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Quality Control
HIGH QUALITY FILMS
REPRODUCES ANATOMICAL IMAGE EXACTLY
FILM HAS: CORRECT TECHNICAL FACTORS NO MOTION NO ARTIFACTS PROCESSED CORRECTLY
RESOLUTION
ABLE TO VISUALLY SEPARATE OBJECTS
BONE VS. TISSUE-- IE: SPATIAL RESOLUTION CR VS CONVENTIONAL FILM
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENT TISSUES-- IE: CONTRAST RESOLUTION CR VS. CONVENTIONAL FILM
NOISE
FILM GRAININESS (INHERENT) SIZE OF FILM CRYSTALS
STRUCTURE MOTTLE (INHERENT), PHOSPHOR IN SCREEN
QUANTUM MOTTLE
QUANTUM MOTTLE
LOW NUMBER OF X-RAY PHOTONS INTERACTING WITH SCREEN. INSUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF PHOTONS STRIKING INTENSIFYING SCREEN CAUSING AN INSUFFICIENT LIGHT TO EMIT FROM PHOSPHOR CRYSTALS.
How do we adjust technique for this? CR and Quantum Mottle
SPEED
FILM’S ABILITY TO RESPOND TO X-RAY EXPOSURE
IF FILM “A” RECORDS MORE DENSITY SOONER THAN FILM “B”, WHICH FILM HAS A HIGHER SPEED?
A
SENSITOMETRY
MEASUREMENT OF SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT AND THE FILM’S RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN TECHNIQUE AND PROCESSING.
DENSITOMETRY
MEASUREMENT OF THE DENSITY OF THE FILM BASED ON THE PERCENTAGE OF LIGHT TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE FILM.
ANATOMY OF A CHARACTERISTIC(H & D CURVE)
OVERHEADS!!!!!!!
RECIPROCITY LAW
OD REMAINS THE SAME NO MATTER THE LENGTH OF EXPOSURE
100 mA X 1 sec = 100 mAs ↓↓
200 mA X .5 sec= 100mAs ↓↓
400 mA X .25 sec =100mAs →→same OD 500 mA X .2 sec = 100mAs ↑↑ Applicable to direct screen exposures
RECIPROCITY LAW FAILURE
FILM/SCREEN RADIOGRAPHY EXPOSURE TIMES LESS THAT 10
MILLISECONDS EXPOSURE TIMES GREATER THAN
5 SECONDS INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES MAMMOGRAPHY
RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST
IMAGE RECEPTOR CONTRAST
PLUS
SUBJECT CONTRAST
IMAGE RECEPTOR CONTRAST
Formerly known as film contrast. Why the change in name?
Inherent to film Affected by processing
SUBJECT CONTRAST
SIZE SHAPE X-RAY ATTENUATION OF THE
ANATOMY AND ENERGY OF BEAM
REVIEW
L ATITUDE (REMEMBER THIS IN REFERENCE TO THE FILM)
W I D E LATITUDE = LOOOOONNNNG GRAY AKA LOW OR LONG SCALE CONTRAST
NARROW LATITUDE = SHORT SCALE =HIGH CONTRAST
WIDE LATITUDE FILM, BECAUSE OF LONG GRAY SCALE ALLOWS AS MUCH AT 15% ERROR BY RADIOLGRAPHER
MAGNIFICATION FACTORS
MOST IMAGES ARE LARGER ON RADIOGRAPH THEN IN ACTUALITY DUE TO SID AND SOD!
FOR EVERY 1” INCREASE IN OID, SID MUST BE INCREASED BY 7” TO COMPENSATE FOR MAGNIFICATION
SID AND SOD?
SID: SOURCE TO IMAGE DISTANCE
SOD: SOURCE TO OBJECT DISTANCE
MAG. FACTOR IMAGE SIZE OR SID OBJECT SIZE SOD
TO FIND SOD SUBTRACT THE OID FROM THE SID
IF YOU COULD MEASURE A HEART AND IT MEASURED 12.5 CM BUT ON THE RADIOGRAPH IT MEASURED 14.7 CM, THE MAGNIFICATION FACTOR WOULD BE CALCULATED AS 14.7 DIVIDED BY 12.5 WHICH EQUALS A MAGNIFICATION FACTOR OF 1.17.
WAYS TO DECREASE MAGNIFICATION
IF OID IS INCREASED? INCREASE SID! CHEST LATERAL AND OBLIQUE C-SPINE
DISTORTION
Foreshortening Object at an angle and CR is perpendicular
to the part that is angled-trauma elbow Spatial
Tube is angled to separate body parts Clavicle
Elongation object is parallel but tube is angled sigmoid
FOG LEVEL/CONTRAST AND THE PROCESSOR
As time extends in the developing process the fog level____(toe of the characteristic curve) and the contrast____
increases decreases
90 seconds is the optimal developer time
A variation of 5 seconds either way can affect quality of film.
Developer temperature
As the temperature increases the fog level______
increases optimum temperature is usually 90
degrees F.
SUBJECT CONTRAST
Review: Rad. Contrast=film contrast plus
subject contrast film contrast is controlled latitude of
film, and processing factors
Subject contrast
Patient (Size) Tissue (KUB) Atomic # ( higher
produces high contrast)
object shape
MOTION
PATIENT TUBE MOVEMENT
TOMOGRAPHY
MOTION
LARGE SID = LESS FOCAL SPOT BLUR
SMALL SID = MORE FOCAL SPOT BLUR
FOCAL SPOT BLUR
KVP
GIVES ELECTRONS ENERGY TO HIT THE ANODE
HIGH AMOUNT OF KINECTIC ENERGY IN AN ELECTRON PRODUCES A HIGHLY ENERGIZED X-RAY PHOTON
BETTER PENETRATION=LOTS OF GRAYS
KVP
LOW KVP PRODUCES A BLACK AND WHITE IMAGE.
TO PRODUCE AN ADEQUATE OD MUST USE HIGHER MAS
HIGHER MAS MEANS MORE EXPOSURE TO THE PATIENT
HIGH KVP HIGH MAS
+Greater margin of error
+Reduction in patient dose
+Wider latitude -increase scatter -increase fog
+Higher OD +Lower Rad noise -increased pt.
Exposure -less margin of
error
The Radiographer controls
kVp mAs focal spot size distance added filtration screen speed
REMEMBER
200 mA increased to 300mA is a 50% increase in electrons being produced
As mA increases, time must decrease to maintain same density
Distance Maintenance formula--New Sid over Old Sid Squared
REMEMBER
Small mA station uses smaller focal spot
smaller focal spot = more detail Inherent = .5 mm additional 2 mm of aluminum between
housing and collimator collimator adds 1 mm
Recommended