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PROGRESSIVE AMERICAPROGRESSIVE AMERICA
Unit VBUnit VB
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
Solving the Problems of the Gilded Age
► Massive industrialization, production, and urbanization led to a wide variety of issues and problems or an expanding of existing concerns Political ineptitude Social inequalities Economical gaps Culture clashes
► Certain individuals and groups strongly pursued causes to improve America’s conditions and led the way for further government intervention
Progressivism (1900-1920)
► Reformers destined to solve the many issues through a pragmatic approach Experiment for improvement
► Most Progressives came from the urban middle-class
► Progressives charged with Christian values and morality
► American ideals seemed antiquated and needed changes or modifications The American character should change/evolve with
society
Development of Progressives► Industrialization, commercialism, and urbanization
exacerbated social, political, and economic problems and issues
► Expansion of the middle-class who were educated and understood the conditions Whereas upper-class preferred status quo and lower-class
enveloped in conditions► Laissez-faire and limited government proved ineffective and
socialism and anarchism proved too radical► Inspired by Social Gospel and Gospel of Wealth to solve
problems affecting society through promotion of Christian values
► Fueled by historic idealistic pursuits such as Jeffersonianism, Jacksonian democracy, and Populism
► Initiatives and referendums at municipal and state levels spread notice of issues in hopes of making them national
► Use of scientific research and statistics supported Progressive initiatives to justify and reason for change/modification
Progressives and Democracy► Promotion of democracy by pursuing policies
and initiatives to expand the people’s voice In order to limit the corruption and influence of
patronage, political machines, and big business
► Secret ballots (Australian ballot) Polling places inundated with corrupt tactics All candidates printed on ballots Vote in privacy at assigned polling place Established in all states by 1891
► Direct primaries Eliminate practice of electing candidates
through political bosses Not thoroughly effective
► Direct election of Senators Eliminate patronage practice with state
legislators selecting candidates Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Most Southern states did not ratify due to
belief in limiting states’ rights► Initiatives, referendums, and recalls
Way of persuading legislatures to seriously consider and adhere to issues
States Not Ratifying 17th Amendment
►Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Maryland, Rhode Island, Florida, Utah*
Progressive Social Initiatives and Developments
► Settlement Houses and YMCA From idealistic reformers to professional social workers Provide shelters, constructive leisure activities, education Hull House in Chicago and Jane Addams
► Blue Laws Regulating morality at the local and state levels
► Temperance to Prohibition Support for prohibition more from rural reformers than urban reformers Eighteenth Amendment (1919) and Volsteadt Act prohibited manufacturing and sale of alcohol
► Connecticut and Rhode Island rejected it► Education
Comprehensive and compulsory education Teachers based on merit and professionalism Educational reform varied from location
► Labor Unions AFL worked better for labor reforms
► Workers’ compensation, minimum wages, improved conditions Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) aka Wobblies
► Direct action use of general strikes► Socialists, anarchists, immigrants
Progressives and Minorities► Blacks and Civil Rights
Whether exploited through sharecropping or publicly segregated, blacks suffered inequities and Progressives tended to ignore their plight
By 1900, 90% blacks in South; Great Migration to cities and the North► National Urban League (1911)
W.E.B Du Bois – demand for civil rights for progress Booker T. Washington – economic opportunity for progress
► President of Tuskegee University► Up From Slavery and White House dinner
Niagara Movement to NAACP (1908)► Women’s Suffrage Movement
Younger women rose up for women reform and suffrage Suffrage gains at the state levels and changed to national suffrage movement National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1900) – Carrie Catt Stronger tactics – Alice Paul and Lucy Burns AND National Women’s Party (NWP, 1916)
► Picketing, parades, hunger strikes► Silent Sentinels
Nineteenth Amendment (1920)► League of Women Voters for female efficacy
► Immigrants Gilded Age: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 1882 Immigration Act excluded “lunatics,” Anarchist Exclusion Act (1903) Naturalization Act of 1906 required English for citizenship Dillingham Commission (1907-1911)
► Southern and Eastern Europeans threatened American character► Recommended literacy requirements
Immigration Act of 1917► Extended list of “undesirables”► Asiatic Barred Zone
States Delaying Ratification of the 19th Amendment
►Maryland (1941), Virginia (1952), Alabama (1953), Florida (1969), South Carolina (1969), Georgia (1970), Louisiana (1970), North Carolina (1971), Mississippi (1984)
Muckrakers► Journalists and authors investigated
and probed the “dirty side” of politics, economics, and society by combining research with sensationalism
► Originated with attacks on the Standard Oil Company
► Targets included: monopolies/trusts (steel, oil), corporations (railroads), political bosses and machines, poor living and working conditions (tenements)
► Informed public and aroused feelings against corruption and poor conditions
► Led to more and new government regulations and enforcement; development of public relations by businesses
► Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
Local Political Reform
►Political bosses and local businesses forged corrupt allegiances
►Cities asserted more control and regulation of public utilities
►Commissioners and city councils popularly elected; city managers
►Progressive mayors: Toledo’s Samuel Jones and Cleveland’s Tom Johnson
State Political Reform
►More and more states assumed progressive reforms Direct primaries, business regulations, tax
reforms, suffrage, temperance►Wisconsin’s Robert LaFollette’s “Wisconsin
Idea”►As more states became progressive,
reformers began to pursue initiatives on a national level
Roosevelt and Progressives (1901-1908)
► Square Deal Favored fairness and national
welfare Domestic “Big-Stick”
► Trust-Busting Enforce Sherman Anti-Trust Act Good trusts and bad trusts
► National Regulation Elkins Act and Hepburn Act
strengthened ICC over railroads Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act
► Conservation Forest Reserve Act Newlands Reclamation Act Gifford Pinchot and National
Conservation Commission
Taft and the Progressives (1908-1912)
►Trust-busted more than Roosevelt►Set aside lands for conservation►Mann-Elkins Act
Increased powers of ICC over communications and railroads
►Sixteenth Amendment Federal income tax
Election of 1912
► Taft’s policies lead to a split in the Republican Party Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans
(Insurgents)
► Bull Moose Party and Roosevelt New Nationalism – executive regulations of industries and social
justice
► Democrat Woodrow Wilson New Freedom – regulate business but promote competition and
small businesses
► Socialist Party of America and Eugene V. Debs Radical reforms
► Woodrow Wilson defeated Roosevelt as the Republicans were split
Woodrow Wilson and Progressives (1912-1920)
► Business Regulation Clayton Antitrust Act Federal Trade Commission
► Regulate unfair practices in most industries
► Federal Reserve Banks’ bank Federal Reserve Board dictated
monetary policy 12 national financial districts
► Federal Farm Loan Act Low interest loans from federal banks
► Child Labor Act (1916) Prohibited interstate shipment of
products made with children under 14 Found unconstitutional
► Underwood Tariff Lowered tariffs and increased income tax
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