REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INEQUALITIES · 2017. 11. 7. · (lifetime preva-lence, %) 100% 2007 2012...

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INEQUALITIESin Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Ten of the world’s 25 most equal countries are in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Tajikistan: dramatic widening of inequalities between rich and poor in access to ante-natal care

Moldova and Serbia: Poorest women left behind

Reducing ante-natal care inequalities: the Armenia success story

Antenatal care coverage: at least four visits

“Inequalities in sexual and reproductive health and rights have costs to the individual, the community, nations and the entire global community.”

UNFPA, State of World Population Report 2017

But: huge inequalities in reproductive health - among and within countries

LESS EQUAL

Belarus Kyrgyzstan EU average

MORE EQUAL

Women in the region are still dying during child birth, and differences

in maternal mortality rates between countries are enormous.

Women and girls with disabilities face particular difficulties in exercising their

reproductive rights, as a result ofstigmatisation and discrimination.

Armenia in 2008 almost doubled budget allocations for maternity care and in-

troduced certificates entitling pregnant women to free services. As a result,

women in all wealth quintiles now have better access to services than they had before, and previous inequalities have

largely been erased.

Generally, around 90% or moreof pregnant women in the region

get a minimum of four check-ups. But wealth, ethnicity and place of residence still impact the level of

care women get.

HIV is on the rise in theregion, with 190,000

new infections every year,generally affecting

men more than women.

Contraceptive choicesand use of modern methods

vary widely in the region.Usage rates are extremely

low in Southeastern Europe and the Caucasus,

and generally higher in Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

Gender-based violence iswidespread in the region

and affects mostly womenand girls. It undermines thehealth, dignity, security and

autonomy of its victims,and can affect their sexual

and reproductive health.

“Pulling a world that is apart closer together will not be easy, but it is feasible.”

Across the region, young women under 20are far less likely to use modern contraceptives than their older peers.

Wealth also affects the useof modern contraceptives:

The gap in usage rates betweenthe poorest and wealthiest

women in the region is

INCOME INEQUALITY: LOW

ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY

ANTE-NATAL CARE

MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

GENDER INEQUALITY

MATERNAL MORTALITY

WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES

Income inequality (as measured by the GINI index)

Ante-natal care: Roma vs general population

Ante-natal care: urban vs rural

Turkey and Tajikistan:less access for rural women

Source: MICS, DHS, or other national surveys. All figures in this section express the percentage of pregnant who have had access to a minimum of four ante-natal check-ups.

% of women of reproductive age, married or in union Source: UNFPA, State of World Population Report 2017

Source: Turkmenistan MICS 2015-16. Percentage of women married or in union women who are using modern contraceptives

Use of the modern contraceptives

percentagepoints

10Source: UNFPA, State of World

Population Report 2017

Source: UN Population Division, World Population Prospects.

Source: Reproductive Health Training Center, Situation analysis, 2016 (focus group study)

Source: UNAIDS. Data available for 10 countries in the region.

Source: OECD

Source: UNFPA EECARO, based on national surveys

Source: UN Women, The World’s Women 2015. Only countries in theregion with recent data are listed.

Source: MICS

Adolescent birth rates are going down, except in Azerbaijan, and gaps

between countries have been shrinking. But the regional rate is still 3x higher than in the EU, as young people face

barriers accessing information and

services.

among Roma minorities

Moldova: physical and attitudinalbarriers to access to to sexual

and reproductive health services

Rate of new infections is Number of men living with HIV is

and in rural areas

Azerbaijan

European Union

Bosnia and Herzegovina

among young Roma women*

in Serbia

38%among young rural women*

in Moldova

6%among all

young women*in Serbia

women with disabilitiesreport physical access

barriers

over 1 in 2

higher among men than among women (2015)

1.4 xhigher than number of women

living with HIV (2015)

women with disabilities report unfriendly or accusatory attitudes

by medical personnel

1 in 3

among young urban women*

in Moldova

3%*women aged 20-24 who gave birth before age 20

Gender inequalities have a direct impact on women’s ability to realise their

reproductive rights. Although inequalities are relatively low in the region, and are

decreasing, differences between countriesremain significant.

Gender inequalities are on the decline in the region

Measuring discrimination against women in lawsand social norms and practices

Source: UNDP Gender Inequality Index. The Index measures gender inequalities in health, education and political and labour force

participation. Average for the countries in the region.

0.47 0.271995 2015

1 - High inequality 0 - Low inequality

“We all gain when human rights and dignity are universally upheld,with no exceptions and no one left behind”

Psychological violence

Physical violence

Sexual violence

Albania

Bulgaria

Kygyzstan

Romania

Tajikistan

Turkey

WesternBalkans

Eastern Europe

South Caucasus

CentralAsia

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

This data sheet provides a few snapshots of reproductive health and gender inequalities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It supplements UNFPA’s 2017 State of World Population Report. The report is available at unfpa.org/swop

Delivering a world whereevery pregnancy is wantedevery childbirth is safe andevery young person’spotential is fulfilled

United Nations Population FundRegional Office for EasternEurope and Central AsiaIstanbuleeca.unfpa.org

Deaths per100.000 live births

Pregnant Romawomen are lesslikely to get ante-natalcheck-ups

Access to ante-natal care is more limited for women in rural areas in some countries

Uzbekistan

Bosnia &Herzegovina

Regional average

EU average

Teenage birth rates remain very high

Lifetime prevalence (%) of intimate partner and domestic violence, by subregion and form of violence.

Physical intimate partner violence(lifetime preva-lence, %)

Moldova 2012

Serbia 2014

2015/16

Poorest

Richest

Turkey 2013

Tajikistan 2012

urbanrural

70 Turkmenistan: Low modern contraceptive use among the young

Under 20 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44

Adolescent fertility rates (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)

Very Low

oderateH

Source: World Bank. Data covering 2011-2014, latest available figure.

Source: Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank & UN Population Division

24Social Institutions and Gender Index

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INEQUALITIES · 2017. 11. 7. · (lifetime preva-lence, %) 100% 2007 2012...

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