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Ruben Gonzalez VicenteM.Phil. Student
Introduction Theoretical issues: Dependency, resource
curses and development Review of China’s engagement in Africa’s
resource sector The South American case Conclusions
Other analyses of Sino-South American relations.
What is new about this paper:◦ Development angle.◦ Resource extraction as unit of analysis.◦ Comparative approach.
External, internal and intrinsic curses of extraction.
China’s relations with national elites shape developmental outcomes in different ways.
The dependency theory:◦ Peripheries, international division of labor
(Emmanuel, 1972)◦ Commodities vs. Technology (Frank, 1969)◦ State capitalism in Latin America, neoliberalism,
new left.◦ The limits of dependency:
Dependent development (Cardoso, 1982) Challenges posed by China’s growth.
The resource curse theories:◦ Economic curses:
Declining terms of trade of resources (Prebisch, 1950; Singer, 1950)
Dutch disease Low upstream and downstream links
◦ Political curses: Patronage politics (Shaxson, 2007) Weak government – civil society links (Karl, 2007) Conflicts at the local level.
Three categories:
◦ External curses.
◦ Internal curses.
◦ Intrinsic curses.
Opportunities:◦ China’s growth and commodity prices.◦ Alternative investor.◦ “Package deals”.
Problematical issues:◦ Support of ruthless political elites◦ Chinese labor, labor conditions, low salaries.
The role of state in resource-driven development.
The role of China in shaping internal politics.
Review. Impact on:◦ External curses.◦ Internal curses.◦ Intrinsic curses.
Opportunities:◦ Increasing investment. Commodity prices.◦ Alternative investor.
Problematical issues:◦ Overreliance on commodity exports.
South American politics today:◦ Democracy.◦ Civil societies’ relevance.
China, South American states and development:◦ Cooperation with political elites.◦ Joint ventures and service provider contracts
Persisting problems:◦ Limits to technological upgrade.
◦ Inequality.
◦ Marginalization or remote areas where extraction occurs.
◦ Populism.
◦ Intrinsic curses of extraction.
Review. Impacts on:
◦ External curses of extraction.
◦ Intrinsic curses of extraction.
◦ Internal curses of extraction.
Resource curses. Three levels of comparison:
◦ External curses: Similarities.
◦ Intrinsic curses: Similarities
◦ Internal curses: Divergences
.Baosteel Group
.Sinopec
.Chalco*
.CNPC
.Shougang
.Minmetals
.Zijin
.Chinalco
.CNPC
.Andes Petroleum
.CNPC
.Minmetals
.Chongqing Bosai
.Shandong Luneng*
.Minmetals*
Cardoso, F. H. (1982). Dependency and development in Latin America. In H. Alaviand T. Shanin (eds.), Introduction to the Sociology of Developing Societies. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Emmanuel, A. (1972). Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Frank, A. G. (1969). Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Karl, T.L. (2007). Ensuring fairness: the case for a transparent fiscal social contract. In M. Humphreys, J. D. Sachs and J. E. Stiglitz (eds.) Escaping the Resource Curse. New York: Columbia University Press.
Prebisch, R. (1950). The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems. New York: United Nations.
Shaxson, N. (2007). Oil, corruption and the resource curse. International Affairs, 83(6):1123-1140.
Singer, H. (1950). The distribution of gains between investing and borrowing countries. American Economic Review, 15:473-485.
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