Republican Era

Republican Republican EraEra

A077.10.37.10.3

TOPIC OUTLINETOPIC OUTLINEA. Republican America in the early 1800s

1. Religion: Beginnings of the Second Great Awakening2. Women: Republican motherhood & education for women3. Cultural Nationalism4. Stirrings of Industry

B. Jefferson's Presidency (and Madison’s)1. Jefferson & the National Government2. The Courts and Marbury3. Louisiana4. Foreign Affairs: Troubles at Sea5. Expansion into the trans-Appalachian West & Indian resistance

C. War of 1812 and its consequences

Guiding QuestionGuiding Question

To what extent were To what extent were developments during the period developments during the period 1800-1824 consistent with the 1800-1824 consistent with the vision of Thomas Jefferson and vision of Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans, as opposed to the Republicans, as opposed to the vision of Hamilton and the the vision of Hamilton and the Federalists?Federalists?

Competing Visions for AmericaCompeting Visions for AmericaREPUBLICAN/JEFFERSON

VISIONFEDERALIST (HAMILTON) VISION

Government

Constitution

Economy

Foreign Policy

Religion

Culture

A.A. AMERICA IN 1800AMERICA IN 1800

National National Development Development

in the Early Republicin the Early Republic

1. BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRY1. BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRY

Samuel Slater

Eli Whitney cotton gin

interchangeable parts

Robert FultonThe Clermont (1807)

Turnpikes

The Cotton Gin (National Archives)

Distribution of slave population 1790-1820

Population density: 1790 & 1820

2. RELIGION:2. RELIGION: BEGINNINGS OF THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING SECOND GREAT AWAKENING

Deism

Unitarianism

Second Great Awakening (1806-30s)

camp meetings

Charles Finney

John Wesley

“burned over district’

The Second Great Awakening, 1790-1860

Growth of American Methodism 1775-1850

3. RISE OF CULTURAL NATIONALISM3. RISE OF CULTURAL NATIONALISM

Education? - the “virtuous citizen”

Distinctively American literature?Washington Irving

Noah Webster

Washington Irving (Portrait Gallery)

B.B. JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCYJEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY

The Election of 1800

Election Election of 1800of 1800

Election of 1800

Jefferson Jefferson vs.vs. Burr Burr in House of Representativesin House of Representatives

First Peaceful Turnover of PowerFirst Peaceful Turnover of Power

Twelfth Amendment Twelfth Amendment (1804)(1804)

Hamilton-Burr duel Hamilton-Burr duel (1804) (1804) >>>>

Decline of FederalistsDecline of Federalists

Thomas JeffersonThomas JeffersonWell over 6 feet tallNot a good public speaker. One of the greatest writers among U.S. Presidents A renaissance manIncredibly well-read in science and philosophyContinental Congress; assemblyman; Gov. of Virginia.; Author of Dec. of Independence; Min. to France; Sec. of State; Vice Pres.

1.1. Jefferson & National Gov’tJefferson & National Gov’t

Views on governmentstrict constructionism

major functions

Alien & Sedition Acts

Army & Navy

Public spending

federal debt

Excise tax on whiskey rest of Hamilton’s program?

simplicity as PresidentThomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1805

Collection of The New-York Historical Society

2. Struggle Over the Courts2. Struggle Over the Courts

Judiciary Act of 1801“Midnight appointments”

John Marshall (Ch. Justice 1801-1835)

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Judiciary Act of 1789

judicial review

significance

John Marshall

3. Louisiana Purchase• The Problem: right of deposit, Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)

3. Louisiana Purchase•ProblemProblem•DealDeal•DilemmaDilemma•OppositionOpposition•ImpactImpact

Louisiana Louisiana Purchase Purchase TreatyTreaty

Map of the West 1802Map of the West 1802Map of the West 1802

Lewis and Clark

1804-1806

Purposes: Explore new territory

Claim to Oregon

political & trade relations with Indians

http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~atlas/america/interactive/map06.html

4. TROUBLES AT SEA

Significance of American Shipping

Barbary pirates

4. TROUBLES AT SEA

Napoleanic wars (1803-1814)(1803-1814)

British Orders in Council (blockade)

Napolean’s Continental System

Impressment< 6000 US sailors 1808-1811

Chesapeake Affair (1807)

Embargo Act of 1807 “Peaceable Coercion”

Why not war?

Who opposes?

Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailors (Library of Congress)

4. TROUBLES AT SEAEmbargo Act of 1807 (1807-1809)

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)Effect on Britain?

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

American Export Trade, 1790–1815American Export Trade, 1790–1815

James James MadisonMadison

Dolley MadisonDolley Madison (Portrait Gallery)(Portrait Gallery)

• President 1809-1817

5. CONFLICTS WITH WESTERN INDIANS

Trans-Appalacian settlement

(Tecumseh: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, FMNH Neg. #A93851)

Population density-1790-1820

C. WAR OF C. WAR OF 18121812

America'sAmerica'sSecond War forSecond War forIndependence?Independence?

5. CONFLICTS WITH WESTERN INDIANS

(Tecumseh: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, FMNH Neg. #A93851)

Native America, 1783-1812Native America, 1783-1812

Trans-Appalacian settlementTrans-Appalacian settlement

Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)

Tecumseh Tecumseh

Role of Britain? Role of Britain?

William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Presidential Election of 1812Presidential Election of 1812

War of 1812 - CausesWar of 1812 (1812-1815)(1812-1815)

“War Hawks” Henry Clay (Whig -KY Lexington)

John Calhoun (Whig - SC)

Reasons US declared war1) Impressment of sailors 2) Conflicts with Indians3) Desire for expansion

“Mr. Madison’s War”

Henry Clay

War of 1812 - Fighting

York (Toronto) (1813)Battle of Lake Erie (summer 1813)

Commodore Oliver Hazard PerryBattle of Thames (Oct 1813)

Wm Henry Harrison

Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)Andrew Jackson

Plattsburg (Sept 11, 1814)Key battle of war

Attack on Washington (Aug 1814)

Baltimore – Ft. McHenry“Star Spangled Banner” (1814)Francis Scott Key

Battle of New Orleans (Jan 1815)“Hero of New Orleans”

War of 1812: Results

Opposition to War

Hartford Convention (Dec 1814)

Treaty of Ghent

(Dec 24, 1814)

Results of the War of 1812

Draw militarily Small War and insignificant in military terms.

Important consequences for the U.S.:Winners: War Hawks (favoring western expansion, national improvements, trade); Republicans, Andrew Jackson, William Henry HarrisonLosers: Indians, FederalistsNew Spirit of nationalism (Era of Good Feelings)Paranoia about Britain died away (“Second War for Independence”)

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

End of involvement in Europe for next 100 years.

America looks inward

Jefferson Jefferson in 1821in 1821

Auction of Monticello, 1827Auction of Monticello, 1827

Monticello, ca. 1870Monticello, ca. 1870

East Front of Monticello, ca. 1870 (University of Virginia)

Monticello today

Monticello today

Monticello Today

Sources

http://www.monticello.org/http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/idx_map.htmlhttp://www.lewisandclark.org/lib.htmhttp://www.jmu.edu/madison/louispurchase.htmBrinkley, American History: A Survey (10th ed)