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Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 1
Prologue to Chapter 1
Our text surveys the basics of psychological principles and shows how these principles can be applied to solve human problems.
You will find the text covering most areas in psychology but, as this is an introductory course, we will not be able to go into extreme depth with any particular topic.
If you have any questions, ask them!
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 2
Psyche and Science = Psychology Definition of psychology
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes What is science?
realizing problems, making initial observations, hypothesizing, testing hypotheses
What is behavior? any activity which is directly observable
What are mental processes? not directly observable: e.g., thinking, motivation
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 3
Psyche and Science = Psychology Goals of psychology
To describe human and animal behavior and mental processes
To understand human and animal behavior and mental processes
To predict human and animal behavior and mental processes
To influence/control human and animal behavior and mental processes
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 4
The Many Faces of Psychology
The Early “Psychologists” Although Wilhelm Wundt is usually credited
with formally establishing psychology as a separate scientific discipline, many individuals with diverse interests and talents helped to “found” psychology.
We will look at some of these individuals now
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 5
The Many Faces of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchener: The structure of the mind They sought to determine the structure of the
mind through use of analytic introspection Their school of thought is called
“Structuralism” Wundt at the University of Leipzig in 1879;
Titchener in America Structuralism vs Functionalism
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 6
The Many Faces of Psychology
William James: The “functions” of consciousness James interested in the functions of
consciousness wrote the first “psychology” textbook in 1890 may have had the first psychology laboratory
in America circa 1876 established “functionalism” as a school of
thought in psychology
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 7
The Many Faces of Psychology
Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson: Behaviorism Pavlov received Nobel Prize in 1905 for his work on
salivating dogs and the serendipitious discovery of “classical conditioning”
Watson established “radical behaviorism” circa 1912 in the United States
Both interested in behavior and its precise measurement rather than “consciousness” of Wundt and James
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 8
The Many Faces of Psychology
Hermann Ebbinghaus: Studies of Memory Ebbinghaus used experimental methods to
measure memory in the late 1800’s interested in how memory works, how it is
established, how does forgetting happen, how memories deteriorate with interference, and other facets of memory
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 9
The Many Faces of Psychology
Max Wertheimer: Gestalt Psychology Interested in perception, I.e., how do we
make sense out of the world around us Gestalt, a German word, means: “The whole
is greater than the sum of its parts.” He believed the mind must be studied in
terms of large meaningful units instead of the small units of structuralism
Why do we see things the way we do?
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 10
The Many Faces of Psychology
Alfred Binet: Measuring intelligence Binet sought to establish methods whereby
the mind’s intellectual capacities could be measured
Developed the first IQ test, used to assess how well students would do in academic settings, in France circa 1905
The “Standford-Binet IQ Test” is, along with collaborative efforts of others, Binet’s test
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 11
The Many Faces of Psychology
Sigmund Freud: The Psychoanalytic School Established “psychoanalysis” via work with female
clients in Vienna, Austria, circa 1910 Believed roots of psychological problems were
motives that reside in the part of the mind of which we are unaware called the “unconscious”
His over-emphasis on sex resulted in the “Neo-Freudians”, e.g., Erikson, Jung, Sullivan, Horney, Adler, and others.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 12
The Many Faces of Psychology
Pioneers of psychology include people from Europe and America, as well as African-Americans, Latins, and other ethnic minorities, both male and female.
Your text articulates information about some of these individuals.
We will now look at contemporary perspectives in psychology.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 13
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Contemporary Behaviorism and Social Learning
Theory Behaviorism still generally rules out the study of
“mental processes” because these are unobservable Social Learning Theory believes that “mental
processes” can be subjected to scientific inquiry Albert Bandura: aggression and modeling Patricia Devine: emotional/cognitive factors that influence
formation and maintenance of prejudice
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 14
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology The Sociocultural Perspective
Culture, ethnicity, and gender identity are important to understand a person
What is “normal” is a culturally-relative term How do you define “normal?” All sociocultural variables must be taken into
account to fully understand someone; all judgments concerning “normal” must be relative to the culture in which one lives.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 15
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Contemporary Psychoanalysis
Most modern psychoanalysts disagree with Freud’s emphasis on sexual and aggressive motives for human behavior.
Most believe that other motives are responsible for human behavior, e.g., Erik Erikson believed that how we are treated and how we react to developmental stressors has much to do with why we do what we do.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 16
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Contemporary Psychoanalysis
Most contemporary psychoanalysts believe that cognitive processes also mediate why we do what we do, e.g., Alfred Adler’s notion of the “inferiority complex” and its effects on our behavior.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 17
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Contemporary Cognitive Perspective
Increasingly popular since the mid-1970s, this perspective studies the processes involved in perceiving, believing, thinking, and other cognitive activities using sophisticated scientific instrumentation.
For example, is there a particular neural network in the brain responsible for allowing you to perceive your grandmother? Particular neural circuits involved in experiencing prejudice?
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 18
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Contemporary Humanistic Psychology
Considered the “Third Force” in psychology (behind psychoanalysis and behaviorism).
Believes that individuals determine their own fates through decisions they make
Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow are examples of humanistic psychologists
Not as scientifically oriented as other branches of psychology
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 19
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Contemporary Biological Perspective
Interested in the role of the brain in psychological processes
Interested in the role of heredity in psychological processes sociobiology heredity in psychological abnormality heredity in cognitive skills, etc.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 20
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Specialty fields in modern psychology
“Basic” areas of psychology the domain of psychology that is involved in the generation
of new knowledge upon which later applications can be built psychological research done in many field areas
“Applied” areas of psychology these psychologists apply the basic knowledge to solve
human problems applied areas include counseling, clinical, and educational
psychology
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 21
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology The relationship between psychology and
psychiatry A psychologist usually has a Ph.D. in
psychology from an accredited graduate school. It requires: 4 years of undergraduate work in psychology 2 years of Masters-level graduate work 3 years of Ph.D.-level graduate work
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 22
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology The relationship between psychology and
psychiatry A psychiatrist has an M.D. and residency in
psychology. It requires: 4-year undergraduate degree 4-year medical degree 3-year residency in psychology
The pecking order in psychology is: M.S., M.S.W., Ph.D., M.D./P.C.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 23
Questions?
Do you have any questions about Chapter One?
Chapter 2
Scientific Research/Methods
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 25
Scientific Methods
How do we learn about human behavior? What is science? How do we do science? Where does basic psychological
information come from? How is basic psychological knowledge
applied scientifically?
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 26
Scientific Methods
Science is the use of systematic observation of phenomena in an effort to detect orderly relationships (laws) governing interrelationships of variables. It involves description as its most simple tool and experimentation as its most complex tool.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 27
Scientific Methods
Descriptive methods include: Survey method: the use of interviews and
questionnaires in studying human behavior Naturalistic observation: involves the careful
observation and recording of behavior in real-life settings
Clinical method: observation of people while a psychologist is helping them with a problem
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 28
Scientific Methods
Correlations methods: the examination of the quantitative relationships between two or more variables how does one behavior relate to the
occurrence of another behavior? if we know one behavior’s pattern can we
then, in turn, predict the pattern of occurrence of another behavior?
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 29
Scientific Methods
Formal Experiments: deliberately determining the cause-effect relationships between two or more variables correlation methods preclude establishing
cause-effect relationships; formal experiments will determine precise cause-effect relationships between variables
there are many experimental designs that psychologists use
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 30
Scientific Methods
Ethical Principles of research with human subjects freedom from coercion informed consent guidelines for deception of subjects and
debriefing after experiments confidentiality
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 31
Scientific Methods
Ethical principles of research with animal subjects only use animals when it is necessary maintain the health of animals in experiments
and animal compounds humane treatment of animals is absolutely
important; no animal should be sacrificed unless data critical to helping humans
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 32
What we know about human behavior Human beings are biological creatures. Each person is different, yet much the same. People can be understood only in the context of
their culture, ethnic identity, and gender identity. Human lives are a continual process of change. Human behavior is motivated.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 33
What we know about human behavior Humans are social animals. People play an active part in creating their
experiences. Behavior has multiple causes. Behavior can be adaptive or maladaptive. Human behavior and mental processes can
be studied by the scientific method.
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 34
Application of Psychology
Psychology applied to your own study skills Your textbook uses the “SQ3R” method of pedagogy
(developed by educational psychologists) Good study techniques include:
spacing out your study time; don’t cram study in the same place all the time use mneumonic (memory) devices to help you retain
information learned
Psych 101 Chapters 1 and 2 35
Questions?
Any questions about Chapter 2?
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