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How are mind processes accomplished in the brain?
Step 1: hands clasped: finger pointing problem.
Step 2: twisted hands clasped: same problem.
What does this tell you about brain processing of visual information and about directing movement?
Ada
pted
fro
m K
ande
l, E
.R. S
chw
artz
, J.H
., an
d Je
ssel
l, T
.M. (
Eds
.), P
rinc
iple
s of
Neu
ral S
cien
ce, 3
rd
edit
ion.
Nor
wal
k, C
onne
ctic
ut: A
pple
ton
& L
ange
, 199
1. C
opyr
ight
© 1
991
by A
pple
ton
& L
ange
.
Adapted from Kandel, E.R. Schwartz, J.H., and Jessell, T.M. (Eds.), Principles of Neural Science, 3rd edition. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by Appleton & Lange.
How is information transmitted?
• Myelinated axons help to transmit further (keep signal stronger)
• Rate of firing can enhance chemical changes to get to threshold: temporal summation
• Number of cells firing on to postsynaptic cell can influence amount of change chemically/electrically: spatial summation.
How we use neuron changes to track brain states
• PET scans – radioactive glucose at areas of excitation
• fMRI – deoxygenated blood at areas of excitation• EEG – track neuronal firing at the surface,
extrapolate about groups of neurons
OTHERWISE:– CAT scans – find lesions, permanent
– MRI scans – find tissue weaknesses, permanent
Ada
pted
fro
m P
urve
s D
., A
ugus
tine
, G.,
and
Fit
zpat
rick
, D. (
2001
). Neuroscience,
2nd
edi
tion
. Sun
derl
and,
M
A: S
inau
r A
ssoc
iate
s.
IV. Imbalances in nt systems: Their effects.
Ada
pted
fro
m P
urve
s D
., A
ugus
tine
, G.,
and
Fit
zpat
rick
, D. (
2001
). Neuroscience,
2nd
edi
tion
. Sun
derl
and,
M
A: S
inau
r A
ssoc
iate
s.
IV. Imbalances in nt systems: Their effects.
Not enough dopamine:Parkinson’s disease, originating from substantia nigra and basal ganglia
Ada
pted
fro
m P
urve
s D
., A
ugus
tine
, G.,
and
Fit
zpat
rick
, D. (
2001
). Neuroscience,
2nd
edi
tion
. Sun
derl
and,
M
A: S
inau
r A
ssoc
iate
s.
IV. Imbalances in nt systems: Their effects.
Too much dopamine in motor areas: Tourette’s syndrome.
Ada
pted
fro
m P
urve
s D
., A
ugus
tine
, G.,
and
Fit
zpat
rick
, D. (
2001
). Neuroscience,
2nd
edi
tion
. Sun
derl
and,
M
A: S
inau
r A
ssoc
iate
s.
IV. Imbalances in nt systems: Their effects.
Too much dopamine:
Schizophrenia
Paranoid delusions.
Mild hallucinations.
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