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• The requirement of embarking a research
– You need a title.
– You need to submit a proposal (20%). – Filled up -The proposal form
– You need to wait until your proposal is approved.
1. Problem identification…………………….Chap 12. Formulate research questions………….Chap 13. Literature review ……………………………..chap 24. Methodology - Research philosophy and
approach…………………………………………..Chap 35. Research design…………………………………Chap 36. Data collection……………………………………Chap 47. Data processing & analysis………………….Chap 48. Conclusion & reports…………………………..Chap 5
Research Process
Literature ReviewWhat is Literature Review ?◦ Highlight what has been done so far, such as
Approaches Methods used Variables used Statistical procedures
Why it is important? To Improve research methodology Focus on research problem
Deeper understanding subject matter Cater to knowledge base for research area
Gain wider knowledge Contextualize research findings
Contribution Ensure novelty in work Avoid reinventing the wheel
How to write a Literature Review Block method
Class Exercise
30 MINUTES
Create a research title
Define the research problem
Develop the research questions
Methodology
• How you want to conduct your research
• Type of approach– Quantitative– Qualitative
• Different approach – different methodology used
• How well does the sample represent the population?
Population SampleParameters Statistics
Sample Representative
( , ) ( , )X s
Estimation
• Determination of a suitable sample size– Base on the theory of probability • The larger the sample size, the lower the chances of
error in generalizing.
– The determination of sample size influenced by,• Confidence level of data, level of certainty that the
characteristics of the data collected will represent the characteritics of the total population.• Margin of error tolerated, level of accuracy required for
any estimates made from the sample• Type of analysis undertaken.• Size of population from which the sample is to be
drawn
Primary Data Collection
Two Basic Sampling Methodologies
Probability Samples
Simple RandomSampling
SystematicSampling
ClusterSampling
StratifiedSampling
Nonprobability Samples
ConvenienceSampling
ReferralSampling
JudgmentSampling
QuotaSampling
Probability: Each member of the population has an equal and known probability of being included in the sampleNonprobability: The probability of selecting members of the population is unknown/unequal.
Measurement & Scales• Variables– A logical grouping – Construct or property to be studied
• Type of variables – DV– IV– Moderating V– Extraneous V– Intervening V
Measurement & Scales
• There are four levels of measurement available to the researcher:
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio
• Measurement is achieved through the use of scales. A scale is a measurement tool that can be used to measure a question with a predetermined number
Data Collection
Secondary Data- Internal - External
Primary Data
ObservationHumanElectronicMechanical
Quantitative
Self-Completion SurveysRegular mailOvernight deliveryFaxInternetDrop off/pick up
Interviewer-Completed SurveysTelephoneShopping MallHome, Office, etc.Observation
InterviewsDepth InterviewsFocus GroupsCase StudiesProjective Techniques
Qualitative
ObservationHumanElectronic
• Descriptive Statistics– Measure of location– Mean– Median– Mode– Measure of spread– Variance– Standard deviation– Measure of shapes
Analysis of Data
Hypothesis Testing
• Hypothesis testing: a statistical procedure used to “accept” or “reject” the hypothesis based on sample information
• Intuitive hypothesis testing: when someone uses something he or she has observed to see if it agrees with or refutes his or her belief about that topic…so we use hypothesis testing in our lives all the time
• Example of Hypothesis• Product quality has the significant influence
on customer loyalty• Brand name has the significant influence on
customer loyalty
• Inference : the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation.
• Standard Deviation• T-Test – test of significant differences between 2 mean,
• Independent• Dependents
• ANOVA (One way analysis of variance)• Correlation coefficient
Inferential Statistics
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