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Pure SubstancesPure
Substances
ElementsCompounds
Ionic Covalent
Polar Non polar
Metalloiods
Metals Nonmetals
What are ions???
IONS – Atoms with a charge!
What determines how many electrons the ion has?
Forming Ions– Octet Rule (rule of 8’s)
• Elements with 5 or more valence electrons will take – GAIN electrons from others to get to 8
• Which groups are these?
• Elements with 3 or less valence electrons will give up –LOSE electrons so they can be stable
Octet Rule (continued)• Elements with 4 valence share their electrons.
These elements form covalent compounds.Draw a line:
ALMOST All Elements want to have a full electrons in valence shell….to be STABLE
They will react with others to get there Exception: He and H only need 2 to feel happy
Octet Rule (continued)
• CATIONS – positively charged atoms, they have LOST electrons
• ANIONS – negatively charged atoms, they have GAINED electrons
• Let’s see how it happens….• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lODqdhx
DtHM
Forming Ions Element Valence
e-Lose, gain, or share e-
New Total electrons
Charge of ion
Calcium
Silicon
Bromine
Forming IonsElement Valence
e-Lose, gain, or share e-
New Total electrons
Charge of ion
Li
O
P
Forming IonsElement Valence
e-Lose, gain, or share e-
New Total electrons
Charge of ion
Ga
Kr
Ba
Compare/Contrast Ions and Isotopes
Pure Substances- COMPOUNDS
• What is a compound? 2 or more elements chemically bound together
• Ionic compounds (attraction between opposite charges)– Strong Bonds– Compounds have at least 1 metal
• Covalent compounds– Weak Bonds– Compounds made of nonmetals and/or metalloids
only. NO METALS.
Ionic or Covalent?
•MgBr2
•SiO4
•CO2
•CoF
•H2O
•NaCl
Ionic or Covalent?Water? Alcohol? Melting
pointConduct electricity?
Sodium Chloride
Y N High Y
Sugar Y N Low N
Salicylic Acid
N Y Low N
Sodium Carbonate
Y N High Y
Ionic Compounds
• Ionic compounds– Formed from the
attraction between cations and anions. (Like a north and south pole of a magnet)
– Water molecules can pull ionic compounds apart because the water molecule is polar. (Like a magnet)
– Become electrolytes in H2O
Ionic Compounds
Dissolving Ionic Compounds
• Watch this demonstration
Ionic Compounds
• Why didn’t alcohol dissolve the ionic compounds?
• Once ionic compounds dissociate, electricity passes easily through the solution. Why?
• How are ions formed?
Naming Ionic Compounds
• The cation always comes first in the compound’s formula and name.– For binary compounds, the cation’s name is
unchanged, but the anion’s name has “-ide” added to the end.
• Ex: Aluminum Fluoride, Barium Oxide
– For compounds with polyatomic ions, the polyatomic’s name is unchanged, no matter what. All other rules apply.
• Ex: Calcium Nitrate, Ammonium Chloride
Writing Ionic Formulas
• The subscripts represent the number of ions needed to make a stable compound. (The compound should be neutral overall.)– Ex: Aluminum Fluoride
• Al3+ and F-…..It takes 3 F- to match w/ one Al3+
• AlF3
– Ex: Calcium Nitrate• Ca2+ and NO3
-..It takes 2 NO3- to match w/ Ca2+
• Ca(NO3)2
Polyatomic Ions
• What does the prefix “poly” mean?
• What is an ion?
• Examples– Nitrate= NO3
-
– Phosphate = PO43-
– Ammonium = NH4+
• Don’t make any changes to the subscript of the polyatomic ion.
Covalent Compounds
• Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing their valence electrons.
• The shape of covalent compounds determines if they’re polar or non polar
Covalent Compounds
• Like dissolves like– Water dissolves polar covalent compounds
(such as sugar) because water IS a polar covalent compound
– What type of compound is alcohol?• Which compound dissolved in alcohol?• What type of compound was this substance?
• Covalent compounds don’t have charged atoms, so they don’t conduct electricity.
Covalent Compounds
• Octet Rule still applies!– Only exception is Hydrogen…it only needs 2
valence electrons to be stable.
• Lewis Dot diagrams for compounds– Hydrogen Bromide– Silicon Tetrafluoride– Nitrogen Trichloride
Potassium Nitrate
0o C 13.9g
20o C 31.6g
60o C 109g
100o C 245g
Potassium Chloride
0o C 28.0g
20o C 34.0g
60o C 45.8g
100o C 56.3g
Barium Hydroxide
0o C 1.67g
20o C 3.89g
60o C 20.94g
100o C 101.4g
Copper Sulfate
0o C 23.1g
20o C 32.0g
60o C 61.8g
100o C 114g
Warm Up
1. Parts of this mixture separate when allowed to sit for a while.
2. Jewelry and air are examples of this type of mixture.
3. This mixture acts like a solution, but light can be seen as it passes through.
When making Kool-Aid
• What’s the solute?
• What’s the solvent?
• What are three ways to get more of the SOLUTE to dissolve?
Ionic or Covalent?
• CO
• Ca3(PO4)2
• Li2O
• CCl4• AlBr3
Warm Up
• For projectiles (on Earth) that have no initial vertical velocity, what is the only factor that affects how long it takes to hit the ground?
Warm Up
• Give the oxidation number (charge) for each of the following elements when they become ions.
– Ex: Sodium = +1
• Chlorine
• Aluminum
• Oxygen
• Phosphorus
• Strontium
• Francium
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