million]
South & South-East Asia7.1 million7.1 million[4.4 – 10.6 million][4.4 – 10.6 million]
Oceania35 00035 000
[25 000 – 48 000][25 000 – 48 000]
North America1.0 million1.0 million
[540 000 – 1.6 million][540 000 – 1.6 million]
Caribbean440 000440 000
[270 000 – 780 000][270 000 – 780 000]
Latin America1.7 million1.7 million
[1.3 – 2.2 million][1.3 – 2.2 million]
East Asia1.1 million1.1 million
[560 000 – 1.8 million][560 000 – 1.8 million]
Source: UNAIDS
Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2004
HIV prevalence in adults HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 1986-2001in sub-Saharan Africa, 1986-2001
20 – 39%
10 – 20%
5 – 10%
1 – 5%
0 – 1%
trend data unavailable
outside region
1986 1991
1996 2001
Source: UNAIDS/WHO 2002
HIV/AIDS affects Food SecurityHIV/AIDS affects Food Security
Loss of agricultural labourLoss of agricultural labourImpoverishment of householdImpoverishment of householdLoss of knowledge and skillsLoss of knowledge and skills Children taken out of schoolChildren taken out of school Institutions Institutions Plant diversity, genetic resourcesPlant diversity, genetic resources
Social safety nets underminedSocial safety nets undermined
Impacts of HIV/AIDSImpacts of HIV/AIDS
Decline in land cultivated and range of cropsDecline in land cultivated and range of crops
Increase in cost of hired labourIncrease in cost of hired labour
Deflated land pricesDeflated land prices
Shift to less labour-intensive cropsShift to less labour-intensive crops
Decreased agricultural productivity Decreased agricultural productivity
Increased malnutritionIncreased malnutrition
Increased food insecurityIncreased food insecurity
Rural development underminedRural development undermined
Gender and land in sub-Saharan AfricaGender and land in sub-Saharan Africa
Land rights governed by social institutions Land rights governed by social institutions such as marriagesuch as marriage Levirat: protects male rights to landLevirat: protects male rights to land Type of marriageType of marriage
Male privileges on landMale privileges on land
Customary prevails over formalCustomary prevails over formal
HIV/AIDS impacts on landHIV/AIDS impacts on land
loss of land rights including inheritance loss of land rights including inheritance rightsrights
shifts in tenureshifts in tenure
distress sales and shifts in ownershipdistress sales and shifts in ownership
changes in land use:changes in land use: significant decreases in amounts of land significant decreases in amounts of land
cultivated cultivated shifts in the types of crops cultivated shifts in the types of crops cultivated
Zambia: Household Membership in Zambia: Household Membership in CooperativesCooperatives
0
10
20
30
40
50
FHHPLWA
FHHOrphans
MHHPLWA
MHHOrphans
Normal
Source: FAO, 2003
Zambia: Average Land Size by Zambia: Average Land Size by Household TypeHousehold Type
0
1
2
3
4
5
FHHPLWA
FHHOrphans
MHHPLWA
MHHOrphans
Normal
Hectares
Source: FAO, 2003
-60-40-20
020406080
100120140
banana
cassava
millet
maize
affected
non-affected
Uganda: % change in land cultivated, selected cash and food crops (1996-2002)
%
(Source: FAO, 2003)
Food Cash
What to do?What to do?
Understand mechanisms of exclusionUnderstand mechanisms of exclusionAddress them in policy makingAddress them in policy makingLink agricultural research with adoption Link agricultural research with adoption taking into account the specificities of the taking into account the specificities of the population: rural, gender, indigenouspopulation: rural, gender, indigenousSafeguard local and indigenous Safeguard local and indigenous knowledgeknowledgeFormulate specific policy to ensure that Formulate specific policy to ensure that rural women will benefit (need data)rural women will benefit (need data)
Thank youThank you
Agriculture Sector strategy Agriculture Sector strategy
REDUCTION OF VULNERABILITY, UNDERLYING CAUSESREDUCTION OF VULNERABILITY, UNDERLYING CAUSES
Labour saving technologies and practicesLabour saving technologies and practicesLow input agriculture; new varietiesLow input agriculture; new varietiesKnowledge systems (orphans)Knowledge systems (orphans)
Gender issues in particular access to landGender issues in particular access to land Nutrition and food interventionsNutrition and food interventions
Innovative micro-finance activities in the rural Innovative micro-finance activities in the rural sector sector
Capacity building of relevant local and national Capacity building of relevant local and national institutions institutions (including CSOs and MoA)(including CSOs and MoA)
What to do?What to do?Research gender, land and HIV/AIDS in different Research gender, land and HIV/AIDS in different contextscontextsPromote the formulation, adoption and enforcement of Promote the formulation, adoption and enforcement of statutory law that ensures gender equality in the access statutory law that ensures gender equality in the access to, ownership of and right to inherit land to, ownership of and right to inherit land Ensure equal rights regardless of the type of marriage Ensure equal rights regardless of the type of marriage Improve public policy to reach more effectively the most Improve public policy to reach more effectively the most vulnerable vulnerable Promote the legal empowerment of rural women and Promote the legal empowerment of rural women and orphansorphansPromote community based approaches that create or Promote community based approaches that create or reinforce self-esteem and other life skills reinforce self-esteem and other life skills
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