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7/31/2019 Revisiting the Internationalization of the Yuan
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr Zmramz
_mazauafd ugm Afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf
kb ugm Q}nf
Qkfdeafd Q}
Fk& :22L}`q ?3>?
Nzanf Emm`ksimfu Onfh Afzuau}um
7/31/2019 Revisiting the Internationalization of the Yuan
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7/31/2019 Revisiting the Internationalization of the Yuan
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
Nozurnju
Nz ugm tkr`e‑z zmjkfe `nrdmzu mjkfkiq, `nrdmzu urneafd fnuakf, nfe ugm `nrdmzu bkrmadf gk`emr kb]faume Zunumz ']Z! dkmrfimfu okfez, ugm Smks`m‑z _ms}o`aj kb Jgafn 'S_J! fmmez n j}rrmfjqtaug afumrfnuakfn` zunu}z ugnu jnf inujg auz mjkfkiaj zunu}z af ugm d`kon` mjkfkiq& Gktmmr,zm~}mfjafd az aiskrunfu& Ombkrm ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf jnf inhm imnfafdb}`
srkdrmzz, fmjmzznrq jkfeauakfz, z}jg nz ugm mwazumfjm kb emms nfe `a~}ae bafnfjan` inrhmuz, nb`mwao`m mwjgnfdm rnum nfe afumrmzu rnumz rmzskfzam uk inrhmu jkfeauakfz i}zu om jrmnume&
Ugm srkjmzz kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf mzzmfuan``q az n srkjmzz kb jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf&E}m uk ugm }fsrmjmemfume nfe jkis`mw d`kon` bafnfjan` jrazaz nfe ugm S_J‑z g}dm aion`nfjmz,jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf gnz uk om s}rz}me af n jn}uak}z tnq& Nz n rmz}`u, ugmafumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf az ok}fe uk om n `kfd)erntf srkjmzz&
Ugm S_J‑z rkne ins bkr ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf az b`ntme taug infq iazzafd `afhznfe tazgb}` ugafhafd& Q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf d}aeme oq ugm j}rrmfu rkne ins inq om srkmfjk}fumrsrke}juam&
LM@ J`nzzabajnuakf< B:>, B::
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
Jkfumfuz
>& Afurke}juakf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :
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B}fjuakfz kb nf Afumrfnuakfn` J}rrmfjq
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :
:& Skzzao`m Omfmbauz kb Q}nf Afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf bkr ugm S_J &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2
5& Ugm _kne Ins kb Q}nf Afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 4
=& Srkdrmzz af Q}nf Afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&>>
=&> ]zm kb ugm Q}nf bkr Urnem Zmuu`mimfu &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&>?=&? Q}nf Emskzauz gm`e oq Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&>:=&: Ugm Azz}nfjm kb Q}nf Emfkiafnume Okfez &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&>5=&5 Q}nf Ztnsz taug Bkrmadf Jmfurn` Onfhz &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&>5
2& Srko`miz kb Q}nf Afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&>=
2&> Nzqiimurq kb Q}nf Afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf nfe _mz}`uafd Tm`bnrm @kzzmz uk ugmS_J &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&>=
2&? Z}rdm af Zsmj}`nuam Zgkru)umri Jnsaun` B`ktz &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&>7
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7& Jkfj`}zakf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?:
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
:
>& AFU_KE]JUAKF
Zafjm auz `n}fjg af mnr`q ?331, ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf gnz ommf inhafd rnsae
srkdrmzz& Nz ugm tkr`e‑z zmjkfe `nrdmzu mjkfkiq, `nrdmzu urneafd fnuakf, nfe ugm `nrdmzubkrmadf gk`emr kb ]faume Zunumz ']Z! dkmrfimfu okfez, ugm Smks`m‑z _ms}o`aj kb Jgafn 'S_J!
fmmez n j}rrmfjq taug afumrfnuakfn` zunu}z ugnu jnf inujg auz mjkfkiaj zunu}z af ugm d`kon`
mjkfkiq& Tga`m ugm S_J mjkfkiazuz }famrzn``q z}sskru ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf nz
n `kfd)umri dkn`, tkrramz nok}u ugm skzzao`m fmdnuam aisnju kb ugm S_J ikfmunrq n}ugkrauamz‑
j}rrmfu s}zg bkr ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kf ugm S_J‑z tm`bnrm nfe bafnfjan` zunoa`auq gnm
mimrdme zafjm ?3>3& Af bnju, q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf gnz omjkim kfm kb ugm ikzu
jkfurkmrzan` azz}mz nikfd mjkfkiazuz af ugm S_J&
Ugaz jgnsumr az n rmmwniafnuakf kb ugm mfemnkr kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf zafjm ?331& Ugm
inaf bafeafdz nrm ugnu emzsaum ugm srkdrmzz inem, ugm S_J ekmz fku gnm n ano`m rkne ins
bkr q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf qmu, nfe smrgnsz au jnffku gnm kfm& Ugm i}jg)srkj`naime srklmju
jk}`e srkm nf nfuaj`ainw& Af ugm zgkru umri, ugm S_J‑z sk`ajq bkj}z zgk}`e fku om kf
srkikuafd ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf, omjn}zm ugmrm nrm infq ikrm }rdmfu
jgn``mfdmz uk bnjm& Ugm rmbkri kb ugm S_J‑z mwjgnfdm rnum rmdaim nfe `aomrn`a|nuakf kb afumrmzu
rnumz zgk}`e unhm srmjmemfjm& Fmme`mzz uk znq, uk jnrrq k}u jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf
eazd}azme nz q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf taugk}u gnafd imu fmjmzznrq srmrm~}azaumz az
enfdmrk}z&
Zmjuakf ? az n oramb z}rmq kb ugm `aumrnu}rm kf ugm embafauakf nfe jgnrnjumrazuajz kb nf
afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq& Zmjuakf : emn`z taug ugm kolmjuamz kb ugm S_J‑z mbbkruz af srkikuafd
q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Zmjuakf 5 damz jrauajn` nzzmzzimfuz kf ugm S_J‑z rkne ins kb q}nfafumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Ugm babug zmjuakf mwniafmz ugm srkdrmzz ugm S_J gnz inem nfe zmjuakf 2
eazj}zzmz zkim kb ugm srko`miz nrazafd brki q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Zmjuakf 4 eazj}zzmz ugm
rm`nuakfzgas omutmmf q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf nfe jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf& Ugm bafn`
zmjuakf kbbmrz jkfj`}eafd rminrhz&
?& B]FJUAKFZ KB NF AFUM_FNUAKFN@ J]__MFJQ
Ugmrm az n `nrdm okeq kb `aumrnu}rm kf ugm fnu}rm kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq nfe ugm tnqz uk
afumrfnuakfn`a|m n fnuakfn` j}rrmfjq& Njjkreafd uk Hmfmf '?331!, nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq az
}zme nfe gm`e omqkfe ugm okremrz kb ugm azz}afd jk}furq& Nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq az fku
imrm`q }zme bkr urnfznjuakfz taug rmzaemfuz o}u az n`zk }zme bkr urnfznjuakfz omutmmf rmzaemfuz
nfe fkfrmzaemfuz& Ugmkrmuajn` eazj}zzakfz kb j}rrmfjq afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf }z}n``q omdaf taug
ugm b}fjuakfz kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq& Hmfmf '>17:! srmzmfuz zkim mnr`q ugk}dguz kf ugm
rk`mz kb afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjamz& Jgaff nfe Brnfhm` '?33=! srkaem n `azu kb afumrfnuakfn`
b}fjuakfz kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq 'Uno`m >!&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
5
Uno`m >< Ugm _k`m kb nf Afumrfnuakfn` J}rrmfjq
B}fjuakf kb ikfmq Dkmrfimfuz Sranum njukrz
Zukrm kb n`}m Afumrfnuakfn` rmzmrmz J}rrmfjq z}ozuau}uakf 'sranumek``nra|nuakf! nfe afmzuimfu 'skrubk`akn``kjnuakf!
Imea}i kb mwjgnfdm Bkrmadf mwjgnfdm inrhmuafumrmfuakf
Rmgaj`m j}rrmfjq, afkajafd urnem nfebafnfjan` urnfznjuakfz, zmuu`mimfuj}rrmfjq
]fau kb njjk}fu Nfjgkr bkr smddafd `kjn`j}rrmfjq
Emfkiafnuafd urnem nfe bafnfjan`urnfznjuakfz
Zk}rjm< Onzme kf Jgaff nfe Brnfhm` '?33=!&
Njjkreafd uk Jgaff nfe Brnfhm` '?33=!, nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq zgk}`e om n zukrm kb n`}m, n
imea}i kb mwjgnfdm, nfe n }fau kb njjk}fu bkr okug rmzaemfuz nfe fkfrmzaemfuz& Ugm b}fjuakfz
jnf om b}rugmr eaaeme afuk utk z}ob}fjuakfz< sranum }zm nfe s}o`aj }zm& Tgmf nf afumrfnuakfn`
j}rrmfjq az }zme bkr sranum s}rskzmz, au az }zme bkr j}rrmfjq z}ozuau}uakf, oraedafd j}rrmfjqurneafd af bkrmadf mwjgnfdm inrhmuz, nfe afkajafd nfe emfkiafnuafd urnem nfe bafnfjan`
urnfznjuakfz& Tgmf au az }zme bkr s}o`aj s}rskzmz, au az }zme nz n rmzmrm j}rrmfjq, nf
afumrmfuakf j}rrmfjq, nfe nf nfjgkr j}rrmfjq&
Ugm nokm)imfuakfme b}fjuakfz kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq ta`` om }zme nz n skafu kb
rmbmrmfjm nz ugaz zu}eq nzzmzzmz ugm srkdrmzz kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf nfe mws`krmz
skzzao`m rk}umz bkr afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& N j}rrmfjq jnf s`nq ugm rk`m kb nf afumrfnuakfn`
j}rrmfjq kf eabbmrmfu `mm`z& Bkr mwnis`m, nikfd n`` ugm b}fjuakfz kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq,
ugm ikzu z}srmim az ugm rk`m kb nf afumrfnuakfn` rmzmrm j}rrmfjq& Au zmmiz ugnu kf ugm zmjkfe
gadgmzu `mm` zunfez ugm rk`m kb mgaj`m j}rrmfjq&
]femrzunfeafd eabbmrz kf ugm j`nzzabajnuakf kb ugm b}fjuakfz kb nf afumrfnuakfn` rmzmrm j}rrmfjq&
Bkr mwnis`m, njjkreafd uk Auk '?3>>!, ugm rk`m kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq jnf om j`nzzabame nz
bk``ktz 'Uno`m ?!&
Uno`m ?< Eaimfzakfz kb nf Afumrfnuakfn` J}rrmfjq
Sranum zmjukr Kbbajan` zmjukr
]fau kb njjk}fu Urnem afkajafdEmfkiafnuakf kb bafnfjan`srke}juz
Omafd smddme oq kugmr jk}furamz]zm af j}rrmfjq onzhmuz kb bkrmadfjmfurn` onfhzZE_ jkiskzauakf j}rrmfjqEmfkiafnuakf kb dkmrfimfu
okfezImea}i kbmwjgnfdm
'zmuu`mimfu!
Urnem nfe bafnfjan` urnfznjuakfz J}rrmfjq jarj}`nuakf norkneDkmrfimfu bafnfjan` urnfznjuakfz'z}jg nz KEN! Jmfurn` onfh ztnszJ}rrmfjq afumrmfuakf
Zukrm kb n`}m Jrkzz)okremr emskzauzJrkzz)okremr zmj}rauamz
Bkrmadf rmzmrmz 'kb kugmrjk}furamz!
Fkumz< KEN 9 kbbajan` emm`ksiimfu nzzazunfjm8 ZE_ 9 Zsmjan` Erntafd _adguz&
Zk}rjm< Auk '?3>>! onzme kf ugm inuraw barzu srkskzme oq Hmfmf&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
=
Au az tkrug fkuafd ugnu af uno`m ?, ‐urnem afkajafd’ az s}u }femr ugm jnumdkrq kb ‐}fau kb njjk}fu’
rnugmr ugnf ‐imea}i kb mwjgnfdm’& Au zmmiz ugnu okug rk`mz kb afkajafd urnem nfe
emfkiafnuafd bafnfjan` urnfznjuakfz zgk}`e bn`` af ugm jnumdkrq kb }fau kb njjk}fu& Nfkugmr
aiskrunfu skafu az ugnu n eazuafjuakf omutmmf ugm rk`m kb afkajafd nfe ugnu kb zmuu`mimfu i}zu om
inem j`mnr& Au az mrq jkiikf ugnu tga`m n j}rrmfjq az }zme nz nf afkajafd j}rrmfjq af njmrunaf urnfznjuakf, zmuu`mimfu az inem af nfkugmr j}rrmfjq bkr ugm znim urnfznjuakf& Nz
skafume k}u oq Auk, Znukzga, Znuk, nfe Zgia|} '?3>3!, Zsmjan` Erntafd _adguz 'ZE_! az n }fau kb
njjk}fu o}u fku n zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq& Ugm rmjkdfauakf kb ugm eabbmrmfjm omutmmf ugmzm utk
rk`mz az mrq aiskrunfu&
Nz nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq, ugm rk`m kb ugm afkajafd j}rrmfjq az ikrm b}fenimfun` ugnf ugnu kb
ugm zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq& Ab mwskrumrz‑ ikzu aiskrunfu jkfzaemrnuakf az uk nkae mwjgnfdm rnum
razhz, ugmq tk}`e srmbmr uk }zm ugmar ktf fnuakfn` j}rrmfjq uk afkajafd urnem& Nz `kfd nz
mwskrumrz jnf jkfmru ugm zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq afuk ugmar ktf fnuakfn` j}rrmfjq, au ekmz fku
inuumr ugnu i}jg tgnu j}rrmfjq az }zme bkr urnem zmuu`mimfu& Af jkfurnzu, ab urnem az afkajme af
n bkrmadf j}rrmfjq, ugmf ugm }zm kb ugm fnuakfn` j}rrmfjq nz ugm zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq ta`` fku
gm`s mwskrumrz uk nkae nf mwjgnfdm rnum razh& Ugm znim az ur}m kb aiskrumrz, ugk}dg ugmq nrm
mwskzme uk ksskzaum mwjgnfdm rnum razhz&
Ab ugm afkajafd j}rrmfjq gnz ommf emjaeme, ugm jgkajm kb zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq az fku mfuarm`q
arrm`mnfu& Zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq nz n imea}i kb mwjgnfdm smrbkriz eabbmrmfu rk`mz brki ugkzm kb
nf afkajafd j}rrmfjq& Omjn}zm skzzao`m uaim `ndz omutmmf ugm zmuu`mimfu kb urnem nfe
j}rrmfjq mwjgnfdm nfe skzzao`m jgnfdmz af ugm mwjgnfdm rnum e}rafd ugaz uaim, ugm jgkajm kb
zmuu`mimfu zua`` inhmz n eabbmrmfjm af umriz kb srkbauz nfe `kzzmz bkr mwskrumrz nfe aiskrumrz&
Tgmf nf afkajafd j}rrmfjq az emjaeme, ugm earmjuakf kb jgnfdm af ugm mwjgnfdm rnum zgk}`e om
n mrq aiskrunfu jkfzaemrnuakf& Af jkfurnzu, tgmf n zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq az jgkzmf, ugm zunoa`auqkb n j}rrmfjq zgk}`e om n srakrauq&
Dmfmrn``q, tgmf mwskrumrz nrm af bnkr kb kfm j}rrmfjq nz ugm afkajafd j}rrmfjq, ugmq tk}`e
om af bnkr kb ugm znim j}rrmfjq nz ugm zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq& Ugaz az n`zk ur}m kb aiskrumrz& O}u
af rmn`auq, ugm zau}nuakf jnf om ikrm jkis`ajnume& Af infq eazj}zzakfz nf ais`ajau nzz}isuakf az
inem ugnu n zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq i}zu om nf afkajafd j}rrrmfjq nu ugm znim uaim& Ugaz
nzz}isuakf az iaz`mneafd, omjn}zm ugm jn}zmz `mneafd uk ugm }zm kb n j}rrmfjq nz ugm
afkajafd j}rrmfjq kr ugm zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq nrm fku ugm znim&
Snrh '?3>3! skafuz k}u ugnu n drmnumr }zndm af bafnfjan` emfkiafnuakf rnugmr ugnf urnem
afkajafd nssmnrz uk om n i}jg ikrm aiskrunfu ~}n`abajnuakf bkr n inlkr afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq&Ena`q u}rfkmr kb ugm tkr`e‑z j}rrmfjq inrhmuz 'n`` afzur}imfuz afj`}eme! tnz j`kzm uk %5 ura``akf
n enq af ?3>3, tga`m ugm n`}m kb tkr`e imrjgnfeazm mwskruz bm`` ?:- uk %>?&>= ura``akf af ?331,
nfe tkr`e jkiimrjan` zmrajmz mwskruz emj`afme >:- uk %:&:> ura``akf 'TUK ?3>3!&
Tgmf n j}rrmfjq az rmbmrrme uk nz n zukrm kb n`}m, au inq rmbmr uk ugm j}rrmfjq af ugm bkri kb
jnzg nfe emskzauz, kr uk ugm bnju ugnu bafnfjan` nzzmuz nfe `anoa`auamz nrm taem`q emfkiafnume oq
ugm j}rrmfjq& Gk`eafd n j}rrmfjq af ugm bkri kb jnzg nfe emskzauz nz zukrm kb n`}m az eabbmrmfu
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
2
brki gk`eafd bafnfjan` nzzmuz emfkiafnume af ugm j}rrmfjq& Ugm eabbmrmfjm omutmmf ugm utk
bkriz omjkimz koak}z e}rafd n bafnfjan` jrazaz& Au zgk}`e om misgnza|me ugnu nf afumrfnuakfn`
j}rrmfjq fmme fku om m~}n``q taem`q }zme af emfkiafnuafd okug bafnfjan` nzzmuz nfe `anoa`auamz
kb ugm azz}afd jk}furq kb ugm j}rrmfjq& Bkr mwnis`m, tga`m ]Z bkrmadf `anoa`auamz nrm
kmrtgm`iafd`q emfkiafnume af ugm ek``nr, auz bkrmadf nzzmuz nrm ikzu`q emfkiafnume af bkrmadfj}rrmfjamz& Ugm }`uainum umzu bkr n j}rrmfjq‑z afumrfnuakfn` skzauakf az ugm mwumfu uk tgajg ugm
j}rrmfjq jnf om }zme uk emfkiafnum `anoa`auamz kb ugm azz}nfjm jk}furq&
:& SKZZAO@M OMFMBAUZ KB Q]NF AFUM_FNUAKFN@A\NUAKF
BK_ UGM S_J
Tgq eae ugm S_J ikfmunrq n}ugkrauamz emjaeme uk s}zg ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf zk
adkrk}z`q; Tgnu nrm ugm zsmjabaj rmz}`uz ugm S_J dkmrfimfu tazgmz uk njgamm oq s}zgafdq}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf;
Barzu, ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf ta`` rme}jm mwjgnfdm rnum razhz, uk tgajg ugm S_J
bariz nrm mwskzme& Ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf imnfz ugnu ikrm bkrmadf urnem nfe
bafnfjan` urnfznjuakfz ta`` om afkajme nfe zmuu`me 'snae! af ugm q}nf& Nz n rmz}`u, ugm mwjgnfdm
rnum razhz bkr ugm S_J bariz ta`` om rme}jme kr jnfjm`me k}u njjkreafd`q& Omjn}zm kb ugm S_J‑z
smrzazumfu j}rrmfu njjk}fu nfe jnsaun` njjk}fu z}rs`}zmz, q}nf nssrmjanuakf srmzz}rm gnz ommf
o}a`eafd }s zumnea`q zafjm mnr`q ?33:& Infq om`amm ugnu ab mwskruz nrm afkajme nfe zmuu`me af
ugm q}nf, ugm S_J mwskrumrz ta`` om no`m uk nkae mwjgnfdm rnum razh tga`m ugm q}nf az af ugm
srkjmzz kb nssrmjanuakf, nfe gmfjm ugm ikimfu}i kb ugm S_J‑z mwskruz jnf om inafunafme&>
Zmjkfe, ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf ta`` rme}jm ugm S_J‑z urnfznjuakf jkzuz af urnem,
afj`}eafd ugm jkzu kb urnem bafnfjm, nfe `mne uk n b}rugmr mwsnfzakf kb afumrfnuakfn` urnem& Ugm
rnsae afjrmnzm af ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz n zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq 'snqimfu j}rrmfjq! gnz drmnu`q
okkzume ugm S_J‑z okremr urnem&
Ugare, ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf ta`` aisrkm ugm b}feafd mbbajamfjq kb ugm S_J‑z
bafnfjan` afzuau}uakfz, gmfjm afjrmnzafd ugmar afumrfnuakfn` jkismuauamfmzz nfe `mne uk ugm
mwsnfzakf kb ugm S_J‑z bafnfjan` zmrajmz zmjukr& Au az jkfe}jam uk ugm S_J‑z mbbkruz bkr
emm`ksafd Zgnfdgna nz nf afumrfnuakfn` bafnfjan` jmfumr&
Bk}rug, ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf imnfz ugnu ugm fmme bkr ugm S_J uk gk`e ugm ek``nrnz n imea}i kb mwjgnfdm nfe n zukrm kb n`}m ta`` om rme}jme njjkreafd`q, tgajg af u}rf
>]fbkru}fnum`q, ugm nzz}isuakf az `ahm`q trkfd& Taug ugm q}nf nz afkajafd nfe zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq, ugm nssrmjanuakf
kb ugm q}nf ta`` `mne uk ugm `kzz kb inrhmu zgnrmz oq ugm S_J mwskrumrz nfe gmfjm ugm rme}juakf kb mwskruz
nfqtnq&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
4
imnfz ugnu ugm S_J ta`` om no`m uk rme}jm zmadfakrndm snae uk ugm ]Z& ?
5& UGM _KNE INS KB Q]NF AFUM_FNUAKFN@A\NUAKF
Unhafd afuk
jkfzaemrnuakf ugm gadg srkonoa`auq ugnu af ugm `kfd r}f ugm ek``nr ta`` emn`}m b}rugmr nfe ugm ]Z
dkmrfimfu ta`` afb`num ntnq auz emou o}remf oq ikfmua|afd auz o}edmu embajau 'z}jg az n`rmneq
ugm smrjmsuakf kb ~}nfuaunuam mnzafd!, oq rme}jafd ugm gk`eafd kb ek``nr emfkiafnume bafnfjan`
nzzmuz, ugm S_J ta`` om no`m uk rme}jm jnsaun` `kzzmz kf auz g}dm bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz afugm b}u}rm&
Gazukrajn``q, bkr ikzu jk}furamz, ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugmar j}rrmfjamz gnz ommf inrhmu)
eramf nfe taugk}u nfq rkne insz&: Af bnju, infq jk}furamz gnm rmzazume ugm srmzz}rm uk
afumrfnuakfn`a|m ugmar j}rrmfjamz& Af Lnsnf, ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm qmf tnz `n}fjgme
}femr ]Z srmzz}rm& Ugm rkne ins bkr qmf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf tnz mzzmfuan``q n rkne ins bkr
jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf af `afm taug ]Z tazgmz 'Unhn
da
?331!&
Au zmmiz ugnu ugmrm az fksrmjmemfu bkr z}jjmzzb}` afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb n j}rrmfjq ugnu az d}aeme oq n srmemumriafme
rkne ins& Nikfd ugkzm jk}furamz taug n bkri kb rkne ins, Lnsnf bna`me uk srkikum qmf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf nz s`nffme& Dmrinfq z}jjmmeme af inhafd ugm m}rk nf afumrfnuakfn`
j}rrmfjq, o}u au jnim nu ugm mwsmfzm kb ugm Em}uzjgm inrh nfe au az no}fenfu`q j`mnr af ugm
tnhm kb ugm m}rk|kfm zkmrmadf emou jrazaz ugnu Dmrinfq tnz bkrjme afuk n z}oksuain`
ikfmunrq }fakf& N`ugk}dg af ugm `aumrnu}rm zkim j`}mz bkr jnumdkra|afd ugm rk}umz `mneafd uk ugm
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb n fnuakfn` j}rrmfjq jnf om bk}fe, ugmrm az fk mwumfzam eazj}zzakf kf
d}aeafd srafjas`mz bkr erntafd n ano`m rkne ins bkr j}rrmfjq afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf&5
Ugm S_J‑z rkne ins
=
?
Zmadfakrndm nik}fuz uk ugm rmu}rf kf ugm mwurn nzzmuz 'rmn` nfe bafnfjan`! ugnu n jk}furq az no`m uk nj~}arm omjn}zm
kb ugm mwumrfn` gk`eafdz kb auz j}rrmfjq, `mzz ugm afumrmzu snae kf ugm nzzmuz af tgajg ugm bkrmadfmrz afmzu ugmar
gk`eafdz nfe `mzz nfq mwurn neiafazurnuam jkzuz nrazafd brki ugm afumrfnuakfn` rk`m kb auz ikfmq 'Smnrjm >17><
:71!&
bkr ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf bk``ktz tgnu jk}`e om jn``me ‐n
b}fjuakfn` nssrknjg&’ Bkr ugm emzadfmrz kb ugm rkne ins, ugm bafn` emzuafnuakf kb
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az uk inhm ugm q}nf kf snr taug ugm ek``nr af s`nqafd ugm rk`m kb nf
afumrfnuakfn` rmzmrm j}rrmfjq& Uk nrram nu ugaz emzuafnuakf, jkfeauakfz gnm uk om jrmnume uk
mfno`m ugm q}nf, nz i}jg nz skzzao`m, uk b}`ba`` ugm b}fjuakfz kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq& O}u
:
Majgmfdrmmf nfe B`nfermn} gnm nrd}me eabbmrmfu`q '?3>3!&5
Snrh '?3>3! srkskzme ugnu ugm S_J zgk}`e bk``kt n rmdakfn` nssrknjg uk ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf&
=Ugm S_J n}ugkrauamz gnm fku s}o`azgme nfq bkrin` ekj}imfuz uk srmzmfu ugm rkne ins kb q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Gktmmr, onzme kf nna`no`m ekj}imfuz ugnu nrm naime nu neermzzafd ksmrnuakfn` srko`miz
taug rmdnre uk q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf nfe un`hz nfe snsmrz oq ugkzm tgk nrm j`kzm uk ugm emjazakf inhmrz, tm
zua`` jnf gnm n d`aiszm nu tgnu az af ugm iafe kb n}ugkrauamz kf gkt ugmq nrm srmsnrme uk s}zg q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
7
ugm lk}rfmq kb ugm q}nf uk ugm tkr`e az zundme af kremr kb eabbaj}`uq& Q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf gnz
uk zunru oq inhafd ugm q}nf nna`no`m uk fkfrmzaemfuz& Ugaz nssmnrz `kdajn`& Taugk}u inhafd ugm
q}nf nna`no`m uk fkf)rmzaemfuz, gkt jnf ugm q}nf om }zme afumrfnuakfn``q; Ugm S_J gnz n
zsmjabaj nenfundm af ugm bkri kb ugm mwazumfjm kb Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn―nf afumrfnuakfn` bafnfjan`
jmfumr nfe ugm zafd`m ikzu aiskrunfu mfurmsõu bkr ugm S_J& Gmfjm, q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakfzunruz taug ugm srkikuakf kb ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf bkr zmuu`afd aiskruz brki Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn&
Ugm S_J ikfmunrq n}ugkrauamz srkj`nai ugnu fk nruabajan` afjmfuamz gnm ommf srkaeme uk
mfjk}rndm ugm S_J aiskrumrz uk }zm ugm q}nf nz n zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq& Tgnu au gnz ekfm az uk
rmikm ugm rmzurajuakfz kf ugm jgkajm kb j}rrmfjq bkr urnem zmuu`mimfu oq ugm S_J mfumrsrazmz
af zmmrn` zumsz& Gktmmr, au gnz uk om nzhme< n`ugk}dg brmmeki kb jgkajm gnz ommf damf uk
ugm S_J aiskrumrz, tgq i}zu ugmq jgkkzm ugm q}nf afzumne kb kugmr j}rrmfjamz bkr aiskru
zmuu`mimfu, mzsmjan``q tgmf unhafd afuk jkfzaemrnuakf ugm bnju ugnu ugm q}nf gnz ommf kf ugm
jk}rzm kb nssrmjanuakf bkr zaw qmnrz nfe az `ahm`q uk jkfuaf}m af ugm bkrmzmmno`m b}u}rm; Kb
jk}rzm, Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn mwskrumrz jnf om nzhme n zaia`nr ~}mzuakf< tgq tk}`e ugmq om
gnssq uk njjmsu q}nf snqimfuz; ]fbkru}fnum`q, af ugm S_J‑z rkne ins, ugmzm ~}mzuakfz nrm
fku nzhme, `mu n`kfm nfztmrme&
Ugmrm nrm n `nrdm f}iomr kb ugmkrmuajn` nfe misarajn` zu}eamz mws`krafd ugm zm`mjuakf kb nf
afkajafd j}rrmfjq 'Drnzzinf >14:8 Dk`eomrd nfe Ua``m ?3378 Braomrd nfe Ta`nfemr ?3378
Hntna >1128 Auk, Znukzga, Znuk, nfe Zgaia|} ?3>3!& Njjkreafd uk ugmzm zu}eamz, urnem omutmmf
afe}zuran`a|me jk}furamz af inf}bnju}rme srke}juz umfez uk om afkajme af ugm mwskrumr‑z
j}rrmfjq& Urnem omutmmf nf afe}zuran`a|me nfe n emm`ksafd jk}furq af inf}bnju}rme srke}juz
umfez uk om afkajme af ugm afe}zuran`a|me jk}furq‑z j}rrmfjq& Urnem omutmmf nfq snar kb
jk}furamz af srainrq srke}juz umfez uk om afkajme af nf afe}zuran`a|me jk}furq‑z j}rrmfjq
'Hntna >112!& Emzsaum ugm bnju ugnu fk jkfj`}zam rmz}`uz gnm ommf njgamme, au az j`mnr ugnuugm emumriafnfuz kb ugm jgkajm kb ugm afkajafd j}rrmfjq nrm i}`uabk`e& Mwjgnfdm rnumz nfe
mwsmjunuakfz kb mwjgnfdm rnum jgnfdmz ta`` afb`}mfjm nf mfumrsrazm‑z jgkajm kb afkajafd
j}rrmfjq& Kugmr bnjukrz kf afe}zuran` nfe mfumrsrazm `mm`z, z}jg nz n jk}furq‑z afe}zuran`
zur}ju}rm, jkrskrnuakf krdnfa|nuakfz, mfumrsrazm o}zafmzz ikem`z nfe inrhmuafd zurnumdamz,
uqsmz kb srke}juz nna`no`m, nfe emm`ksimfu kb rm`mnfu bafnfjan` inrhmuz, inq b}fenimfun``q
afb`}mfjm nf mfumrsrazm‑z jgkajm kb afkajafd j}rrmfjq& Ugm onrdnafafd sktmrz kb urnem snrufmrz
n`zk s`nq nf aiskrunfu rk`m af emjaeafd ugm bafn` }zm kb afkajafd j}rrmfjq&
Au az tkrug fkuafd ugnu af ugm `aumrnu}rm, ugmrm nrm n `ku kb eazj}zzakfz kf ugm jgkajm kb ugm
afkajafd j}rrmfjq, o}u rm`nuam`q bmt eazj}zzakfz kf ugm jgkajm kb ugm zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq&2
2
Smrgnsz ugaz az omjn}zm ugm jgkzmf zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq }z}n``q az ugm znim j}rrmfjq bkr afkajafd&
Tgmf smks`m un`h nok}u ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf bkr urnem zmuu`mimfu, fk kfm gnz nzhme tgmugmr
ugm q}nf az n`zk }zme bkr urnem afkajafd& Bkr bkrmadf kozmrmrz, au i}zu om ugm jnzm& O}u au az
fku& Tgmf urnem az zmuu`me af q}nf, au az fku fmjmzznra`q afkajme af q}nf& Af ugm S_J‑z rkne
ins, srkikuafd ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz afkajafd j}rrmfjq gnz rnrm`q ommf mws`ajau`q eazj}zzme&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
1
Nz `kfd nz ugm q}nf az }zme bkr urnem zmuu`mimfu nfe gmfjm q}nf gnm b`ktf k}u kb ugm jk}furq,
ugm emzadfmrz kb ugm rkne ins ek fku zmmi uk tkrrq tgmugmr ugm q}nf az }zme nz ugm afkajafd
j}rrmfjq& Gktmmr, ab aiskruz nrm zua`` afkajme af ek``nrz, ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf bkr zmuu`mimfu az
fku n drmnu njjkis`azgimfu af q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Kf ugm jkfurnrq, ugaz zau}nuakf jnf om
n rmz}`u kb zkim smrmrzm njuaauamz z}jg nz omuuafd kf q}nf nssrmjanuakf nfe jnf om mnza`qrmmrzme tgmf jarj}izunfjmz jgnfdm&
Tgq ekmz ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf bkr aiskru zmuu`mimfu kjj}sq z}jg n jmfurn` s`njm af ugm S_J‑z
rkne ins; Ugmrm nrm utk skzzaoa`auamz& Kfm az uk mfno`m Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz uk gk`e
q}nf nzzmuz& Nfkugmr az uk mfno`m Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz uk }zm ugm q}nf uk snq bkr ugmar
aiskruz brki ugm S_J& Au zmmiz ugnu ugm S_J‑z misgnzaz az kf mfjk}rndafd Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn
rmzaemfuz uk gk`e ikrm q}nf nzzmuz& Uk njgamm ugaz, ugm S_J dkmrfimfu jrmnume
imjgnfaziz bkr ugm rmjqj`afd kb ugm q}nf, zkkf nbumr ugm q}nf zmuu`mimfu bkr urnem tnz
`n}fjgme& Ugm mzzmfjm kb rmjqj`afd az uk jrmnum jgnffm`z bkr Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz uk
afmzu ugmar q}nf srkjmmez rmjmame brki ugm S_J aiskrumrz 'nfe q}nf kounafme an kugmr
jgnffm`z! af q}nf nzzmuz srkaeme oq ugm S_J bafnfjan` afzuau}uakfz&4
Njjkreafd uk ugm rkne ins bkr q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf, nz n rmz}`u kb ugm njj}i}`nuakf kb q}nf
nzzmuz oq fkfrmzaemfuz 'inaf`q Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz!, ‐zkimgkt’ afjmfuamz ta``
afjrmnzm bkr fkfrmzaemfuz uk snq bkr ugm S_J mwskruz taug ugm q}nf, tgajg ugmq kounafme brki
zm``afd dkkez nfe zmrajmz uk ugm S_J& ]fbkru}fnum`q, ugm rkne ins gnz iawme utk eabbmrmfu
b}fjuakfz kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq―ugm b}fjuakf kb imea}i kb mwjgnfdm nfe ugnu kb zukrm kb
n`}m& Nz n imea}i kb mwjgnfdm, ugm q}nf zgk}`e ikm onjh nfe bkrug njrkzz okremrzjkfzunfu`q
Taugk}u ugm rmjqj`afd,
Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz tk}`e gnm fk ksuakf o}u uk emskzau ugmar q}nf taug Gkfd Hkfd,
Jgafn onfhz, tgajg az fku n drmnu afjmfuam bkr ugmi uk gk`e q}nf nzzmuz e}m uk `kt afumrmzu
rnumz& Au az tkrug fkuafd ugnu ugm q}nf emskzauz taug Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn onfhz mfe }s taug ugm
Zgmf|gmf ornfjg kb ugm Smks`m‑z Onfh kb Jgafn 'SOKJ!, tgajg af u}rf snqz afumrmzu kf
emskzauz& Dmfmrn``q, afmzuimfu af q}nf emfkiafnume nzzmuz z}jg nz q}nf dkmrfimfu okfez
nfe q}nf jkrskrnum okfez, ab nna`no`m, tk}`e dam afmzukrz af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn gadgmr
rmu}rfz& Ugm azz}m gmrm az fku gkt ugm q}nf jnf om rmjqj`me& Ugm q}nf gnz ommf rmjqj`me
tgmf Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz emskzau ugmar q}nf srkjmmez taug Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn onfhz&
Ugm rmn` azz}m az, damf skzzao`m jkzuz, gkt i}jg brmmeki ugm S_J dkmrfimfu az ta``afd uk
dam uk Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz uk jgkkzm q}nf emfkiafnume nzzmuz uk afmzu ugmar q}nf
nfe gkt Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz tk}`e }ua`a|m ugmzm ksskru}fauamz, ab ugmq omjkim
nna`no`m& Ugaz az n inuumr kb jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf rnugmr ugnf kfm kb q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf&
7
4
Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn afzuau}uakfz n`zk jrmnume nrak}z uqsmz kb q}nf nzzmuz bkr afmzuimfu&
rnugmr ugnf om taugerntf brki jarj}`nuakf nfe njj}i}`nume af nrak}z bkriz kb
q}nf nzzmuz& Ab ugm kolmjuam az uk inhm ugm q}nf n zukrm kb n`}m nfe ugm kolmjuam gnz ommf
7Kr ugm q}nf zunqz af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn uk bnja`aunum urnem nfe bafnfjan` urnfznjuakfz af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn, ab ugm
q}nf az njjmsume uk smrbkri ugmzm b}fjuakfz&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
>3
njgamme, ugmf ugmrm tk}`e om fk q}nf `mbu bkr Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn aiskrumrz uk zmuu`m ugmar
aiskruz brki ugm S_J& Bkr Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz, ugm q}nf jnffku s`nq okug ugm rk`m kb
imea}i kb mwjgnfdm nfe ugnu kb zukrm kb n`}m nu ugm znim uaim& Ugmrm az fk ‐zkimgkt’ nz
gksme bkr af ugm S_J‑z rkne ins& Ugm afjmfuamz bkr Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn aiskrumrz uk }zm ugm
q}nf bkr aiskru zmuu`mimfu zgk}`e om eabbmrmfu brki ugm afjmfuamz bkr ugmi uk gk`e q}nf nzzmuz&Gmfjm, au az skzzao`m ugnu, nbumr n `kfd lk}rfmq, au az zua`` eabbaj}`u uk mfjk}rndm Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn
aiskrumrz uk }zm ugm q}nf bkr zmuu`mimfu& Infq `afhz omutmmf eabbmrmfu `mdz kb ugm q}nf‑z
lk}rfmq af ugm rkne ins zais`q ek fku mwazu&
Nz imfuakfme mnr`amr, nf afumrfnuakfn`a|me j}rrmfjq i}zu om taem`q }zme fku kf`q af afkajafd
nfe zmuu`afd afumrfnuakfn` urnem o}u n`zk af emfkiafnuafd bafnfjan` urnfznjuakfz& N`ugk}dg zafjm
ugm `n}fjg kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf, ugm S_J dkmrfimfu gnz srkikume ugm zn`m kb q}nf
emfkiafnume okfez 'okug s}o`aj nfe jkrskrnum!, ugmrm zmmiz uk om fk s`nf bkr ugm srkikuakf
kb ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz n emfkiafnuafd j}rrmfjq bkr bafnfjan` nzzmuz& Nz skafume k}u oq Snrh
'?3>3!, tga`m ugmrm az n `nrdm nik}fu kb `aumrnu}rm kf gkt n j}rrmfjq jnf om }zme
afumrfnuakfn``q bkr urnem afkajafd, mrq `auu`m gnz ommf trauumf kf ugm emumriafnfuz kb n j}rrmfjq
bkr ugm emfkiafnuakf kb bafnfjan` nzzmuz& Smrgnsz, ugm rk`m kb bafnfjan` nzzmuz emfkiafnuakf az
eabbaj}`u uk zmsnrnum brki ugm rk`m kb n`}m zukrndm& Gmfjm, ugm srkikuakf kb ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf
bkr ugm emfkiafnuakf kb bafnfjan` nzzmuz ta`` fku om gadg kf ugm ndmfen, }fua` gmnetnq gnz ommf
inem bkr ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz zukrm kb n`}m& B}rugmrikrm, ugm mwumfzamfmzz kb ugm }zm kb
ugm q}nf nz ugm emfkiafnuafd j}rrmfjq bkr bafnfjan` nzzmuz emsmfez kf ugm rk`m kb ugm S_J
bafnfjan` afzuau}uakfz af d`kon` bafnfjm& ]fbkru}fnum`q, n`ugk}dg ugm S_J gnz zkim kb ugm
oaddmzu onfhz af ugm tkr`e af umriz kb inrhmu jnsaun`a|nuakf, ugm S_J bafnfjan` afzuau}uakfz‑
d`kon` srmzmfjm az afzadfabajnfu& Bkr tgnummr ugm rmnzkf, ugm ~}mzuakf kb gkt ugm q}nf ta``
s`nq ugm rk`m kb emfkiafnuafd j}rrmfjq bkr afumrfnuakfn` bafnfjan` nzzmuz gnz fku ommf mws`ajau`q
neermzzme af ugm S_J‑z rkneins&
Ugm srkikuakf kb ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz zukrm kb n`}m gnz unhmf n bmt eabbmrmfu rk}umz& Barzu,
nz imfuakfme mnr`amr, q}nf emfkiafnume nzzmuz nrm srkaeme inaf`q bkr Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn
rmzaemfuz af jkffmjuakf taug ugm zjgmim kb q}nf rmjqj`afd& Ugk}dg ugm S_J gnz qmu uk s}u
bkrtnre n uaimuno`m, ugm zm~}mfjafd kb ugm srkazakf kb q}nf nzzmuz gnz mimrdme& Eabbmrmfu
uqsmz kb q}nf nzzmuz ta`` om srkaeme jkrrmzskfeafd uk ugmar skzzao`m aisnju kf ugm S_J‑z
bafnfjan` zunoa`auq& Zk bnr, Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz nrm n``ktme uk gk`e q}nf emskzauz, q}nf
jkrskrnum okfez, nfe q}nf dkmrfimfu okfez& Af ugm b}u}rm, ugmq inq om no`m uk afmzu af ugm
S_J ‐N zgnrm’ inrhmuz& Ugm rmzurajuakfz kf ugm nik}fu kb afmzuimfu ta`` om `kkzmfme
njjkreafd`q& Ugm afjrmnzm af ugm gk`eafdz kb q}nf nzzmuz oq Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuzimnfz ugnu ugm S_J az okrrktafd brki fkfrmzaemfuz& O}u taug g}dm z}rs`}z jnsaun` nfe %:&?
ura``akf af bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz, tgq zgk}`e ugm S_J om zk hmmf kf nuurnjuafd ikrm
bkrmadf jnsaun`, mmf ab ugmzm nzzmuz nrm emfkiafnume af ugm q}nf; Ugm mzjnsm rk}um zgk}`e om
uk mfjk}rndm fkfrmzaemfuz uk gk`e q}nf `anoa`auamz, bkr mwnis`m, snfen okfez& ]fbkru}fnum`q,
ugaz rk}um az fku b}``q mws`krme&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
>>
Ugm SOKJ gnz mfumrme afuk ztns nrrnfdmimfuz taug zkim bkrmadf jmfurn` onfhz& Ugaz jnf om
rmdnreme nz n zmjkfe rk}um& Ugm gk`eafd kb q}nf emskzauz oq bkrmadf jmfurn` onfhz taug ugm
SOKJ gnz ugm skumfuan` uk omjkim nf aiskrunfu jgnffm` bkr srkikuafd ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz
rmzmrm j}rrmfjq, e}m uk ugm S_J‑z zurkfd mwumrfn` skzauakf nfe ugm `a~}aeauq zgkrundm kb ugm
d`kon` mjkfkiq&Ugm ugare rk}um jnf om ugm b}rugmr snruajasnuakf af rmdakfn` bafnfjan` jkksmrnuakf& Snrh '?3>3<>1!
skafuz k}u, ‐Af ugm mmfu ugnu ugm S_J emjaemz kf n rmdakfn` zurnumdq, au gnz utk ksuakfz uk
jkfzaemr& Ugm S_J iadgu ikm uk jrmnum n q}nf o`kj nikfd ugm imiomrz kb NZMNF ( fmt :,
tgajg afj`}emz NZMNF>3, ugm S_J, Unasma,Jgafn, nfe Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn& N`umrfnuam`q, au
jk}`e unhm nenfundm kb NZMNF(: nz n brnimtkrh bkr q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf&’ Ugm S_J‑z
j}rrmfu rkne ins az skafuafd uk ugm earmjuakf kb ugm barzu ksuakf af tgnu Snrh `nom`me ugm
‐rmdakfn` nssrknjg’& Ugm S_J‑z srkikuakf kb q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfu taug Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn
jnf om rmdnreme nz ugm barzu `md af ugm `kfd lk}rfmq af `afm taug ugm NZMNF ( fmt : nssrknjg&
Gktmmr, ugm S_J ikfmunrq n}ugkrauamz gnm fku damf }s s}zgafd q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf
an ugm zmjkfe rmdakfn` nssrknjg&1
Nfkugmr aiskrunfu earmjuakf af ugm q}nf‑z lk}rfmq uk ugm tkr`e az ugm snruajasnuakf af ugm rmbkri
kb ugm afumrfnuakfn` ikfmunrq zqzumi& O}u au zmmiz ugnu ugm S_J gnz fku qmu emjaeme gkt uk
snruajasnum af ugm rmbkri& Bkr mwnis`m, ugmrm az fku qmu n sk`ajq kf tgnu rk`m ugm q}nf zgk}`e
s`nq af rmembafafd ugm ZE_&
Ikrm srmjazm`q, ugm S_J n}ugkrauamz nrm zua`` gksafd ikrm
jnf om ekfm uk jkfzk`aenum ugm rmdakfn` bafnfjan` nrjgaumju}rm taugaf ugm brnimtkrh kb ugm
Jganfd Ina Afauanuam& Zkimugafd jkfe}jam uk q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf inq inumran`a|m nz n
oq)srke}ju kb ugm S_J‑z mfdndmimfu af rmdakfn` bafnfjan` jkksmrnuakf& J}rrmfjq ztnsz
omutmmf jmfurn` onfhz nrm jnzmz af skafu&
Af z}iinrq, au az mwsmjume oq ugm S_J‑z emjazakf inhmrz ugnu taug ugm afjrmnzm af q}nf aiskru
zmuu`mimfu jkioafme taug sk`ajamz naime nu bnja`aunuafd q}nf rmjqj`afd, jrkzz)okremr q}nf b`ktz
ta`` afjrmnzm drne}n``q nfe zk ta`` ugm zukjh kb q}nf gm`e oq fkfrmzaemfuz& Ugm jkfuaf}nuakf kb
z}jg jrkzz)okremr b`ktz zkimgkt ta`` mmfu}n``q inhm ugm q}nf nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq ugnu
ta`` om no`m uk smrbkri n b}`` zjksm kb b}fjuakfz& ]fbkru}fnum`q, omjn}zm ugmrm nrm ukk infq
iazzafd `afhz af ugm rkne ins, ugm q}nf‑z lk}rfmq jk}`e om mrq o}isq nfe mmf inq fku mfe
}s nu ugm s`nffme emzuafnuakf&
=& S_KD_MZZ AF Q]NF AFUM_FNUAKFN@A\NUAKF
Ugm S_J zmmiz uk gnm inem zadfabajnfu srkdrmzz af ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz n zmuu`mimfu
j}rrmfjq, af ugm azz}nfjm kb q}nf)emfkiafnume okfez, nfe af zadfafd j}rrmfjq ztnsz
1Ugm S_J‑z mfug}zanzi bkr q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az snruan``q n rmz}`u kb ugm eaznsskafuimfu bkr ugm `njh srkdrmzz
kb rmdakfn` bafnfjan` jkksmrnuakf&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
>?
ndrmmimfuz taug bkrmadf jmfurn` onfhz& Ugm ikzu gna`me srkdrmzz az ugm mwskfmfuan` drktug kb
q}nf emskzauz af Gkfd Hkfd }fua` Zmsumiomr ?3>>&
=&> ]zm kb ugm Q}nf bkr Urnem Zmuu`mimfu
Ugm S_J nffk}fjme n sa`ku q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfu zjgmim 'S_UZZ! af Nsra` ?331, taug nf
mwumfzakf kb ugm zjgmim nffk}fjme kf ?? L}`q ?3>3& Fkt aru}n``q n`` aiskrunfu S_J bariz nrm
n``ktme uk }zm ugm q}nf uk zmuu`m urnem& Ugm uqsmz kb urnem m`adao`m bkr q}nf zmuu`mimfu gnm
n`zk mwsnfeme uk afj`}em fku kf`q sgqzajn` dkkez o}u n`zk zmrajmz& Nz n rmz}`u, ugm nik}fu kb
q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfu gnz afjrmnzme erninuajn``q zafjm ugm ugare ~}nrumr kb ?3>3& Njjkreafd uk
ugm Gkfd Hkfd Ikfmunrq N}ugkrauq 'GHIN!, ugm k`}im kb q}nf jrkzz)okremr urnem zmuu`mimfu
jkfe}jume ugrk}dg Gkfd Hkfd rmnjgme >&1 ura``akf q}nf af ?3>> 'Bad}rm >!&
Bad}rm >< Afjrmnzm af ugm ]zm kb ugm Q}nf bkr Urnem Zmuu`mimfu
'oa``akf q}nf!
Zk}rjm< \gnfd '?3>?!&
Ugm zgnrm kb q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfu af ugm S_J‑z ukun` bkrmadf urnem az nfkugmr aiskrunfu
afeajnukr bkr ugm srkdrmzz af q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Af ?3>3, q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfuz
njjk}fume bkr kf`q ?&=- kb ugm S_J‑z ukun` urnem& Af ?3>>, ugm jkrrmzskfeafd bad}rm rkzm
erninuajn``q uk 1- kb ugm S_J‑z ukun` urnem 'SOKJ ?3>>!&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
>:
=&? Q}nf Emskzauz gm`e oq Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn
Ugm ikzu earmju nfe aiimeanum rmz}`u kb ugm afjrmnzm af q}nf zmuu`mimfu bkr aiskruz az ugm
erninuaj afjrmnzm af q}nf emskzauz gm`e oq Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz& Nz kb L}`q ?3>>, ugm
ukun` nik}fu kb q}nf emskzauz tnz =73 oa``akf q}nf, m~}an`mfu uk GH%711 oa``akf nfe
njjk}fume bkr 1&=- kb ugm ukun` GH%154 oa``akf kb emskzauz af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn―}s brki `mzz
ugnf ?- l}zu n qmnr ndk& Au tnz taem`q mwsmjume ugnu ugm ukun` nik}fu kb q}nf emskzauz tk}`e
rmnjg > ura``akf q}nf oq ugm mfe kb ?3>> 'Bad}rm ?!&>3
Gktmmr, ugm ikimfu}i af eminfe bkr q}nf emskzauz af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn z}eemf`q `kzu af
ugm ugare ~}nrumr kb ?3>> 'Bad}rm ?!& Nz kb ugm mfe kb Inrjg kb ?3>?, ukun` q}nf emskzauz gm`e oq
Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz tnz l}zu ==5&: oa``akf q}nf& Ugm rmnzkf bkr ugaz jgnfdm ta`` om
mws`nafme af zmjuakf 2&
Bad}rm ?< Q}nf Emskzauz gm`e oq Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn _mzaemfuz
'oa``akf q}nf!
Zk}rjm< \gnfd '?3>?!&
>3Nz kb ugm mfe kb Zmsumiomr ?3>>, emskzauz af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmnjgme 2??&? oa``akf q}nf&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
>5
=&: Ugm Azz}nfjm kb Q}nf Emfkiafnume Okfez
Q}nf emfkiafnume okfez zk`e oq fkf)S_J azz}mrz af ugm S_J nrm jn``me ‐snfen okfez&’ Ugm
barzu utk snfen okfez tmrm azz}me kf ugm znim enq af Kjukomr ?33= oq ugm Afumrfnuakfn`
Bafnfjm Jkrskrnuakf nfe ugm Nzanf Emm`ksimfu Onfh& Tgmf bkrmadf)b}feme mfumrsrazmz af
ugm S_J nrm af fmme kb q}nf, ugmq jnf azz}m snfen okfez uk okrrkt q}nf uk bafnfjm ugmar
mjkfkiaj njuaauamz af ugm S_J& Ugm q}nf rnazme ugk}dg z}jg jgnffm`z jnf kf`q om }zme af ugm
S_J&
Nfkugmr aiskrunfu jnumdkrq kb q}nf emfkiafnume okfez az q}nf okfez azz}me oq ugm S_J
mfuauamz af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn& Ugm aiskrunfu azz}mrz afj`}em ugm S_J‑z Iafazurq kb Bafnfjm
'IkB!, Onfh kb Jgafn 'OkJ!, Mwskru nfe Aiskru Onfh kb Jgafn 'MAOkJ!, nfe Safd Nf Jgafn
Nzzmu Infndmimfu& Af bnju, ugm OkJ nfe ugm MAOkJ gnm ommf azz}afd q}nf emfkiafnume
okfez af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn bkr zmmrn` qmnrz& Af neeauakf, IkB azz}me ?3 oa``akf q}nf af q}nf)
emfkiafnume okfez af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn kf ?: N}d}zu ?3>>& Ugaz snruaj}`nr azz}nfjm tnzrmdnreme nz n inlkr okkzu uk q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf nfe n ‐oad dabu’ uk Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn
smks`m oq okug Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn nfe ugm S_J inzz imean&
Ugm ikzu sks}`nr jnumdkrq kb q}nf okfez nrm ugm zk)jn``me /eai z}i/ okfez, tgajg nrm azz}me
af Gkfd Hkfd& Jgafn& Ugm nik}fu kb mnjg z}jg okfe azz}m az rm`nuam`q zin``& Gksmtm``
Gadgtnq Afbrnzur}ju}rm zk`e >&:7 oa``akf q}nf '%>54 ia``akf! utk)qmnr q}nf emfkiafnume okfez
af L}`q ?3>3, tgajg tmrm ugm barzu q}nf okfez zk`e kbbzgkrm oq n fkfbafnfjan` Gkfd Hkfd,
Jgafn)onzme jkisnfq af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn& IjEkfn`e‑z, Onfh kb Mnzu Nzan, GZOJ, Onfh kb
Ukhqk Iauz}oazga ]BL, Em}uzjgm Onfh, Umzjk, nfe Jnumrsa``nr nrm nikfd ugm kugmr aiskrunfu
azz}mrz& Ikrm ugnf n ukun` kb =5 oa``akf q}nf kb eai z}i okfez gne ommf azz}me oq N}d}zu?3>>, }s brki :5 oa``akf q}nf bkr ugm tgk`m kb ?3>3 'O`kkiomrd ?3>3!&
=&5 Q}nf Ztnsz taug Bkrmadf Jmfurn` Onfhz
Jmfurn` onfh `a~}aeauq ztns nrrnfdmimfuz n``kt ugm SOKJ uk srkaem `a~}aeauq z}sskru uk auz
jk}fumrsnruz& Bkrmadf onfhz zm`` n zsmjabame nik}fu kb ugmar j}rrmfjq uk ugm SOKJ bkr q}nf, nu
ugm inrhmu mwjgnfdm rnum& Q}nf b}fez kounafme oq bkrmadf jmfurn` onfhz nrm emskzaume af
njjk}fuz gm`e taug ugm SOKJ nz SOKJ `anoa`auamz& Ugm jk}furamz ugnu gnm j}rrmfjq ztns
nrrnfdmimfuz taug ugm S_J afj`}em Nrdmfuafn, N}zurn`an, Om`nr}z, Orn|a`, Ajm`nfe, Afekfmzan,
Hn|nhgzunf, Hkrmn, In`nqzan, Fmt \mn`nfe, Zafdnskrm, ugm ]faume Nrno Miarnumz, nfe
]|omhazunf& Uk bnja`aunum q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf, ugm Gkfd Hkfd Ikfmunrq N}ugkrauq 'GHIN!
gnz mfumrme afuk n ugrmm)qmnr j}rrmfjq ztns nrrnfdmimfu ukun`afd ?33 oa``akf q}nf taug ugm
SOKJ& Omzaemz ugmzm ztns ndrmmimfuz, ikrm jk}furamz gnm mwsrmzzme ugmar afumrmzu af
gk`eafd q}nf nzzmuz nz afmzuimfu kr bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz& Ugaz jgnffm` kb q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf inq om tkrug mws`krafd b}rugmr&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
>=
2& S_KO@MIZ KB Q]NF AFUM_FNUAKFN@A\NUAKF
Gktmmr, n`` az fku tm`` taug q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Zafjm `num ?3>3, q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf gnz zgktf n j`mnr snuumrf kb nzqiimurq―ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz nf aiskru
zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq rkzm ~}ajh`q, o}u fku bkr mwskruz& Q}nf emfkiafnume okfez imu zurkfd
eminfe, qmu fkfrmzaemfuz gne fk afjmfuam uk azz}m ugmi& Nfe, tga`m Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn onfhz
nrm gnssq uk mwumfe q}nf `knfz, ugmq nrm fku tm`jkim oq okrrktmrz& Nikfd n`` infabmzunuakfz
kb nzqiimurq, ugm ikzu aiskrunfu nzqiimurq az af ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf bkr aiskru zmuu`mimfu af
rm`nuakf uk mwskru zmuu`mimfu& Ugaz nzqiimurq gnz jn}zme i}jg emonum nikfd ugm S_J
mjkfkiazuz&
Ombkrm ugm emonum kf nzqiimurq gne zmuu`me, nfkugmr nfkin`q mimrdme< ugm q}nf z}eemf`q
emn`}me bkr >> jkfzmj}uam enqz af mnr`q Emjmiomr ?3>>, tga`m ugm S_J tnz zua`` r}ffafd n
`nrdm j}rrmfu njjk}fu z}rs`}z nfe n `kfd)umri jnsaun` njjk}fu z}rs`}z& Ugm nzqiimurq af ugm
}zm kb ugm q}nf nz n zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq nfe ugm }fmwsmjume emn`}nuakf kb ugm q}nf gnmbkrjme mjkfkiazuz uk rmjkfzaemr ugm rm`anoa`auq kb ugm rkne ins kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf nfe
mmf nok}u ugm emzarnoa`auq kb afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf&
2&> Nzqiimurq kb Q}nf Afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf nfe _mz}`uafd Tm`bnrm
@kzzmz uk ugm S_J
Ugm nzqiimurq omutmmf q}nf aiskru zmuu`mimfu nfe q}nf mwskru zmuu`mimfu 'Uno`m :! smnhme
af ugm bk}rug ~}nrumr kb ?3>3, tgmf ugm nik}fu kb q}nf }zme bkr aiskru zmuu`mimfu tnz >?uaimz ikrm ugnf ugnu }zme bkr mwskru zmuu`mimfu& Jmrunaf`q, ugm nzqiimurq gnz ommf
erninuajn``q rme}jme zafjm ugm zmjkfe ~}nrumr kb ?3>>& Gktmmr, ugaz tmnhmr nzqiimurq tnz
fku n fnu}rn` emm`ksimfu kb q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfu nz gksme oq ugm emzadfmr kb ugm rkne ins
kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf, tgajg az nf azz}m uk om eazj}zzme af fmwu z}ozmjuakf&
Uno`m :< Q}nf Aiskru Zmuu`mimfu uk Q}nf Mwskru Zmuu`mimfu _nuak
Uaim '~}nrumr! Aiskru)uk)mwskru _nuak'q}nf zmuu`mimfu!
?3>3^> 2&24?3>3^? 4&14
?3>3^: 4&14?3>3^5 >>&33?3>>^> 7&>>?3>>^? ?&13?3>>^: >&24
Zk}rjm< Jgafn Afumrfnuakfn` Mjkfkiaj Jkfz}`unfuz Jk& @ue& 'JAMJ! enunonfh '?3>?! nfe Smks`m$z Onfh kb Jgafn,
Bafnfjan` _mskruz, nrak}z azz}mz&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
>2
Au jnf om nrd}me ugnu, damf zurkfd mwsmjunuakfz kb q}nf nssrmjanuakf, afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf ta``
`mne uk zmrak}z nzqiimurq af q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfu& Bkr mwnis`m, taug nf }femrn`}me
mwjgnfdm rnum nfe mwsmjunuakfz bkr ugm q}nf uk nssrmjanum, au az fnu}rn` ugnu bkrmadf aiskrumrz
kb ugm S_J mwskruz nrm rm`}junfu uk }zm ugm q}nf uk zmuu`m urnfznjuakfz, tga`m bkrmadf mwskrumrz
nrm gnssq uk njjmsu q}nf& Q}nf nssrmjanuakf mwsmjunuakfz fk ek}ou gnm s`nqme nf aiskrunfurk`m af jrmnuafd nzqiimurq& Gktmmr, ikrm rmjmfu emm`ksimfu zgktz ugnu ugm nzqiimurq az
i}jg ikrm ugnf n rmz}`u kb q}nf nssrmjanuakf mwsmjunuakfz&
Ikzu rmzmnrjgmrz ta`` nzz}im ugnu af ugm S_J‑z jnzm, ab ugm q}nf az }zme bkr zmuu`mimfu, au i}zu
n`zk om }zme bkr afkajafd& O}u, nz imfuakfme mnr`amr, ugaz az zais`q trkfd& Afmzuadnuakfz zgkt
ugnu tga`m afemme infq S_J aiskrumrz }zm ugm q}nf bkr zmuu`mimfu, ikzu kb ugmi zua`` }zm ugm
]Z ek``nrz bkr afkajafd& Ugaz bafeafd snruan``q rmzk`me ugm s}||`m ugnu ugm S_J aiskrumrz nrm
ta``afd uk }zm ugm q}nf bkr zmuu`mimfu tgmf ugm q}nf az af ugm srkjmzz kb nssrmjanuakf& AFkt, au
jnf om zmmf ugnu, omjn}zm aiskruz nrm zua`` afkajme af ugm ]Z ek``nrz, q}nf zmuu`mimfu ekmz
fku imnfz ugnu ugm S_J aiskrumrz fmme uk bkrbmau skumfuan` dnafz brki q}nf nssrmjanuakf&
Gktmmr, mmf ugaz az fku ugm mfe kb ugm zukrq& Ugm ur}m ikuanuakf omgafe ugm S_J aiskrumrz
uk }zm ugm q}nf bkr zmuu`mimfu az ugm mwazumfjm kb ksskru}fauamz bkr mwjgnfdm rnum nroaurndm,
tgajg tm ta`` om eaj}zzme b}rugmr af zmjuakf 2&?&
Zafjm ?3>> mwsmramfjm gnz zgktf, ugnu ab ugm afjmfuam bkr ugm S_J aiskrumrz uk }zm ugm q}nf
bkr zmuu`mimfu az mwjgnfdm rnum nroaurndm afzumne kb ikrm z}zunafno`m b}fenimfun`z, ugm
ta``afdfmzz kb ugm S_J aiskrumrz uk }zm ugm q}nf bkr zmuu`mimfu oq ugm S_J aiskrumrz jnf
z}eemf`q eazssmnr& Af bnju, e}m uk ugm rmzmrn` kb ugm zsrmne omutmmf kfzgkrm nfe kbbzgkrm
mwjgnfdm rnumz, okug ugm afjrmnzm af ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf nz aiskru zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq nfe
q}nf nzzmuz gm`e oq Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz gnm zun``me zafjm ugm ugare ~}nrumr kb ?3>>&
Kb jk}rzm, ab ugm rmmrzn` az rmmrzme ndnaf, ugm bkru}fm ta`` jgnfdm ndnaf& Ugaz rm)rmmrzn`gnssmfme af ugm 5ug ~}nrumr kb ?3>>& Ugm aiskrunfu skafu az ugnu taugk}u inhafd ugm q}nf nf
afkajafd j}rrmfjq, ugm srkdrmzz af }zafd ugm q}nf nz n zmuu`mimfu j}rrmfjq az z}smrbajan`& Ab
ugmrm az fk tnq uk inhm ugm q}nf nf afkajafd j}rrmfjq taugaf rmnzkfno`m jkzuz, jk}`e au om nf
afeajnuakf ugnu ugm jkfeauakfz bkr }zafd ugm q}nf nz n imea}i kb mwjgnfdm gnm fku inu}rme
qmu;
Kfm kb ugm ikzu koak}z nemrzm rmz}`uz taug nzqiimurq az ugnu, taug ugm znim urnem z}rs`}z,
ugm S_J mfez }s taug ikrm bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz, tgajg az tgnu ugm emzadfmrz kb q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kradafn``q tnfume uk nkae& Au az mnzq uk }femrzunfe tgq ugaz gnz gnssmfme<
tga`m ugm S_J jkfuaf}mz uk rmjmam ek``nrz brki auz mwskruz, au dmuz bmtmr jgnfjmz ugnf ombkrm
uk zsmfe ugmzm ek``nr srkjmmez bkr aiskruz&
Ugm bnju ugnu Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz rmjqj`m q}nf af ugm bkri kb gk`eafd q}nf nzzmuz
afzumne kb }zafd q}nf uk s}rjgnzm ugm S_J‑z mwskruz imnfz ugnu ugmq gnm `mfu uk ugm S_J&
Gmfjm, ugmrm az nfkugmr srko`mi< q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf `mnez uk mwurn jnsaun` afb`ktz, tgajg
inhmz ugm S_J‑z on`nfjm kb snqimfuz mmf ikrm aion`nfjme& Af ugm barzu ugrmm ~}nrumrz kb
?3>>, ugm S_J‑z jnsaun` njjk}fu z}rs`}z tnz %??2 oa``akf, nf afjrmnzm kb >>3- kmr ugm znim
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>4
smrake kb ?3>3& Ugm S_J‑z jnsaun` njjk}fu z}rs`}z gnz z}rsnzzme auz j}rrmfu njjk}fu z}rs`}z
kfjm ndnaf zafjm ?33=& Nz n jk}furq ugnu gnz ommf r}ffafd n j}rrmfu njjk}fu z}rs`}z bkr utk
emjnemz nfe gnz njj}i}`nume %:&? ura``akf, ugm S_J zgk}`e fku mfjk}rndm fmu jnsaun` afb`ktz&
Nfkugmr nemrzm jkfzm~}mfjm kb ugm nzqiimurq az ugm razafd j}rrmfjq iazinujg kf ugm S_J‑z
fnuakfn` on`nfjm zgmmu& Nz n rmz}`u kb ugm q}nf aiskru zmuu`mimfu nfe rmjqj`afd, q}nf, GkfdHkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz gnm afjrmnzme ugmar q}nf nzzmuz, srkono`q nu ugm mwsmfzm kb ugmar
ek``nr nzzmuz& Nu ugm znim uaim, ugm S_J gnz afjrmnzme auz q}nf `anoa`auamz 'rmjqj`me q}nf! nfe
auz bkrmadf nzzmuz 'ikzu`q ek``nr nzzmuz!& Af kugmr tkrez, q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf }femr ugm
j}rrmfu rkne ins gnz `me uk n jgnfdm af ugm j}rrmfjq zur}ju}rm kb ugm S_J‑z nzzmuz nfe
`anoa`auamz af eazbnkr kb ugm S_J& Zafjm ugm >117‚>111 Nzanf bafnfjan` jrazaz, Mnzu Nzan gnz
njj}i}`nume g}dm nik}fuz kb ek``nr emfkiafnume nzzmuz―inaf`q ]Z dkmrfimfu zmj}rauamz&
E}m uk ugm emumrakrnuakf kb ugm ]Z bazjn` skzauakf nfe ugm Bmemrn` _mzmrm‑z mwsnfzakfnrq
ikfmunrq sk`ajq zafjm ugm z}osraim jrazaz, ugm S_J zgk}`e rms`njm ek``nr emfkiafnume nzzmuz
taug q}nf emfkiafnume nzzmuz nz tm`` nz rms`njm q}nf emfkiafnume `anoa`auamz taug ek``nr
emfkiafnume `anoa`auamz& ]fbkru}fnum`q, q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf gnz njgamme ugm ksskzaum
rmz}`u&>>
Oq embafauakf, nf afjrmnzm af q}nf zmuu`mimfu bkr aiskruz taugk}u n jkrrmzskfeafd afjrmnzm af
q}nf zmuu`mimfu bkr mwskruz
>?
>>
Au jnf om nrd}me ugnu ab fkfrmzaemfuz afmzu af q}nf nzzmuz taug ugm q}nf inem nna`no`m oq q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfu
zjgmim, nf m~}an`mfu nikfd kb ek``nr afmzuimfu af ugm S_J ta`` om rme}jme& Ugaz z}ozuau}uakf omutmmf q}nf
afmzuimfu nfe ek``nr afmzuimfu az fku mrq `ahm`q, omjn}zm ugm afmzukrz nrm eabbmrmfu taug eabbmrmfu ikuanuakf&
imnfz nf afjrmnzm af q}nf `anoa`auamz, tgajg af u}rf imnfz ugnu
ugmrm i}zu om n jkrrmzskfeafd afjrmnzm af nzzmuz af ugm S_J‑z afumrfnuakfn` on`nfjm kb
snqimfuz& Ab ugm S_J ekmz fku tazg uk zmm ugm afjrmnzm unhafd ugm bkri kb nf afjrmnzm af ]Z
ek``nr emfkiafnume bkrmadf mwjgnfdm, tgnu zgk}`e ugm S_J ek; Nzz}im ugm S_J kradafn``q
mwskruz %> ura``akf af srke}juz nfe aiskruz %733 oa``akf af srke}juz, auz ukun` on`nfjm kb snqimfuz
z}rs`}z az %?33 oa``akf& Ab ugm S_J snqz bkr %>33 oa``akf tkrug kb aiskruz af q}nf, au ta`` mfe }s
taug %>33 oa``akf ikrm af bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz& Ab ugm S_J mwumfez q}nf jrmeauzm~}an`mfu uk %>33 oa``akf uk bkrmadf rmjmasuz ugnu af u}rf }zm ugm okrrktme q}nf afzumne kb
ek``nrz uk o}q ugm S_J srke}juz tkrug %>33 oa``akf, ugm S_J‑z q}nf nzzmuz 'q}nf jrmeauz uk
bkrmadf okrrktmrz! tk}`e afjrmnzm nfe m~}n` uk ugm afjrmnzm af auz q}nf `anoa`auamz 'q}nf
emskzauz kr kugmr bkriz kb q}nf nzzmuz gm`e oq fkfrmzaemfuz!& Nz n rmz}`u, ugm afjrmnzm af ek``nr
emfkiafnume bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz tk}`e rminaf ugm znim―%?33 oa``akf& Af ugaz zmjkfe
jnzm, ugm q}nf gnz ommf }zme nz ugm imea}i kb mwjgnfdm oq ugm S_J‑z aiskrumrz, ugm zukrm
kb n`}m oq Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz, ugm zukrm kb n`}m oq ugm S_J‑z jrmeaukrz nfe, bafn``q,
ugm imea}i kb mwjgnfdm oq bkrmadf aiskrumrz nfe ugm S_J‑z mwskrumrz& Af kugmr tkrez, tgmf
ugm srkazakf kb q}nf uk ugm d`kon` inrhmu az rmn`a|me ugrk}dg n jnsaun` njjk}fu embajau, ugm S_J
tk}`e om no`m fku kf`q uk nkae b}rugmr njj}i}`nuafd bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz nfe jn}zafd nsmrmrzm jgnfdm af ugm j}rrmfjq zur}ju}rm kb ugm S_J‑z nzzmuz nfe `anoa`auamz, o}u n`zk dam ugm
>?Ugaz az ugm ikzu eazj}zzme bmnu}rm kb nzqiimurq af ugm S_J&
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>7
q}nf ikrm rkki uk s`nq ugm rk`m kb nf afumrfnuakfn` j}rrmfjq& Kb jk}rzm, ugaz az fku uk znq ugnu
q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf zgk}`e omdaf taug ugm S_J r}ffafd n jnsaun` njjk}fu embajau& Ugm
rmn`auq az ikrm jkis`ajnume& O}u ugm nrd}imfu ugnu ugm q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf gnz uk omdaf
taug q}nf aiskru zmuu`mimfu az b`ntme&
2&? Z}rdm af Zsmj}`nuam Zgkru)umri Jnsaun` B`ktz
Kf ugm z}rbnjm, ugm urnem zmuu`mimfu zjgmim imrm`q n``ktz ugm S_J mfumrsrazmz uk }zm q}nf uk
zmuu`m ugmar urnem urnfznjuakfz& Af rmn`auq au mfno`mz mfumrsrazmz, mzsmjan``q `nrdm mfumrsrazmz taug
z}ozaeanramz k}uzaem okremrz, uk jgnffm` b}fez njrkzz ugm okremr omutmmf ugm S_J nfe Gkfd
Hkfd, Jgafn& Ugm zunruafd skafu kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az z}sskzme uk om ugm }zm kb ugm
q}nf bkr aiskru zmuu`mimfu& O}u af srnjuajm, infq S_J aiskrumrz eae fku }zm ugm q}nf uk snq
bkr ugmar aiskruz―`mu n`kfm uk }zm ugm q}nf bkr afkajafd& Afzumne, ugmq }ua`a|m ugm ksskru}fauq
srkaeme oq ugm urnem zmuu`mimfu zjgmim, uk jkfe}ju mwjgnfdm rnum nroaurndm&
Nz n rmz}`u kb ugm `n}fjg kb ugm urnem zmuu`mimfu zjgmim, nf kbbzgkrm q}nf inrhmu, hfktf nz
ugm JFG inrhmu, tnz jrmnume af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn, zaem oq zaem taug ugm kfzgkrm inrhmu, fkt
e}oome nz ugm JFQ inrhmu& Ugm JFG inrhmu az n brmm inrhmu, tga`m ugm JFQ inrhmu az uadgu`q
rmd}`nume oq ugm SOKJ& Gmfjm, utk q}nf mwjgnfdm rnumz jkmwazu< nf kfzgkrm JFQ mwjgnfdm
rnum nfe nf kbbzgkrm JFG mwjgnfdm rnum& E}m uk q}nf nssrmjanuakf mwsmjunuakfz nfe infq
kugmr bnjukrz, }fua` Zmsumiomr ?3>> ugm JFG tnz ikrm mwsmfzam af ek``nr umriz ugnf ugm
JFQ& Ugm mwazumfjm kb ugm JFG‚JFQ zsrmne jrmnumz ksskru}fauamz bkr ugm S_J mfumrsrazmz uk
omfmbau brki mwjgnfdm rnum nroaurndm& Ombkrm ugm afurke}juakf kb ugm q}nf zmuu`mimfu zjgmim,
aiskrumrz gne uk o}q ek``nrz kfzgkrm―af ugm JFQ inrhmu& Fkt ugmq jnf zm`` q}nf bkr ek``nrz af
ugm JFG inrhmu, jrmnuafd nssrmjanuakf srmzz}rm kf ugm JFQ nfe emsrmjanuakf srmzz}rm kf ugmJFG& Ugm nroaurndm zgk}`e gnm m`aiafnume ugm JFG‚JFQ zsrmne bnar`q ~}ajh`q& Gktmmr, ugm
afumrmfuakf oq ugm SOKJ af ugm JFQ inrhmu nfe jnrrq urnem jkfe}jume oq Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn
rmzaemfuz af ugm JFG inrhmu jrmnume kbbzmuuafd srmzz}rm kf ugm JFQ nfe ugm JFG& Nz n rmz}`u,
ugm JFG‚JFQ zsrmne tnz inafunafme nfe nroaurndmrz nfe nroaurndm njuaauamz oq ugm S_J
aiskrumrz jkfuaf}m& Au az fku }frmnzkfno`m uk jkfj`}em ugnu ugm o}`h kb q}nf }zme af ugm fnim
kb aiskru zmuu`mimfu nju}n``q az }zme uk o}q ek``nrz af ugm JFG inrhmu nfe aiskruz af bnju nrm
zua`` zmuu`me af ek``nrz&
Uno`m : zgktz ugnu ugnu q}nf aiskru zmuu`mimfu nfe q}nf mwskru zmuu`mimfu gnz omjkim ikrm
on`nfjme zafjm ugm zmjkfe ~}nrumr kb ?3>>& Tk}`e au fku om srkkb bkr ugm nrd}imfu ugnubk``ktafd ugm afjrmnzm af q}nf nna`noa`auq njrkzz okremrz, ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf bkr mwskru
zmuu`mimfu ta`` afjrmnzm njjkreafd`q; ]fbkru}fnum`q, ugm umfemfjq bkr n ikrm on`nfjme q}nf
zmuu`mimfu az emjmsuam& Zafjm ugm iaee`m kb Zmsumiomr ?3>>, bafnfjan` jkfeauakfz z}eemf`q
jgnfdme af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn& E}m uk `a~}aeauq zgkrundmz jn}zme oq ugm M}rksmnf zkmrmadf
emou jrazaz, onfhz brki emm`ksme jk}furamz, mzsmjan``q M}rksmnf onfhz taug mwskz}rm af Gkfd
Hkfd, Jgafn taugermt ugmar b}fez& Nz n rmz}`u, JFG bm`` ndnafzu ugm ek``nr nfe ugm JFG‚JFQ
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>1
zsrmne u}rfme fmdnuam& Ugm S_J aiskrumrz zukssme o}qafd ek``nrz brki ugm JFG inrhmu nfe
rmu}rfme uk ugm JFQ inrhmu& Ugm S_J mwskrumrz zukssme zm``afd ek``nrz af ugm JFQ inrhmu nfe
zk`e ek``nrz af ugm JFG inrhmu afzumne& Nu ugm znim uaim, omjn}zm kb n erninuaj razm af
b}feafd jkzuz bkr jnrrq urnem nfe ugm rme}jme nuurnjuakf kb gk`eafd q}nf nzzmuz, Gkfd Hkfd,
Jgafn rmzaemfuz zunrume uk }ftafe ugm jnrrq urnem nfe zkim e}isme ugmar gk`eafdz kb q}nfnzzmuz& Zunuazuajn``q, ugm q}nf aiskru‚mwskru zmuu`mimfu omjnim ikrm on`nfjme& O}u ugaz
jgnfdm az fku n rmb`mjuakf kb ugm z}jjmzz kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Au rmb`mjuz ugm b`}ju}nuakf
kb ugm ikmimfuz kb zgkru)umri jnsaun` b`ktz njrkzz okremrz& Misarajn` zu}eamz '\gnfd nfe W}
?3>>! zgkt ugnu ugm q}nf aiskru‚mwskru zmuu`mimfu rnuak 'rmjmam)uk)snq rnuak! az gadg`q jkrrm`nume
taug ugm JFG‚JFQ zsrmne 'Bad}rm :!&
Bad}rm :< Jkrrm`nuakf Omutmmf JFG‚JGQ Zsrmne nfe Q}nf Aiskru‚Mwskru
Zmuu`mimfu _nuak
Zk}rjm< \gnfd nfe W} '?3>>!&
Ombkrm ugm `n}fjg kb ugm q}nf zmuu`mimfu zjgmim, jnsaun` afb`ktz tmrm }femr uadgu jkfurk`, nfefkfrmzaemfuz jk}`ef‑u kounaf q}nf nzzmuz brmm`q& Q}nf nzzmuz nrm fkt omafd inem nna`no`m af
Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn zk fkfrmzaemfuz jnf kounaf q}nf nzzmuz k}uzaem ugmar okremr& Au jnf om zmmf
ugnu }`uainum`q, ~}mzuakfz z}jg nz gkt uk srkikum ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf bkr urnem zmuu`mimfu nfe
uk inhm ugm }zm kb ugm q}nf ikrm on`nfjme zk ugnu ugm S_J jnf nkae b}rugmr njj}i}`nuafd
bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz nrm ugm trkfd ~}mzuakfz& Ugm rmn` ~}mzuakf az< nbumr n mrq oad zums
uktnrez jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf, gkt ta`` zsmj}`nuam jnsaun` ikm njrkzz okremrz;
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?3
Aiskrunfu ~}mzuakfz afj`}em< tgnu ta`` om ugm jkfzm~}mfjmz kb ugmzm ikmimfuz kf ugm S_J‑z
bafnfjan` nfe injrkmjkfkiaj zunoa`auq;
4& Q]NF AFUM_FNUAKFN@A\NUAKF NFE JNSAUN@ NJJK]FU
@AOM_N@A\NUAKF
Njjkreafd uk ugm urnem zmuu`mimfu zjgmim, j}rrmfjq jkfmrzakf omutmmf ugm q}nf nfe kugmr
j}rrmfjamz az n``ktme kf`q }femr ugm bk``ktafd jarj}izunfjmz<
jrkzz)okremr urnem zmuu`mimfu af q}nf }s uk ugm nik}fu kb ugm rm`mnfu urnfznjuakfz8
q}nf urnem bafnfjm `knfz tgmrm ugm j}zukimr ekmz fku gnm z}bbajamfu q}nf bkr
rmsnqimfu8
mwsmfzmz rm`nuafd uk q}nf okfe azz}nfjm uk om zmuu`me af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn8 nfe
urnfznjuakfz n``ktme oq ugm S_J‑z n}ugkrauamz uk om }`uainum`q z~}nrme oq ugm q}nf
j`mnrafd onfh―Onfh kb Jgafn, Gkfd Hkfd 'OKJGH! af ugm S_J‑z Bkrmadf Mwjgnfdm
Urneafd Jmfurm af Zgnfdgna&
Uk inafunaf jkfurk` kmr ugm fmu jrkzz)okremr b`ktz kb q}nf omutmmf ugm S_J nfe Gkfd Hkfd,
Jgafn, n`` jrkzz)okremr q}nf b`ktz i}zu om zmuu`me an ugm OKJGH 'Bad}rm 5!&
Bad}rm 5< Q}nf Zmuu`mimfu Zqzumi
Fkumz< JFNSZ 9 Jgafn Fnuakfn` N}ukinuaj Snqimfu Zqzumi8 S_J 9 Smks`m‑z _ms}o`aj kb Jgafn8 _UDZ 9 rmn` uaim
drkzz zmuu`mimfu zqzumiz&
Zk}rjm< Zg}i, N& ?3>?& _mfiafoa Kbbzgkrm Inrhmu nfe B}u}rm D`kon`a|nuakf kb Jgafmzm J}rrmfjq& Srmzmfunuakf nu
_kuinf Inzumr kb Bafnfjm Zsmnhmr Zmramz, ]famrzauq kb Ukrkfuk, Jnfnen& >= Bmor}nrq&
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?>
Ugmrm nrm ~}kunz bkr ikfug`q zmuu`mimfuz& Afauan``q, ugm ~}nrumr`q nik}fu kb fmu o}qafd brki kr
zm``afd uk ugm OkJ tnz `aiaume uk 5 oa``akf q}nf& @numr au tnz rnazme uk 7 oa``akf q}nf& Au az tkrug
misgnza|afd ugnu ugm ~}kunz nrm fmu rnugmr ugnf drkzz nik}fu kb zmuu`mimfu& Au az mzuainume
ugnu af ?3>> nrk}fe 43- kb ugm S_J‑z q}nf jrkzz)okremr urnem zmuu`mimfu tnz ekfm ugrk}dg
ugm OKJGH‑z j`mnrafd zqzumi '\gnfd ?3>?!&Kfm iadgu nzh gkt ugm q}nf jnf om afumrfnuakfn`a|me taugk}u barzu `aomrn`a|afd ugm jnsaun`
njjk}fu& Gktmmr, ugaz az ugm trkfd ~}mzuakf& Ugm ur}ug az ugnu q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az nf
mbbkru bkr jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf af eazd}azm& Mnjg zums af q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az n
zums af jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf& Au jnf om znae ugnu ab srkdrmzz gnz ommf inem af q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf, au az n rmz}`u kb jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf& Af bnju, zafjm mnr`q ?33?, ugm
SOKJ gnz zunrume uk jn`` bkr n b}rugmr `aomrn`a|nuakf kb jnsaun` njjk}fu&
Kfm jnf inhm n ugk}dgu mwsmraimfu& Nzz}iafd ugnu fk mbbkru az inem uk srkikum q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf, o}u ugm jnsaun` njjk}fu az snruan``q `aomrn`a|me zk ugnu bkrmadf jnsaun` jnf
b`kt afuk ugm S_J‑z bafnfjan` inrhmuz uk nj~}arm q}nf nzzmuz, jkisnrme uk ugm jarj}izunfjmztgmrm ugm q}nf az }zme bkr urnem zmuu`mimfu, ta`` ugmrm om nfq eabbmrmfjmz af ugm rk`m kb ugm
q}nf omutmmf ugm utk; Ab ugm JFG az ikrm mwsmfzam ugnf ugm JFQ nfe ugm afumrmzu rnum az
gadgmr af ugm S_J ugnf af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn, ek``nrz ta`` b`kt brki Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn afuk ugm
S_J uk o}q q}nf nzzmuz, ugm S_J aiskrumrz ta`` o}q ]Z ek``nrz af ugm JFG inrhmu afzumne kb
af ugm JFQ inrhmu, nfe ugm S_J mwskrumrz ta`` zm`` ugmar ek``nr srkjmmez kfzgkrm& Au jnf om
zmmf ugnu }femr ugm zjmfnrak kb snruan` jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf, rmz}`uz ta`` om ugm znim nz
af ugm mmfu kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Ugm eabbmrmfjmz mwazu kf`q af jgnffm`z nfe
imjgnfaziz `mneafd uk ugm znim rmz}`uz& Bkr mwnis`m, }femr ugm zjmfnrak kb snruan` jnsaun`
`aomrn`a|nuakf, Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn rmzaemfuz o}q q}nf nzzmuz earmju`q af ugm S_J‑z bafnfjan`
inrhmuz afzumne kb af Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn& Af mmfu kb q}nf zmuu`mimfu, q}nf nzzmuz nrm nj~}armeaf Gkfd Hkfd, Jgafn&
Nbumr kmr utk qmnrz‑ mbbkru zafjm ?331, emzsaum ugm zadfabajnfu afjrmnzm af q}nf urnem
zmuu`mimfu, ugm S_J‑z urnem az zua`` `nrdm`q afkajme af ugm ek``nr nfe q}nf urnem zmuu`mimfu az
gadg`q nzqiimurajn`& Q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf gnz fku njgamme nfq kb auz kradafn` kolmjuamz,
z}jg nz zgm`umrafd auz mwskru afe}zuramz brki mwjgnfdm rnum razhz nfe rme}jafd ugm gk`eafd kb
ek``nr emfkiafnume nzzmuz uk nkae jnsaun` `kzzmz kf bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz&
Af jkfurnzu, ugm S_J‑z jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf gnz inem zkim srkdrmzz, tgajg az
maemfjme oq ugm z}rdm kb jrkzz)okremr jnsaun` ikmimfuz af rmzskfzm uk jgnfdmz af ugm
d`kon` bafnfjan` jkfeauakfz& Zafjm mnr`q ?3>3, ugm S_J dkmrfimfu nju}n``q gnz ommf s}zgafdutk srkjmzzmz zai}`unfmk}z`q―jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf nfe q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf―
kfm oq zumn`ug nfe ugm kugmr taug i}jg bnfbnrm& Omjn}zm mnjg zums uktnre q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az srmrm~}azaum }skf jmrunaf zumsz af jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf, nf
aiskrunfu ~}mzuakf az tgmugmr ugm zm~}mfjafd kb jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf ais`ame oq ugm
rkne ins kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az jkfzazumfu taug ugm zm~}mfjafd kb jnsaun` njjk}fu
`aomrn`a|nuakf, tgajg az tm`` mzuno`azgme af ugm `aumrnu}rm nfe af srnjuajm& Ab ugm utk zmuz kb
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
??
zm~}mfjafd nrm ugm znim, au ta`` fku inhm i}jg eabbmrmfjm tgajg srkjmzz zgk}`e unhm
srmjmemfjm& Ab ugm utk zmuz kb zm~}mfjafd nrm fku ugm znim, au omjkimz aiskzzao`m bkr ugm
dkmrfimfu uk gnm utk jkrrmju zmuz kb zm~}mfjafd nu ugm znim uaim&
Emzsaum ugm bnju ugnu mnjg zums uktnre q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az n srmrm~}azaum }skf jmrunaf
zumsz af jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf, jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf nfe mzsmjan``q ugmzm~}mfjafd gnm fmmr ommf eazj}zzme mws`ajau`q& Q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az taem`q un`hme
nok}u, tga`m jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf gaemz af ugm zgnektz& Ugm zumsz taug jkfzm~}mfjmz
kf jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf nrm unhmf af ugm fmme bkr q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Ugaz
zau}nuakf ta`` mnza`q `mne uk iazzumsz af jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf& Bkr mwnis`m, ugm zunruafd
skafu kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az ugm }zm kb q}nf bkr aiskru zmuu`mimfu& Ugaz zums az
srmrm~}azaum }skf n jmrunaf emdrmm kb `aomrn`a|nuakf kb jrkzz)okremr jnsaun` ikmimfuz&
Gktmmr, ugm rkne ins bkr q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf gnz znae fkugafd nok}u ugm fmme bkr
afumrmzu rnum `aomrn`a|nuakf nfe n b`mwao`m mwjgnfdm rnum rmdaim& Nz n rmz}`u, ugm jrkzz)okremr
jnsaun` b`ktz nz n rmz}`u kb q}nf aiskru zmuu`mimfu jmrunaf`q ta`` jrmnum eazukruakfz af rmzk}rjm
n``kjnuakf nfe afumrr}suakfz af ugm S_J‑z bafnfjan` zunoa`auq& Af iq amt, au az i}jg omuumr uk ernt
n rkne ins bkr jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf nfe mws`ajau`q eazj}zz ugm zm~}mfjafd kb ugm
`aomrn`a|nuakf& Ugm rkne ins kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf zgk}`e om emjaeme kf ugm onzaz kb ugm
rkne ins kb jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf&
Jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf af ugm S_J az n erntf k}u srkjmzz& Nbumr gnafd mfuarm`q
`aomrn`a|me auz j}rrmfu njjk}fu, ugm S_J gnz n`zk `aomrn`a|me ugm omzu snru kb auz jnsaun` njjk}fu&
Tga`m ugmrm az fk emfqafd ugnu, kf uks kb n u}ro}`mfu d`kon` bafnfjan` mfarkfimfu, taug n zua``
brnda`m bafnfjan` zqzumi, jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf zgk}`e om s}rz}me jn}uak}z`q& Gktmmr,
ugaz ekmz fku fmjmzznra`q imnf ugnu ugm S_J zgk}`e fku eazj}zz ksuakfz bkr ugm jkis`muakf kb
ugm bmt bafn` zumsz af ugm `kfd inrjg uktnre jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf& Ab ugm jkfj`}zakf azugnu fk b}rugmr njuakf zgk}`e om unhmf uk `aomrn`a|m ugm jnsaun` njjk}fu, ugmf njuakf naime nu
q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf zgk}`e fku om n``ktme uk `mne uk n b}rugmr `aomrn`a|nuakf kb ugm jnsaun`
njjk}fu&
Au zmmiz ugnu ugm S_J zgk}`e barzu zsmme }s afumrmzu rnum `aomrn`a|nuakf zk nz uk m`aiafnum ugm
mfkrik}z jgnfjmz bkr nroaurndm nfe rmfu zmmhafd& Nu ugm znim uaim, ugm q}nf mwjgnfdm rnum
zgk}`e om `aomrn`a|me af ugm zmfzm ugnu au az emjaeme oq inrhmu eminfe nfe z}ss`q& Ugm SOKJ
jk}`e zuks afumrmfuakf af ugm bkrmadf mwjgnfdm inrhmu& Au az n i}jg zais`mr tnq uk zuks ugm
njj}i}`nuakf kb bkrmadf mwjgnfdm rmzmrmz& Ab ugm S_J zua`` ekmz fku tazg uk ek zk, ugmf ugmrm
zgk}`e om fk ikrm un`h nok}u jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf& Taug afb`mwao`m afumrmzu nfe
mwjgnfdm rnumz, jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf ta`` rmfemr ikfmunrq sk`ajq afmbbmjuam nfe jrmnum
`nrdm tm`bnrm `kzzmz bkr ugm S_J&
Ugm nrd}imfu ugnu mwjgnfdm rnum rmbkri fmmez n `kfdmr uaim ugnf q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf az
eabbaj}`u uk }femrzunfe& Af iq amt, e}m uk ugm m}rk|kfm zkmrmadf emou jrazaz, nfe ugm z}eemf
z}rbnjafd kb omnrazg zmfuaimfu nok}u ugm S_J, q}nf nssrmjanuakf mwsmjunuakfz gnm rme}jme
zadfabajnfu`q& Af ugm snzu bmt ikfugz zafjm ugm `nzu ~}nrumr kb ?3>>, q}nf emn`}nuakf
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
?:
mwsmjunuakfz nssmnrme af JFG bkrtnre nfe fkf)em`amrno`m bkrtnre 'FEB! inrhmuz& Af
Emjmiomr ?3>>, ugm q}nf emn`}me bkr >> jkfzmj}uam enqz& Ugmzm jgnfdmz af zmfuaimfu nfe
ugm fmt urmfe kb jnsaun` k}ub`ktz brki mimrdafd mjkfkiamz gnm srkaeme ugm S_J taug n rnrm
ksskru}fauq uk n``kt ugm q}nf uk b`knu& Jmrunaf`q, omjn}zm jnsaun` njjk}fu jkfurk`z af ugm S_J
gnm fku ommf b}``q eazinfu`me, ugm dkmrfimfu jnf n`tnqz }zm ugm sr}emfuan` r}`m nfe kugmr`ntz nfe rmd}`nuakfz uk infndm jrkzz)okremr jnsaun` b`ktz uk srmmfu kmrzgkkuafd kb ugm
mwjgnfdm rnum& Kf`q tgmf ugm mwjgnfdm rnum jnf nel}zu jkfzunfu`q nrk}fe auz m~}a`aora}i `mm`
nfe ekimzuaj afumrmzu rnumz nrm b`mwao`m mfk}dg af rmzskfzm uk ugm b`}ju}nuakfz kb jrkzz)okremr
jnsaun` b`ktz, jnf ugm ksskru}fauq bkr mwjgnfdm rnum nroaurndm nfe afumrmzu rnum nroaurndm om
iafaia|me& Ugmf ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf jnf om srmjmeme af `afm taug inrhmu
jkfeauakfz nfe taug iafai}i tm`bnrm `kzzmz&
7& JKFJ@]ZAKF
Ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf az n inlkr jgn``mfdm bnjafd ugm S_J dkmrfimfu&
Gktmmr, ugm S_J gnz qmu uk dam n bari nfztmr kf tgnu zgk}`e om ugm bafn` dkn` kb
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Bkru}fnum`q, q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf ekmz fku j}rrmfu`q jkfb`aju taug kugmr
skzzao`m ksuakfz, z}jg nz ugm jrmnuakf kb n z}srn)zkmrmadf j}rrmfjq kr n rmdakfn` j}rrmfjq&
Tga`m ugm S_J jnf omfmbau brki ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf, auz skzzao`m fmdnuam
mbbmjuz kf ugm S_J‑z bafnfjan` zunoa`auq inq n`zk om zmrak}z&
Ugm utazuz nfe u}rfz kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf af ?3>> rnazmz n mrq aiskrunfu ~}mzuakf< ekmz
ugm S_J tnfu uk unhm ugm razh kb b}``q `aomrn`a|afd auz jnsaun` njjk}fu taugk}u barzu s}uuafd auz ktf
gk}zm af kremr nfe daafd ugm inrhmu bkrjm b}`` s`nq af emumriafafd ugm afumrmzu rnumz nfe
mwjgnfdm rnumz; Ugm ~}mzuakf bnjafd ugm S_J az fku nok}u ugm emzarnoa`auq kb q}nf
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Au az nok}u ugm srakraua|nuakf kb ugm S_J‑z bafnfjan` rmbkriz nfe rmdaim
jgnfdmz& Ugm ~}mzuakf omjkimz mmf ikrm nj}um tgmf unhafd afuk jkfzaemrnuakf ugm bnju ugnu
ugm d`kon` bafnfjan` inrhmu az zua`` af u}rika` nfe ugm S_J‑z bafnfjan` inrhmuz nrm af n imzzq
zunum& Au az razhq uk saf ugm gksm kb ugm mimrdmfjm kb n gmn`ugamr nfe ikrm rko}zu bafnfjan`
zqzumi kf ugm jrmnuam emzur}juakf kb mwumrfn` zgkjhz, tga`m ugm mwazuafd zqzumi az zua`` ukk
tmnh uk taugzunfe z}jg zgkjhz&
Ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf rm~}armz jkfmruaoa`auq nfe `aomrn`a|nuakf kb ugm jnsaun`
njjk}fu& E}m uk ugm brnda`auq kb ugm bafnfjan` zqzumi nfe auz `njh kb nuurnjuam bafnfjan`
afzur}imfuz, ugm S_J‑z `aomrn`a|nuakf kb ugm jnsaun` njjk}fu nfe gmfjm ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakfkb ugm q}nf i}zu srkjmme af n drne}n` bnzgakf&
Q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf zgk}`e om n fnu}rn` jk}rzm kb mjkfkiaj emm`ksimfu nfe jnsaun`
njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf& Uk s}zg q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf af nf nruabajan` tnq az jk}fumr)
srke}juam& Sk`ajamz naime nu srkikuafd q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf zgk}`e fku om onzme kf q}nf
nssrmjanuakf& Kugmrtazm, afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf ta`` fku om z}zunafno`m&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
?5
Ugm S_J‑z drktafd mjkfkiq nfe urnem k`}im nrm bnkrno`m jkfeauakfz bkr
afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf& Gktmmr, kugmr jkfeauakfz, z}jg nz ugm mwazumfjm kb emms nfe `a~}ae
bafnfjan` inrhmuz, gnm fku ommf imu& Uk jrmnum jkfeauakfz bkr ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm
q}nf, ugm S_J dkmrfimfu zgk}`e mfjk}rndm bafnfjan` inrhmuz uk s`nq nf afjrmnzafd`q
aiskrunfu rk`m&Zm~}mfjafd az aiskrunfu& Taugk}u ugm afauan` rmn`a|nuakf kb mzuno`azgafd inrhmu)emumriafme
afumrmzu rnumz nfe mwjgnfdm rnumz, q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf jk}`e mnza`q dk nzurnq& Ugm
srkjmzz kb q}nf afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf mzzmfuan``q az n srkjmzz kb jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf&
E}m uk ugm }fsrmjmemfume nfe jkis`mw d`kon` bafnfjan` jrazaz nfe ugm S_J‑z g}dm aion`nfjmz,
jnsaun` njjk}fu `aomrn`a|nuakf zgk}`e om s}rz}me af n jn}uak}z tnq& Ugm S_J zgk}`e barzu s}u auz
ktf gk}zm af kremr& Ombkrm ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf jnf inhm srkdrmzz, ugm S_J
i}zu zsmme }s ugm rmbkri kb auz bafnfjan` inrhmuz& Afumrmzu rnumz zgk}`e om `aomrn`a|me& Nu ugm
znim uaim, ugm q}nf mwjgnfdm rnum zgk}`e om n``ktme uk b`knu brmm`q& Kf`q tgmf ugm S_J‑z
bafnfjan` rmbkri inhmz nf aiskrunfu ormnhugrk}dg, jnf ugm afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf kb ugm q}nf om
no`m uk inhm imnfafdb}` srkdrmzz&
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NEOA Tkrhafd Snsmr :22 Q}
\gnfd, O& nfe ^& W}& ?3>>& _IO Afumrfnuakfn`a|nuakf af ugm Jkfumwu kb Mwjgnfdm _num nfeJnsaun` Njjk}fu Jkfurk`& ]fs}o`azgme& 'af Jgafmzm!&
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