Psychology: Yesterday and Today. What Is Psychology? Psychology is the science of mental processes...

Psychology: Yesterday and Today

What Is Psychology?

• Psychology is the science of mental processes and behavior.

• What is science?• What are mental processes?• What is behavior?

• Dog Story-Perception• Governed by relationships

Levels of Analysis

The person

The group

The brain

History of Psychology

American FunctionalismAmerican Functionalism

• 1890-1920• Roots go back to 1870s• Chauncy Wright

• The Metaphysical Club• Included very important people in

future of American science, philosophy, law and psychology• William James

• 1890-1920• Roots go back to 1870s• Chauncy Wright

• The Metaphysical Club• Included very important people in

future of American science, philosophy, law and psychology• William James

• Progressives• Fabian

Socialists

• Progressives• Fabian

Socialists

Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt

• First institute for experimental psychology

• Germany

• First institute for experimental psychology

• Germany

• Evolutionary psychology• Evolutionarily successful

cognitive strategies and goals survived

• Cultural universality• Human and animal similarities

• By 1890s, had abandoned biology based psychology of Wundt

• Adopted Evolutionary Psychology• Psychology of the mind• Restarting of psychological research

based on evolution instead of physiology

• By 1890s, had abandoned biology based psychology of Wundt

• Adopted Evolutionary Psychology• Psychology of the mind• Restarting of psychological research

based on evolution instead of physiology

James CattellJames Cattell

US undergoing civil strifeUS undergoing civil strife

“That way leads to extinction.”

• Premature to apply psychology to real world applications

• Keep psychology pure• Started structuralism

• Premature to apply psychology to real world applications

• Keep psychology pure• Started structuralism

Wundt’s discipleEdward Bradford Titchner

• Structuralism

• Focused on identifying the “building blocks” of consciousness• Sensations and images of feeling• Measure of time it takes to feel• Introspection: Looking within

• Not objectively verifiable• More expertise, less introspection

• Main contribution=Psychology is a science• Dismissed all other psychology as

“functionalism”

Some History

• Psychodynamic Theory• Sigmund Freud• The mind has separate

components• Conscious and unconscious

components

• Much of behavior in influenced by the unconscious

• Desires vs. social rules

• Psychoanalysis

Reaction to study of hidden unconscious

• Behaviorism • Reaction to focus on unconscious• The mind cannot be observed• Behavior can be observed• Science should study the observable,not emotion

The Evolution of a Science

• Humanistic Psychology• Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow• “Client”-centered therapy• We strive for self-actualization

• The Cognitive Revolution• Focus on mental processes

(information processing)• Computer metaphor• Showed importance of studying

the unobservable

Psychotherapy

• Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist• Psychotherapist

• Academic Psychologists• Teach classes• Conduct research• Main Types:

• Clinical• Cognitive• Developmental• Social• Physiological

• Applied Psychologists• Solve problems in practical areas• Main Types:

• Human factors• Industrial/organizational• Personality• Social• Sport• School

Ethics in Research

• Institutional Review Board (IRB)• Research with people

• Informed consent• Avoid deception unless necessary• Debriefing

• Research with animals• Avoid mistreatment• Proper housing

Psychology: Yesterday and Today. What Is Psychology? Psychology is the science of mental processes...

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