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Pulsed-RF S-Parameter Measurements Using a VNA. Agenda. Pulsed-RF Overview Pulsed-RF measurement techniques Wideband/synchronous Narrowband/asynchronous. Why Test Under Pulsed Conditions?. Device may behave differently between CW and pulsed stimuli - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pulsed-RF S-Parameter Measurements Using a VNA
2
Agenda
• Pulsed-RF Overview• Pulsed-RF measurement
techniques• Wideband/synchronous • Narrowband/asynchronous
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Why Test Under Pulsed Conditions?
• Device may behave differently between CW and pulsed stimuli
• Bias changes during pulse might affect RF performance• Overshoot, ringing, droop may result from pulsed stimulus• Measuring behavior within pulse is often critical to
characterizing system operation (radars for example)• CW test signals would destroy DUT
• High-power amplifiers not designed for continuous operation
• On-wafer devices often lack adequate heat sinking• Pulsed test-power levels can be same as actual operation
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Radar and Electronic-Warfare
• Biggest market for pulsed-RF testing
• Traditional applications 20 GHz
• New applications in Ka band (26.5-40 GHz)
• Devices include• amplifiers
• T/R modules
• up/down converters
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Wireless Communications Systems
• TDMA-based systems often use burst mode transmission
• Saves battery power
• Minimizes probability of intercept
• Power amplifiers often tested with pulsed bias
• Most of wireless communications applications 6 GHz
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On-Wafer Amplifier Test and Modeling
• Most applications are at microwave frequencies
• Devices lack adequate heatsinking for CW testing, so pulsed-RF used as a test technique to extract S-parameters
• Arbitrary, stable temperature (isothermal state) set by adjusting duty cycle
• Duty cycles are typically < 1%
• Often requires synchronization of pulsed bias and pulsed RF stimulus
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Pulsed Antenna Test
• About 30% of antenna test involves pulsed-RF stimulus
• Test individual antennas, complete systems, or RCS
• RCS (Radar Cross Section) measurements often require gating to avoid overloading receiver
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VNA Pulsed-RF Measurements
Average Pulse
Magnitude and phase data averaged over duration of pulse
Point-in-Pulse
Data acquired only during specified gate width and position within pulse
VNA data display
Frequency domain
Frequency domain
Time domain Pulse Profile
Data acquired at uniformly spaced time positions across pulse (requires a repetitive pulse stream) Magnitude
Phase
data point
Note: there may not be a one-to-one correlation between data points and the actual number of pulses that occur during the measurement
CWdB
deg
Swept carrier
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tData samples
Pulsed IF
Narrowband detection uses hardware switches (gates) in RF or IF path to define acquisition window
Broadband detection uses sampling period to define acquisition window
Point-in-Pulse
acquisition window
Narrowband detection
Broadband detection
Anti-alias filter
ADCIF gate Digital FIR IF filter
Pulsed IF
Anti-alias filter
ADCRF gate
Digital FIR IF filter
Pulsed RF
Defining the Acquisition Window
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NA Demo: Point-in-Pulse, Pulse Profile
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Agenda
• Pulsed-RF Overview• Pulsed-RF measurement
techniques• Wideband/synchronous • Narrowband/asynchronous
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fc
Pulse repetition frequency(PRF = 1/PRI)
1/PW
Time domain
Pulse width (PW)
Pulse repetition period (PRP)Pulse repetition interval (PRI)
Carrier frequency (fc)
Measured S-parameters
Pulsed-RF Network Analysis Terminology
Frequency domain
Duty cycle = on time/(on+off time)
= PW/PRI
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Pulsed S-parameter Measurement ModesWideband/synchronous acquisition
• Majority of pulse energy is contained within receiver bandwidth• Incoming pulses and analyzer sampling are synchronous
(requires a pulse trigger)• Pulse is “on” for duration of data acquisition• No loss in dynamic range for small duty cycles (long PRI's),
but there is a lower limit to pulse widthReceiver BW
Pulse triggerTime domain
Frequency domain
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Pulsed S-parameter Measurement ModesNarrowband/asynchronous acquisition
• Extract central spectral component only; measurement appears CW• Data acquisition is not synchronized with incoming pulses (pulse trigger not required)• Sometimes called “high PRF” since normally, PRF >> IF bandwidth• “Spectral nulling" technique achieves wider bandwidths and faster measurements• No lower limit to pulse width, but dynamic range is function of duty cycle
IF filter
IF filter
Time domain
Frequency domain
D/R degradation = 20*log[duty cycle]
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Duty Cycle Effect on Pulsed Dynamic Range
Wideband detection
Narrowband detection
Dyn
am
ic R
ang
e (d
B)
Duty Cycle (%)
100 10.0 1.0 0.1
100
80
60
40
20
0
WidebandDetection
Narrowband Detection Mixer
Narrowband Detection Sampler
WirelessRadar
Isotherm.
The system dynamic range of the microwave fundamental mixing is much better than samplers, helping to overcome the limitations of narrowband detection
0.01
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Agenda
• Pulsed-RF Overview• Pulsed-RF measurement techniques
• Wideband/synchronous • Narrowband/asynchronous
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I
Q
Pulsed I/Q
t
Broadband, analog synchronous detector
(BW 1.5 MHz)
Pulsed Signal Baseband pulsed I/QA/D
converter
I(t)
Q(t)
I
Q
Pulsed I/Q
t
Analog Pulse Measurement Technique(Wideband Mode)
risetime (1/) = 300 ns
fall time = 300 ns
20 MHz IF
Pulse trigger
Fast sample/hold
Pulse profile achieved by increasing delay of sample point
Sample delay
0o
90o20 MHz
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Digital Wideband Detection – Point-in-Pulse
• Set delay of PNA sampling (relative to RF modulation) to establish desired position within pulse (controlled by pulse generator outputs)
• Width of acquisition window is determined by IF bandwidth
1 2 3 4 5
Pulsed IF
PNA Samples
t
Modulation trigger PNA sample trigger
Point-in-pulse delay
20 us settling time
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Agenda
• Pulsed-RF Overview• Pulsed-RF measurement
techniques• Wideband/synchronous • Narrowband/asynchronous
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Pulsed RF Spectrum of Measurement Example
First null = 1/PW = 1/ (7 us) = 143 kHz
PRF = 1.7 kHzPulse width = 7 usDuty cycle = 1.2%
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Pulsed RF Spectrum (Zoomed In)
First spectral sideband at 1.7 kHz ( = PRF)
Ideal filter
Desired frequency component
Practical filters
3 dB bandwidth
Higher-selectivity (smaller shape factor) filter
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NA’s IF Filters• Selectivity of the NA’s digital IF filters is not very high• They are optimized for speed
Frequency nulls exist at regular spacing
(determined by M)
log mag
lin mag
Apparent filter selectivity
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-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x 104
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Filtered Output Using Spectral Nulling
Pulsed spectrum Output
X
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x 104
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Digital filter (with nulls aligned with PRF)
• With “custom” filters, number of filter sections (M) can be chosen to align filter nulls with pulsed spectral components
• With spectral nulling, reject unwanted spectral components with much higher IF bandwidths compared to using standard IF filters
• Result: faster measurement speeds!
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Zoomed in View of Spectral Nulling
Frequency Offset (Hz)
Response of 500 Hz Digital IF Filter and 1.7 kHz Pulsed Spectrum
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
-500
0
-400
0
-300
0
-200
0
-100
0 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Wanted frequency component
Filtered frequency components
• Nulling occurs at every 3rd null in this case (BW = 29% of PRF)• A narrower IF bandwidth would skip more nulls• Trade off dynamic range and speed by varying IF BW
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Delta Bandwidth Comparison
IF bandwidth = 984 Hzsweep = 0.5 s
IF bandwidth = 95 Hzsweep = 3.3 s
Δnoise = 10*log[984/95] = 10.2 dB
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Elimination of Additional Interfering Signals• Spectral nulling eliminates main pulse spectrum plus other undesired signals• Sources of spectral contamination:
• Spectral components can wrap around DC and fold back into pulse spectrum• Harmonics of "video feed-through" (leakage of baseband modulation signal) due to
RF modulator and IF gates
DCfreq
Aliased spectral componentsVideo
feedthrough
Main spectral components
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Duty Cycle Effects with Narrowband Detection (DUT = HPF)
Pulse width = 3 s (DC = 5.1%)
Pulse width = 1 s (DC = 1.7%)
Pulse width = 100 ns (DC = 0.17%)
Pulse width = 100 nsDynamic range improved with averaging (101 avgs)
Note: this is frequency domain data, not a pulse profile
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Calibrating Your Pulsed-RF System
• Calibration is performed under pulsed conditions• Calibration methodology is identical to normal (swept sinusoid) mode• ECal or mechanical standards can be used • In general, each unique set of pulse and gating conditions requires a separate
calibration
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Summary
• Testing with pulsed-RF is very important for radar, EW, and wireless comms systems
• Narrowband detection:
• Spectral nulling technique improves measurement speed
• For radar and wireless comms applications, offers superior dynamic range/speed
• No lower limit to pulse widths
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