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Ancient RomeAncient RomeRepublic to EmpireRepublic to Empire
From a Republic to an EmpireFrom a Republic to an Empire509 B.C. 509 B.C. –– 476 A.D.476 A.D.
Roman Security SystemRoman Security System
The Republic’s MilitaryThe Republic’s Military• First only patricians
served in the army.• Rome had many
enemies: Gauls, Latins, Etruscans
• Gauls burned Rome in 390 BC
• Senate turned to all citizens including the plebeians to serve!
• Army supported by trades and taxes.• Strict discipline• Low pay for lower classes
The Legions• Trained in use of
slings, javelins, spears & swords
• Divided into legions. Define.
• Legions were divided into 60 centuries.Why? Smaller units for swift movement. New military tactic!
Roman LegionsRoman Legions
• How did the Republic treat those they conquerored?
• Carthage– City-state on
Northern coast of Africa
– Dominated western Mediterranean trade and islands: Sardinia, Corsica, & Sicily
– Sea traders– Expansionist
Policies
The Punic WarsRome vs. Carthage
Carthage
Rome
First Punic War 264 B.C.• Cause
–Rivalry over trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea and Sicily
First Punic War 264 B.C.• Results
– Rome victorious– Forced Carthage
to give up Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
– Pay war reparations• 2,200 Euboean
talents for 20 years
Second Punic War - 218-201 B.C.
VS.
ScipioHannibal Class Reading: Class Reading:
Hannibal of CarthageHannibal of Carthage
Second Punic War - 218-201 B.C.HannibalHannibal• Carthaginian general • Introduces surprise
attack concept with “Alps invasion”
• His military strategies are still studied today at the US Military academies
Second Punic War - 218-201 B.C.
Scipio Scipio •Roman general
•Led attack on Carthage
•Forced Hanninbal home
Third Punic WarThird Punic War
• Cause–Carthage violates
terms of treaty–Senate wants
complete destruction of city
Third Punic WarThird Punic War• Results
–Carthage destroyed
–Earth salted so crops won’t grow
–All killed or enslaved
–Becomes a province of city of Rome
Results of Punic WarsOur Sea
• Rome captures Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor
• The Mediterranean is Rome’s
The Republic in Crisis 100B.C.The Republic in Crisis 100B.C.Major Problems:Major Problems:
Small farmers no longer needed to produce food;
large estates had taken over
Farmers flock to Rome and other cities looking for jobs
The Republic in Crisis The Republic in Crisis 100B.C.100B.C.
Greed and self-interest replace virtues of simplicity, hard work,
and devotion to duty
Now lived for pleasure and luxury
The Republic in Crisis The Republic in Crisis 100B.C.100B.C.
Civil Wars Break Outlegions stationed in
provinces to stop uprisingspoor paid by army generals
to serve
Revolts and Civil WarsRevolts and Civil Wars
Conquered people forced to work as
slaves• 30 % Rome’s people enslaved
– Spartacus Leads Revolt– Conquerors two legions– But… 6,000 are crucified– His body is never found!
Spartacus
The Rise of Julius CaesarThe Rise of Julius Caesar• Elected consul in 60 B.C.• First Triumvirate formed
–Caesar, Pompey, & Crassus
–Shared power• Conquered territories
–Gaul, Germanic tribes, & Britain
–Seen as a military hero-“Veni, vidi, vici…”
The Rise of Julius CaesarThe Rise of Julius Caesar• Results
–Triumvirate falls apart–Senate demands Caesar to
return w/out his army–“Crossing the Rubicon”
means an act from which there is no turning back
–Civil war ensues–Caesar hailed as dictator
for life in 45 B.C.
Provided jobs for poor
Army veterans given land
Aligned with the solar year
Libraries, temples & Forum built
Course of Tiber River alteredBuilt roads & bridges to
connect empire
“All roads lead to Rome”
Colonies established for trade
Distributed free grain
Mourners lay flowers at the site of his demise
• Many feared he would assume title of king & set up a dynasty
• 60 members of Senate plot to kill him
• The Ides of March (15th) stabbed 23x’s
Who Will Reign?Who Will Reign?
• Mark Antony is believed to be the heir.
• J. Caesar surprises many by naming his grand nephew Octavian ruler.
Who Will Reign?
Who Will
• But there is a woman…Cleopatra VII …
Watch “Great Romances: Antony & Cleopatra”
Reign?
Imperial Rome’s GovernmentImperial Rome’s Government
Roman EmpireRoman EmpireEstablishedEstablished
•The 500-year republic comesto an end. •The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One; the first citizen of Rome.•The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C
2
2
Roman EmpireRoman EmpireAugustus laid the Augustus laid the foundation for a stable foundation for a stable government that would government that would function well for 200 function well for 200 years. This period was years. This period was called thecalled the Pax Pax RomanaRomana. .
Was there really 200 years of peace?
Augustus’ ReformsAugustus’ Reforms1. Created efficient civil service to
enforce the laws.2. Opened up high-level jobs to men of
talent, regardless of race.3. Allowed cities and provinces to govern
themselves.
Augustus Augustus First Emperor of the EmpireFirst Emperor of the Empire
Augustus’ ReformsAugustus’ Reforms4. Ordered a census, or population
count, in order to make the tax system more fair.
5. Set up a postal service and issued unified monetary system of coins.
6. Employed the jobless.
Augustus Augustus First Emperor of the EmpireFirst Emperor of the Empire
The Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire Expands
• Empire expands after Augustus rules
• A.D. 117 reached biggest size• New territories organized to
provinces–Laws enforced–Allowed to live as usual
The Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and How did the empire maintain control and communication?communication?
Benefits of ExpansionBenefits of ExpansionBenefits of Expansion
• Provinces act as buffers for Rome• Produced food • Paid taxes: supported army and
road systems
Good EmperorsGood Emperors•• Tiberius and ClaudiusTiberius and Claudius
members of Augustus’ family were efficient rulers who continued to make reforms to benefit all classes of citizens
• Hadrian 117 A.D.– Built Hadrian’s Wall in
Britain to – Passed laws to protect
women,children and slaves
– Able, tireless rulerHadrian’s WallHadrian’s Wall
Good EmperorsGood Emperors•• Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius, last , last
good emperor of the Pax good emperor of the Pax Romana eraRomana era.-Strong sense of duty-Fought invaders -Philosopher Emperor-His son began the reign of bad emperors leading to Rome’s decline.
Two ReformersTwo Reformers
DiocletianDiocletian1.1. Divided the empire into two parts to Divided the empire into two parts to
make it easier to governmake it easier to govern2.2. Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the
rapid rise of pricesrapid rise of prices
3.3. Established laws to ensure steady Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goodsproduction of food and goods
Two ReformersTwo Reformers
1.1. Continued Diocletian’s reformsContinued Diocletian’s reforms
2.2. Granted toleration to Christians, which led Granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianityto the rapid growth of Christianity
3.3. Built a new capital at Constantinople, Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the making the eastern part of the empire the center of power center of power
ConstantineConstantine
Divided Roman EmpireDivided Roman Empire
Bad EmperorsBad Emperors
• Nero the Madman–Insane &
believed to set Rome afire and sang in the process
Bad EmperorsBad Emperors• Caligula
–Collected shells on beaches to say he conquered the sea
–Almost named his horse consul
Bad EmperorsBad Emperors
• SullaMade announcements of whom he wanted dead
Mount VesuviusMount Vesuvius
What happened What happened that terrible day that terrible day in 79 AD…in 79 AD…
Pliny: Eye Witness Pliny: Eye Witness Account!Account!
Pompeii: Vesuvius Pompeii: Vesuvius -- What Did the What Did the Eruption Look Like?Eruption Look Like?
Roman AccomplishmentsRoman Accomplishments
Roman AchievementsRoman Achievements
ArtArt1. Sculptors stressed
realism.
2. Artists depicted life scenes in mosaics and frescoes.
Roman AchievementsRoman Achievements
TechnologyTechnology
• Created aqueducts for piped water• Built an extensive road system
Over 50,000 miles
PantheonPantheonVirtual Tour Virtual Tour
PantheonPantheon
Engineering Wonders…Engineering Wonders…
Roman EngineeringRoman EngineeringAccomplishmentsAccomplishments
Roman RoadsRoman Roads
The Roman Road System
Roman AchievementsRoman Achievements
ArchitectureArchitecture•• Developed rounded domeDeveloped rounded dome•• Changed design and
improved the Greek column and arch
Colosseum & Circus MaximusColosseum & Circus Maximus• Colosseum 80 A.D.
–Held gladiator & animal fights
–Held 50,000 people• Circus Maximus
–Held chariot races–Held 250,000–Bread and Circus
Policy
Colosseum & Circus MaximusColosseum & Circus Maximus
ColosseumColosseum
Virtual Tour Virtual Tour ColosseumColosseum
Gladiator: Gladiator: Dressed to Kill Dressed to Kill
GameGame
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