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INTEGRATION OF CYCLING WITH PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Ralph Buehler, VirginiaTech
Bicycling and Public Transport: Perfect Together?
•Synergies:•Cycling extends catchment areas of transit stops far beyond walking range•Much cheaper than park and ride for cars•Transit complements cycling by overcoming long distances, physical barriers, bad weather, or mechanical failure
•Rivalries and conflicts:•Limited space on crowded peak-hour transit vehicles•Cycling substitutes for public transport over short distances
•Most studies find mutually beneficial overall, but much more research needed
0.7
1.1
1.7 1.7
2.5
3.0
3.83.9
0.40.5
0.4
1.0
1.51.7
0.8
1.3
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
New York City Chicago Washington,D.C.
Toronto San Francisco Vancouver Minneapolis Portland
Perc
ent o
f Wor
kers
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau (2008) and Statistics Canada (2008)
Share of Workers Commuting by Bicycle in US and Canadian Cities and Metropolitan Areas,
2006/2007
CityMSA
11.213.4
21.0
26.7
33.034.4
36.4
54.6
5.64.2
16.5
11.514.5
22.2
13.3
30.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Portland Minneapolis Vancouver Chicago San Francisco Toronto Washington,D.C.
New York City
Perc
ent o
f Wor
kers
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau (2008) and Statistics Canada (2008)
Share of Workers Riding Transit in US and Canadian Cities and Metropolitan Areas,
2006/2007
CityMSA
Types of Bike-Transit Integration
Bike parking at rail stations and bus stopsMulti-functional, full service bike stationsBikes on board buses and trains, usually on rail vehicles, often with special provisionsBike Rental at or Near StationsBike paths, lanes, and on-street bike routes that lead to public transit stations and thus facilitate bike’s role as feeder to transit
Main form of bike-transit integration in Europe for decades
Photo: John PucherPhoto: Eva Heinen
Bike racks and lockers at Metrorail Station in Virginia
Photo: Paul DeMaio
Indoor bike parking in Chicago
Photo : Chicago Transit Authority
Electronic bike lockers at North Berkeley BART station
Photo: Bay Area Rapid Transit
smart card used to access lockers
Bike parking at bus stops in Europe
Photo: Peter Berkeley
Photo: City of Muenster
Photo: City of MuensterPhoto: City of Muenster
Types of Bike-Transit Integration
Bike parking at rail stations and bus stopsMulti-functional, full service bike stationsBikes on board buses and trains, usually on rail vehicles, often with special provisionsBike Rental at or Near StationsBike paths, lanes, and on-street bike routes that lead to public transit stations and thus facilitate bike’s role as feeder to transit
Bike Station at Union Station in Toronto
Vending machine for
bike accessories
New Bike Station in Washington, D.C.
Photo: Ralph Buehler
Bike Station in Muenster, Germany
Photo: Peter Berkeley
Bike Wash at Muenster Bike Station
Photo: Peter Berkeley
Types of Bike-Transit Integration
Bike parking at rail stations and bus stopsMulti-functional, full service bike stationsBikes on board buses and trains, usually on rail vehicles, often with special provisionsBike Rental at or Near StationsBike paths, lanes, and on-street bike routes that lead to public transit stations and thus facilitate bike’s role as feeder to transit
27%
32%
36%
46%
50%
57%
62% 63%
71%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Perc
ent o
f Bus
ses w
ith B
icyc
le R
acks
(Source: APTA, Public Transportation Factbook 2008, Table 23)
Trend in Percentage of Buses with Exterior Bicycle Racks in the USA, 2001-2008
Over 50,000 buses in the USA now come equipped with bike racks
Photo: Santa Barbara Bicycling Coalition
Bike on LRT in NJ and Minneapolis
Photo: Metro TransitPhoto: John Boyle
Bikes on Portland’s Aerial Tramway and MAX Light Rail
Photo: Ralph Buehler Photo: Ralph Buehler
Bikes on BART in SF Bay Area
Photo: Ralph Buehler
Photo: Ralph Buehler
Bikes permitted on-board except during peak hours, and without special provisions for bike storage such as on CalTrain
Photo: Ralph Buehler
Bike on Suburban Rail in NJ
Photo: Leigh Ann Von Hagen
Photo: John PucherPhoto: Ralph Buehler
Bikes on Caltrain in San Francisco
Photo: San Francisco Bicycling Coalition
Types of Bike-Transit Integration
Bike parking at rail stations and bus stopsMulti-functional, full service bike stationsBikes on board buses and trains, usually on rail vehicles, often with special provisionsBike Rental at or Near StationsBike paths, lanes, and on-street bike routes that lead to public transit stations and thus facilitate bike’s role as feeder to transit
Easy bike rentalsat transit stations
“ÖV Fiets” and “Call A Bike” in Germany and Netherlands
Photo: Peter Berkeley
Photo: German Railways
Photo: Peter Berkeley
Types of Bike-Transit Integration
Bike parking at rail stations and bus stopsMulti-functional, full service bike stationsBikes on board buses and trains, usually on rail vehicles, often with special provisionsBike Rental at or Near StationsBike paths, lanes, and on-street bike routes that lead to public transit stations and thus facilitate bike’s role as feeder to transit
Bike and Ride
Bike path placed behind bus stop to reduce conflict between cyclists and bus passengers
Above: Shared bus and
bike lane in
Berlin, Germany
Growth in Bike-Transit Trips
Washington Metrorail: 60% growth in bike and ride from 2002 to 2007Minneapolis: doubling in bikes on buses from 2007 to 2008SF Bay Area: Bike access trips to BART stations rose from 2.5% in 1998 to 3.5% in 2008 (10,920 trips per day)Nationally from 1% to 3% of transit access/egress tripsMore research needed on impacts of bike-transit integration
Conclusions
Vast improvement in bike transit integration in North America since 2000Problems where most successful ?“Complete stations”Future growth in cycling will require even further investments in the coming yearsBike and ride is much cheaper than park and ride and more environmentally friendly
Ralph Buehler, Assistant ProfessorVirginia Tech, Alexandria, VA
Email: ralphbu@vt.eduWebpage: http://ralphbu.wordpress.com/
For more Details:
Pucher, J. and R. Buehler. City Cycling.MIT Press, forthcoming, October 2012.
Orhttp://www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/pdf/JPT12-3Pucher.pdf
THANK YOU
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