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RNA: Structures & Functions. PHA Biology 9 Moretti and Dickson. RNA Structure: Base Pairing. 4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA: Adenine Guanine Uracil Cytosine RNA –> DNA Base Pairing: A ---- U G ---- C. Objectives for Class : - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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RNA: STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS
PHA Biology 9Moretti and Dickson
RNA Structure: Base Pairing 4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA:
Adenine Guanine Uracil Cytosine
RNA –> DNA Base Pairing: A ---- U G ---- C
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
RNA Structure: DNA vs. RNA
3 Major Structural Differences
DNA RNADeoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar
Double Strand Single Strand (generally)
Uses Thymine (T) Uses Uracil (U)Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Types of RNA: OverviewType of RNA Basic Function
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Copy genes on the DNA (transcription)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Translate mRNA into a proteinCarry amino acid to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)(we will not focus on rRNA)
Part of the ribosome
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Basic Structure: Single Strand of RNA
Basic Function Make a copy of DNA instructions
to make a protein Takes those instructions from
DNA to Ribosome to make a protein
Every 3 bases is a Codon
Small enough to leave the nucleus. DNA is too big!
Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Bio 9B: Friday, 2.25.10Title: Sub-Plan - Cell Regulation, Cancer & Stem Cells
Homework: Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take active reading notes, paying attention
to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions: How does the genetic code work? What are the steps of translation?
Do Now: Take out your notebooks and have one student from each table
get enough Biology books for all students at the table.
Today’s Objectives: Explain how cells regulate their growth and division Explain how the cell cycle and mitosis relates to cancerous cells. Describe what stem cells are and how they may be useful to medicine. Explain some of the controversial issues surrounding stem cells.
Bio 9B Sub-Plans for Friday, 2.25.10
Today’s Plan: Part I: Actively Read Section 10-3 (pages 250-253), including
the page on Stem Cells. Take reading notes in your notebooks. Part II: Answer the following questions on a separate piece
of paper to be handed in: What is cancer, and how does it relate to the cell cycle? Use the info on pages 250-251 to think of a drug that might help
prevent or stop cancer. Explain how your new drug would work. What are stem cells? Why are they important in the human body? What are some possible medical uses of stem cells? Be specific Why are stem cells controversial? Do you think scientists should be
allowed to work with stem cells? Explain!
These are INDIVIDUAL Assignments!!!!
Bio 9B: Monday, 3.1.10Title: Transcription w/ RNA and the Genetic Code
Homework: Complete Part II (page 2) of the Decoding DNA
Do Now: MCAS Prep Do Now on following page
Today’s Objectives: Differentiate between structure and function
differences between the types of RNA Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA
sequence into an amino acid sequence to make a protein.
Do Now: MCAS Prep
The mold Aspergillus flavus grows on grain. A. flavus produces a toxin that binds to DNA in the bodies of animals that eat the grain. The binding of the toxin to DNA blocks transcription, so it directly interferes with the ability of an animal cell to do which of the following?
A. Produce ATP using energy released from glucose and other nutrient
B. transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm
C. Transfer proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complexes
D. Send protein-building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomesObjectives for Class:
• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
Types of RNA: Review and Refresher
Type of RNA Basic Function
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Copy genes on the DNA (transcription)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Translate mRNA into a proteinCarry amino acid to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)(we will not focus on rRNA)
Part of the ribosome
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Basic Structure: Coiled RNA strand Amino Acid attached to the
top Anti-codon on the bottom
Basic Function: Transfer amino acids to the
ribosome to make a protein Anti-codon on tRNA
matches/ reads codon on mRNA
Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
t RNA
mRNA
t RNA
Ribosom
e
Codons & AntiCodons Codon
3 base sequence on mRNA that specifies a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide (protein)
Anticodon 3 base sequence on
tRNA that matches up with the mRNA codon
Objectives for Class:• Describe
Polypeptide
Anticodon
Codon
Amino Acid
The Genetic Code The 64 Codons that code for Amino
Acids
Objectives for Class:• Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to
make a protein.
Reading The Genetic Code mRNA codons are 3
bases long and specify a particular amino acid.
To use the wheel, the 1st base (letter) of codon matches the biggest letter and you move out from the middle to read the rest of the codon.
Therefore, the 2nd base in the codon is the second biggest letter (the one in the middle ring) and the 3rd base In the codon is the smallest letter (the one in the outer ring).
The arrows show the direction you should read it.
The Genetic Code Complete Part I of
the “Decoding the Genetic Code!” Activity.(we will review the first 3 examples of question 1 after you have had a chance to complete them)
Objectives for Class:• Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to
make a protein.
Reading The Genetic Code: ExamplesFollow along with the
examples in your packet!
Example 1: CAG
1st base = C 2nd base = A 3rd base = G
Therefore theamino acid is…
Glutamine!
Example 2: GUU
Valine
Reading The Genetic Code: Longer ExampleExample 3:
GCCAGCUAG Step 1: Break
it into 3-letter sections (codons)
GCC AGC UAG
Step 2: Decode each codon
GCC = Alanine
AGC = Serine UAG = STOP
(end of protein sequence)
1
2
3
Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.2.10Title: Transcription and Translation Details
Homework: Take out last night’s homework and get ready to hand it in
(but not until I say so, after the Do Now More codon and amino acid decoding practice
Do Now: In your notebook: If you had a DNA sequence of T A C A G C T,
what would the matching RNA sequence be? A U G U C G A
Today’s Objective: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Overview: What is the hidden message in Part II
of the homework assignment? “Give Neighbor High 5”
Homework Review Question
Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Overview: A DNA gene is copied in the
form of mRNA Occurs in the nucleus
Steps: 1. RNA Polymerase separates
DNA strands2. RNA Polymerase moves along
one of the DNA strands (template)
3. RNA Polymerase makes mRNA by attaching RNA nucleotides that match the DNA template mRN
A
Transcription Detail
Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA)
mRNA (the orange strand)
DNA (the red & green strands)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Translation Detail Overview:
mRNA copy provides instructions for assembling amino acids into a protein
Occurs at the ribosome
Steps: 1. mRNA enters the ribosome2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids
to the ribosome 3. tRNA anticodons match with
mRNA codons to put amino acids in the right order
According to the Genetic CodeObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Transcription & Translation
Transcription
TranslationObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Translation
Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Transcription and Translation: Video
Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg
Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.4.10Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab
Homework: Pass in the codons and amino acid decoding practice
homework Complete Part I of the Genetic Mutations Activity
Do Now: Sign into a computer and turn around with your back
to the computers to wait for your next instructions.
Today’s Objective: Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn
a section of DNA into a protein.
Double Block
Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab
Transcription
Translation
Objectives for Class:• Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.
Procedure: Log onto
http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ Scroll down to the middle of the homepage and click on
the link entitled “Are you ready to transcribe a DNA sequence and translate it into a protein?”
A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Transcribe the DNA strand by entering the corresponding RNA bases for the original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the screen.
Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a flashing box will appear around the “start” codon.
Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the mRNA sequence has been Translated.
Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part I as you complete the lab.
Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part II after the computer portion of the lab is completed.
Remember R-groups?
Bio 9B: Friday, 3.5.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations
Homework: Complete Part II of the Genetic Mutations Activity For
Monday Quiz next TUESDAY!
Do Now: How was your description of a genetic mutation
similar to what a mutation actually is?
Today’s Objective: Describe the major differences between
substitution and frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity Part I Review
What is a Genetic Mutation? A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA
The three types of point mutations: substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide for
another) insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the
DNA sequence) deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the
DNA sequence)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity Part II Complete Part II of the Gene Mutations Activity by comparing
substitution & frame-shift mutations Part II Review:
Original DNA Sequence
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity Part II Substitution Mutations
Original DNA Sequence
Substitution
Substitution/ Silent Mutation
Changes the Amino Acid
Does not Change the Amino AcidObjectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity Part II Frame-Shift Mutations
Original DNA Sequence
Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide
Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Changes all Amino Acid after mutation
Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Bio 9B: Monday, 3.8.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study
Homework: Study for Quiz Tomorrow!!! Type the Background Information section of your lab report for
Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school)
Do Now: H
Today’s Objective: Brainstorm and organize the background information
necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder Read through the Introduction to the lab. Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder
PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.
html In small groups brainstorm the Background
Information needed for this lab You should have 2 parts:
1. General genetics background info2. Info related to sickle cell anemia
Come back together as a class to brainstorm final listObjectives for Class:
• Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Background Information BrainstormGenetics Topics: •
Sickle Cell Topics:•
Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.9.10Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations
Homework: Type the Background Information section of your lab report for
Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school)
Do Now: Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz…
Today’s Objective: Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of
transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA
Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.11.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study
Homework: Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion
sections of your lab report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday, at the start of class!!!!
Do Now:
Today’s Objective: Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene
and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia
Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report
A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell
gene and the normal gene by transcribing and translating them.
Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene
Complete the analysis and conclusion sections of the lab report.
Objectives for Class:• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how
DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic MutationsFirst Half of Double Block
Individual Work Time… Two Options:
1. Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and revise your other sections
2. Guided peer review of Background Information section
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic MutationsSecond Half of Double
Block
Objectives for Class:• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how
DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report
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