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Research Philosophy
Research Approach
Research Strategies
Time Horizons
Data Collection
Research Onion
Research Philosophy
• Your research philosophy depends on the way that you think about knowledge is developed or created, how we gain understanding of things (“epistemology”). • Your way of thinking will affect the way you go about doing research.
• Generally, there are two key research philosophies, the positivism and phenomenology.
Research Philosophy
Research Approach
Research Strategies
Time Horizons
Data Collection
Phenomenology
Positivism
• You are working with an observable reality. Research can produce laws. Results can be generalised, similar to those produced by natural scientists.
• You are working objectively, with little or no personal interpretation of the data.
• You need a structured methodology to gain quantitative data which is replicable and can be analysed using stats.
Philosophy - Positivism
•You are researching human behaviour. This may be too complex to follow a definite law in the same way as the natural sciences.
•Generalisability is not of crucial importance, since we are focussing on a particular problem or situation
•Phenomenology highlights the details of the situation to understand a reality working behind them.
Philosophy - Phenomenology
Research Philosophy
Research Approach
Research Strategies
Time Horizons
Data Collection
Phenomenology
Positivism
Theory
Hypotheses
Data
Confirmation
Theory
PatternsData
Tentative Hypotheses
Data
Deductive Inductive
The Research Approach
Deductive approach: testing theory
Inductive approach: building theory
Deductive Approach Inductive Approach
Scientific principles Moving from theory to data The need to explain causal
relationships between variables The collection of quantitative
data The application of controls to
ensure data validity A highly structured approach Researcher independence of
what is being researched The necessity to select samples
of sufficient size in order to generalise conclusions
Gaining an understanding of the meaning humans attach to events
A close understanding of the research context
The collection of qualitative data A more flexible structure to
permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses
A realisation that the researcher is part of the research process
Less concern with the need to generalise
Deductive vs. Inductive
Research Philosophy
Research Approach
Research Strategies
Time Horizons
Data Collection
Phenomenology
Positivism
Deductive
Inductive
Rese
arch
Stra
teg
ies
• The survey method is usually associated with the deductive approach – surveys are “experiments”.
• It allows the collection of a large amount of data from a sizeable population in a highly economical way.
• It is often conducted on questionnaire to answer those ‘What’ and ‘How’ questions. Its data are standardised and so allow easy comparison.
• It gives you more control over the research process, however, it takes time to design and pilot a good questionnaire.
Survey Method
The Experimental Method is a classical form of research that comes from the natural science. The process usually involves: 1.The definition of a theoretical hypothesis.2.Select a sample of a population.3.Allocate samples to different experimental
conditions.4.Introduce planned change on one variable (the
“independent” variable).5.Measure the change of an associated
“dependent” variable.6.Control of other variables.
Experimental Method
Research Philosophy
Research Approach
Research Strategies
Time Horizons
Data Collection
Phenomenology
Deductive
Inductive
Experiment
Survey
Case Study
Focus Group
Ethnography
Grounded Research
Positivism
Time Horizons
• Consider the amount of time you have, do you want your research to be a ‘snapshot’ or a ‘diary’?
• The snapshot reflects the cross-sectional studies.
• The diary reflects the longitudinal studies
Research Philosophy
Research Approach
Research Strategies
Time Horizons
Data Collection
Positivism
Phenomenology
Deductive
Inductive
Longitudinal
Cross Sectional
Experiment
Survey
Case Study
Focus Group
Ethnography
Grounded Research
Types of Data
• Quantitative
• Qualitative
Research Philosophy
Research Approach
Research Strategies
Time Horizons
Data Collection
Positivism
Phenomenology
Deductive
Inductive
Longitudinal
Cross SectionalQuantitativeQualitative
Experiment
Survey
Case Study
Focus Group
Ethnography
Grounded Research
Wish to do Research
Research Topic,
Questions
Literature Review
Design Research
Approaches
Data Collection
Negotiate Access
Data Analysis
ReportWriting
Report Submitting
Stages in a Research
Research ProposalWriting guideline
Title •Give a clear and succinct title, indicating
the problem area around which the research will be undertaken.
Word guide•Title…………………………10-20 •Abstract------------------words guide 50-100 •Key words ........15-20
Please note following instructions. The proposal should include a list of references and a timeframe. The word count excluding references is 1500 – 2000
Background• Include a description of the background to your
topic. Explain ▫ Why you have chosen the topic ▫ Why you selected this particular industry for research ▫ Research Gap, mention at least 3 references who
suggested this kind of work to be done in future. • Research Questions Here you should write your
research questions as they emerge from the background and critical literature review.
• Research Objectives Here you outline your main objectives of your research? Develop these into 3-5 specific research objectives that begin with “To…” and use higher level verbs
Word Guide 500-750
Preliminary Review of the Literature
•Give a brief critical review of the literature that you have read in writing the proposal. This should include current sources. Don’t forget to give a list of sources used (a minimum of 20 for proposal and 100 for thesis) - use the APA style, you are encouraged to use endnote for referencing. Justify the need for the research.
Word Guide 800-1000
Research Plan / Methodology
• This is the most important section• Data Collection Methods • Have you a conceptual framework? • If so, include. Propositions What is the access and
sampling strategy (including sample numbers)? • Population, sample, element………….use NQuery
Advisor • How will the data be analyzed and presented? • What are the delimitations of your research -
comment briefly on validity, reliability and generalizability
Word Guide 500-750
Ethical Considerations •Plagiarism is acceptable up to only 15
percent excluding referencing. Before review and presentation
•Proposal will be tested for plagiarism •Time frame Include a Gantt chart. Time
line for each important task Alert us to any particular problems you are likely to face.
Word Guide 150-200
•Referencing ▫5 books and 20 research articles Using
endnote software and in APA style
•Annexure ▫Questionnaire, web information or any
other report.
Note: you can skip any of the options if not applicable.
DATA
Quantitative
Categorical
Numerical
Numeric Non-
numeric
R I O N O N
Nominal………category……… No Order or Rank, just name Eg ; country name ,company name etc.
Ordinal ……..Ranked categories but we don’t know the differenceEg ; good , bad , excellent
SA A Avg D SD3 4 3 2 1
Interval ………. We ranked them with fixed distance between each data category ranked/order/zero is scale if comes in data ..does not nothing exist.
Ratio ……….numeric zero mean nothing exists,Ranked
F Allow to do ratio
0 10
10 20
20 30
Excel For Research
CHI SQUARE
Values must be mutually exclusive
Sample drawn from population
Minimum expecting of five currencies in
each category
Do you work ? Y/N
Students: Lot of us work– students are saying (Alternate Hypothesis)
Professor : Equal people work (Null Hypothesis)
Observed No
Expected No
Residual
Y 16 10 6
N 14 10 -6
T 20 20 0
Descriptive Statics
Chi square x2 7.2
Df 0.1
Significance 0.007
X2 (1)=7.20, P ≤0.05
We sampled 20 students and evaluated whether those of the students who worked was equal to the students who don’t work.
Data was analyzed choosing Chi Square of fitness test.
NULL hypothesis was rejected
X2(1)=7.2,P ≤ 0.05
More than half of the students work
T-Test
It detects the defenses between the means of two dependent variables.
Requirements
1. Sample from population.2. Two scale measurement per participant.3. Distribution of differences scores is quality
normal.
1. People spend more time on watching movies (AH)
2. People spend more time reading books.(NH)
One laid testTest Anova
Tests of data
1.Count2.Average 3.Standard
dev4.T-Test
Average of two means are statistically different from each otherSD,AVG,X does not tell us full story either two numbers are different
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