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Schaefer et al. Radiation Research 49:245-271(1972)
Radiation Monitoring on Apollo XI
1
Schaefer et al. Radiation Research 49:245-271(1972)
Radiation Monitoring on Apollo XI
2
Schaefer et al. Radiation Research 49:245-271(1972)
Radiation Monitoring on Apollo XI
3
F. A. Cucinotta and M. Durante. Space Radiation Element Evidence Report on: Risk of Radiation Carcinogenesis. In Human Research
Evidence Book 2008, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX 2008.4
What amount of fatal cancer risk is acceptable?
REID
• Risk of Exposure-Induced Death
• Fatal cancer REID is 3%at upper 95% confidenceinterval
• Permissible exposurelimits are for risk, notdose.
5
How is the risk calculated?
The model is based on epidemiological data from low LET, acute exposures.
6
REID values for 1-y missions in deep space at the average solar minimum for 20g/cm2 of aluminum shielding.
Cucinotta, Kim, Chappell, Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and Uncertainties - 20127
Career Dose Limits (Sv)
Age at first exposure, (yr)
Space agency Sex 30 35 45 55
NASA (USA) Female 0.47 0.55 0.75 1.1
Male 0.62 0.72 0.95 1.5
JAXA (Japan) Female 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1
Male 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2
ESA (Europe) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Roscomos (Russia) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
CSA (Canada) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Durante & Cucinotta, Rev. Mod. Phys 83, 1245. 20118
Lifetime risks for 940 d Mars Design Reference mission for average solar minimum
%REID, Cancer %REID, Circulatory %REID, Combined
45-y Females
U.S. Average 5.32 [0.95, 14.3] 1.48 [0.57, 3.05] 6.57 [1.38, 14.8]
Never-Smokers 3.56 [0.51, 8.87] 1.55 [0.58, 3.20] 4.98 [1.77, 10.6]
45-y Males
U.S. Average 3.52 [0.66, 8.23] 1.53 [0.64, 3.05] 4.94 [1.91, 9.78]
Never-Smokers 2.75 [0.63, 6.52] 1.62 [0.68, 3.12] 4.28 [1.86, 8.22]
Table 1, truncated9
Cucinotta, F.A. and Durante, M. Lancet Oncol. 7: 431–35 (2006). Original image by Frank McDonald
Particle Tracks in Nuclear Emulsions
HZ=1
LiZ=3
BZ=5
CZ=6
SiZ=14
HeZ=2
CaZ=20
50 mm
TiZ=22
FeZ=26
BeZ=4
High Linear Energy Transfer (LET)Densely Ionizing
10
NASA Space Radiation Laboratory
11
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
M.M. Weil, et al, PLoS.One., 9: e104819, 2014.
0 1 2 3 4
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
D o s e in G y
Tu
mo
r In
cid
en
ce
(%
)
300M eV /n2 8
S i
600 M eV /n5 6
F e
1 3 7C s g a m m a ra y s
7 2 S P E P ro to n s
12
Dose (Gy)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Inc
ide
nc
e o
f A
ML
(%
+/-
S.E
.)
0
5
10
15
20
Weil et al Radiat. Res. 172, 213-219 (2009)
Myeloid Leukemia
1 GeV/n 56Fe137Cs g-rays
13
Modified from Upton AC, Randolph ML, Conklin JW, Melville GS, Conte
FP, Sproul JA. 1970. Radiat. Res. 41:467
Radiation-Induced Myeloid Leukemia in RF Mice
DOSE (Gy)
1 3 5 7
INC
IDEN
CE
(%) 0.8 Gy/min
0.56 to 0.037 mGy/min
14
PROTRACTION EFFECT ON BONE-SARCOMAINDUCTION OF 224Ra IN CHILDREN AND ADULTSHEINZ SPIESS and CHARLES W. MAYS
in Radiation Carcinogenesis. (C. L. Sanders et al., Eds.) pp. 437-450.USAEC Symposium Series 29, CONF-720505, 1973
• 897 patients mostly with bone tuberculosis orankylosing spondylitis treated with repeatedinjections of 224Ra (alpha emitter, 3.62-day half life),53 developed bone sarcomas
• Injections were generally made a weekly intervalsspanning a few weeks to 2.5 years, some patients hada single injection
• For a fixed dose the bone sarcoma incidence washigher with protraction
15
• Protraction over 15 months instead of 5 monthsdoubles bone sarcoma risk
16
Inverse dose rate effect in uranium miners
BEIR VI17
Chronic Neutron ExposureMammary Tumors
10 mGy/day
Ullrich,R.L. Radiat.Res, 97: 587-597, 1984.18
THE NEUTRON RADIATION FACILITY AT COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
19
4720
Interindividual Differences in Susceptibility to Radiogenic Cancers
• Germline mutation/polymorphism
• Somatic mutations• Pre-neoplastic cells
• Dormant microtumors
21
Second Cancers Following Radiotherapy for Hereditary Retinoblastoma
Wong et al. (1997) Cancer Incidence After Retinoblastoma. JAMA 278:1262-67.
Photo courtesy of Gail Tomlinson
The Biology of Cancer (Garland Science 2007)
22
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma
Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome)
Atahan, I.L. (1998) Basal cell carcinomas developing in a case of medulloblastoma associated with Gorlin's
syndrome. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 15(2): 187 - 191 23
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