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Write in the 21st Century
Writing is one of the world’s oldest technologies
Writing is both visual and verbal Writing is multilingual Writing can reach massive audiences
(in a very short time) Writing is primarily public from: p
27 EDW
When Writing an Argument You are attempting to convince
readers of something… Change their minds Urge them to do something Address a problem where no simple
solution exists
When Writing an Argument Who is your audience?
Scholars? Fellow Students? Collegues? Children?
Write to your particular audience
When Writing an Argument Shape your appeal to your audience
Establish common ground Respect your audience’s interests and views Choose examples the audience can relate to Use language appropriate to your audience
Audience p27 EDW
What is your topic or message? What is your relationship to your audience? What are your values & beliefs? Your audience’s? You & your audience’s background
knowledge? Time and space limitations? Purpose? Appropriate level of language?
What do you want your project to do? Analyze? Classify? Compare? Contrast? Define? Describe? Discuss? Explain? Survey? Prove?
The Argument p70 EDW
“…all language has an argumentative edge.”
Do not assume that all writers agree with you!
“What one [person] might call a massive demonstration another might call a noisy protest, and yet another an angry march…”
Analyzing the Argument p71 EDW What is the main issue (stasis) What emotional, ethical and logical appeals can
you use? How can you establish your credibility? What sources do you have? How current and reliable are they? Does your thesis reflect your claim accurately? How can you use visuals to support your
argument?
When Writing an Argument Stasis Theory (stasis = stand)
Did the act occur? How is the act defined? How important or serious is the act? What actions should be taken as a
result of this act?
When Writing an Argument Reason :: Logic Emotion :: Values Character :: Credibility :: Ethics
LOGOS :: PATHOS :: ETHOS
Logos :: Pathos :: Ethos
Logos The appeal to reason (logic)
Pathos The appeal to emotion (values)
Ethos The appeal to character (ethics)
When Writing an Argument Logos :: reason
“The facts don’t lie” Use of evidence Trustworthy sources Clearly defined terms
When Writing an Argument Pathos :: emotion of the reader
Reminds us of deeply held values Stirs reader’s emotions Creates a strong emotional appeal
When Writing an Argument Ethos :: character of the writer
The credibility, moral character, and goodwill of the writer (ethics)
Knowledgeable on the subject? Trustworthy? In the best interest of the audience?
When Writing an Argument Identify the elements of an
argument Most arguments share a claim,
reasons for that claim, warrants (assumptions) which connect the claim to the reasons, evidence (facts, credible opinions, examples, statistics), and qualifiers (limiting of the claim)
When Writing an Argument Identify the elements of an argument
Claim Reasons, for that claim Warrants or assumptions, which connect
the claim to the reasons Evidence, facts, credible opinions,
examples, statistics Qualifiers, limits of the claim
When Writing an Argument Recognize Fallacies
Serious Flaws Barriers to common ground and
understanding
Pages 74-76 The Everyday Writer Emotional, ethical, logical fallacies
Recognizing Fallacies
EmotionalBandwagon appeal, flattery, in-crowd appeal,
veiled threats, false analogies Ethical
Ad hominem, guilt by association, false authority Logical
Begging the question, post hoc fallacy, non sequitur, either-or, hasty generalization, oversimplification
When Writing an Argument Demonstrating Knowledge
Using credible sources
Demonstrating Fairness Considering the other side in your
paper adds to your credibility
Organizing an Argument
The Classical System1. Introduction2. Background3. Lines of Argument4. Alternative arguments5. Conclusion
Organizing an Argument
The Toulmin System1. Make your claim2. Qualify your claim3. Present good reasons as support4. Explain the underlying assumptions5. Provide additional evidence6. Acknowledge possible counter arguments7. Draw your conclusions
When Making Presentationsof your finished Arguments Know your material
Practice, practice, practice Helps you be more comfortable on presentation
day
Make Eye Contact Adds to your credibility Lets the listeners know you know your stuff
CONTRAST
Black type :: white background
Sizes :: draw the eye to the focal point
White space :: use it wisely!
PROXIMITY
Grouping Elements Headlines close to their body copy Captions close to their pictures 3-5 Groupings per page
Give it The Squint Test
Typography
Promotes the “feeling” / Sets the “tone”
Pick 2 typefaces Headlines / Sub Heads / Body Copy Serif / San Serif
Use bold and italic for emphasis
Type Sizes
Varying Sizes Adds Contrast Establishes a Hierarchy of Info Consistency is Key Keep “legibility” and “readability” in
mind
How Much Info Per Slide?
Not Much! A Bulleted List Five or Six lines of type Maybe 1 paragraph
Better to break up long passages into two or more slides
Color Psychology
Sources on the web…
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/colors1.html
http://www.pantone.com/products/products.asp?idArticle=112&idArea=16
How will your project
be read?
4 Principles of Graphic DesignTypographical Suggestions
Color Psychology
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