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Rococo – 18th century
• Often considered the last stage of the Baroque.• Derived from the French word, rocaille, or “rock-work.” • The ‘softer side’ of the Baroque [or a reaction against it]. A
backlash to the darkness of the Baroque less formal & grandiose.
• The Rococo palette, softer and paler [pastels] than the rich primary colors and dark tonalities of the Baroque style.
• Begun as a French style of interior decoration begun following Louis XIV’s death.
• French power and fashion centered around the court of the Regent, Philippe d’Orleáns at the Palais-Royal in Paris.
• Elegant and ornately decorative, mood lighthearted and witty. • Gave way to Neo-classicism.
1. Fantasy & Wistful Nostalgia
An emphasis on ultra beauty and nature.
Classical gods and goddesses.
“Winter” byEtienne-MauriceFalconet, 1771
2. Love, Romance, & Eroticism
[about Boucher] His canvases often seem to consist of little beyond mounds of pink flesh…
“The Toilet of Venus” by François Boucher,1751
3. Domestic & Family Life
Portrays the carefree life of the upper class.
The Galante style.
Informal, decorous intimacy of peoples’ manners.
Neo-Classicism: mid-late 18th and 19th century
• use of ancient Greek and Roman models and motifs
• development was greatly influenced by the excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum
• closely linked to the Enlightenment's rejection of the aristocratic frivolity of Rococo, the style of the Ancien Régime.
• More than just an antique revival a reaction against the surviving Baroque & Rococo styles.
Overview of Neo-ClassicismRevolutions established republics in France and in America. [Neo-
Classicism was adapted as the official art style].
Association with the democracy of Greece and the republicanism of Rome.
Napoleon used the style for propaganda.Return to the perceived “purity” of the arts of Rome.
Model the “ideal” of the ancient Greek arts and, to a lesser, extent, 16c Renaissance classicism.
A conviction that there is a permanent, universal way things are (and should be), which obviously entails fundamental political and ethical commitments.
“The Death of Socrates”Jacques-Louis David, 1787
The death of Socrates was a symbol of republican virtue.
“The Consecration of Napoleon & Josephine”Jacques-Louis David, 1805-1807
A very different theme:The celebration of worldly splendor and power.
“The Apotheosis of Homer”Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1827
This assembly of great artists and writers of all ages gathered to honor the ancient Greek poet before a classical temple.
“Romulus—Victory over Acron”Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1812
Painted for Napoleon’s palace in Rome.
Neo-Classical Sculpture
Profoundly influenced by ancient art since the Renaissance.
Neo-Classical sculptors avoided the dramatic twisting poses and colored marble surfaces characteristic of late Baroque and Rococo sculpture.
They preferred crisp contours, a noble stillness idealized in pure white marble forms.
Romanticism 19th century• The Artistic expression of “Liberalism”• Early support of the French Revolution.• Rise of the individual alienation.• Dehumanization of industrialization.• Harkening back to the simplicity of rural life.• Expressions of emerging force of nationalism• Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s.• Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and
Germany.• A reaction against classicism.
Realism – Mid 19th century• The accurate and apparently objective description of
the ordinary, observable world • the truthful and accurate depiction of the models that
nature and contemporary life offer Subjects are depicted in as straightforward a manner as possible
• Ordinary people and everyday activities are worthy subjects for art
• A reaction to the idealized excesses of Romanticism and Neoclassicism.
• A guiding influence on the philosophy of the Impressionists
Impressionism – mid-late 19th century • Impressionist style probably the single most successful
and identifiable "movement“ in European Art history• The movement's name was derived from Monet's early
work, Impression: Sunrise and critics who felt works were unfinished sketches or impressions
• Challenge and response to the emerging art of Photography
• The focus on subjectivity intensified • Artists became more concerned with the individual
expression.• Reality became what the individual saw. • With Impressionism the subjectivity of modem art was
born.
As an extension of Realism
• Impressionists remained realists in the sense that they remained true to their sensations of the object
• Realism meant to an Impressionist that the painter ought to record the most subtle sensations of reflected light.
• Concern for realistically representing an object faded, while concern for representing the subjective grew.
As a reaction / rejection• Critics and the public agreed the Impressionists
couldn’t draw and their colors were considered vulgar. Their compositions were strange. Their short, slapdash brushstrokes made their paintings practically illegible. Why didn’t these artists take the time to finish their canvases, viewers wondered?
• Rejected by the Salon, the annual French state-sponsored exhibition that offered the only real opportunity for artists to display and sell their work, they created an independent exhibition, mounted in what was formerly a photographer’s studio
Leading figures
• Claude Monet• August Renoir• Edgar Degas• Berthe Morisot• Mary Cassatt • Gustave Caillebotte• Edouard Manet
• Paul Cézanne • Camille Pissarro • Pierre-Auguste
Renoir • Paul Gauguin • Childe Hassam • Georges Seurat
Expressionism – late 19th – early and mid 20th century
• Art which distorts reality through exaggeration for emotional effect / impact
• Later, the movement stood out against fascism and this, together with its so called 'degenerate' qualities led to the persecution of many Expressionist artists by Nazis
Cubism – Early 20th century• Key concept underlying Cubism is that the
essence of an object can only be captured by showing it from multiple points of view simultaneously
• Subject matter portrayed by geometric forms without realistic detail, stressing the abstract.
• The artist should treat nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere, and the cone.
• The subject matter is broken down, analyzed, and reassembled in abstract form.
• Late 1920s-1940s.• Came from the nihilistic genre of DaDa.• Influenced by Freud’s theories on
psychoanalysis and the subconscious.• Confusing & startling images like those in
dreams.
Surrealism
Abstract Impressionism
• First American art movement to gain world-wide influence
• Put NY as center of art world
• Characterized by spontaneity, emotion, bold colors; often on large canvas
• Came out of surrealism • Major Artists-– Jackson Pollock
– ‘drip painting’ stand on canvas and paint around
– William De Kooning
Pop Art
• Subject matter based on visual clichés and the impersonal style of mass-media imagery.
• Often aimed at broad audiences • Sometimes uses ‘mechanical’ means of
reproduction • Andy Warhol and Claus Oldenburg• Last ‘modern’ art before post-modern art
Warhol, ‘Campbell’s Soup Cans
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