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Privacyin online social networks:
Software agents and beyond
Bettina BerendtDept. Computer Science
KU Leuvenhttp://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~bettina.berendt/
Who am I ?
Privacy,Discrimination
You can sell your privacy,
but you can”t buy it back.
?
Meet Kris (1)
• Kris weighs 120 kilos.
• Kris wants to lead a “normal online life”.
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
Meet Kris (2)
Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
a)In an online dating site?
1.Kris wants to buy a pair of trousers.
•Does Kris want the salesperson to know about his/her weight?
•(analogously: diet plan / doctor)
2.The shop/doctor wants to sell patients information to health insurance companies.
•Does Kris want this?
a)The insurance company asks a premium for risk factors.
b)The insurance company cannot act on weight information.
Privacy is about ...
Confidentiality.
Context.
Confidentiality? Information – value!
Confidentiality? Purpose specification, notification … control!
Knowledge? Consequences!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Meet Kris (3)
3. Kris has a traffic accident and is unconscious. Normally, the paramedics come with a stretcher that can carry up to 100 kilos. Time loss could be deadly.
• Would Kris want the doctor to inform the paramedics of his/her weight?
4. Kris wants to join / open a group on the SNS, the HeavyweightDaters.
• Does Kris want others to know about his/her weight?
5. Kris” teenage child Kim is (a) also overweight and (b) on Facebook.
• What advice does Kris give to Kim?
Privacy is about … (contd.)
Control? Trust! (and Consequences)
Hiding? Identity-building, which includes strategic revelations!
…
Kris and metadata
Would Kris be relieved to hear that the <insert your favourite secret service name> saves only metadata?
“They know that you called the suicide help line from the Golden Gate Bridge,
but they don”t know what was said.”
A multi-faceted approach
Lawallow, forbid, require, ...
A multi-faceted approach
Technologyencryption, access control,
...
Lawallow, forbid, require, ...
A multi-faceted approach
Technologyencryption, access control,
...
Lawallow, forbid, require, ...
Awarenessof problems, solutions,„what“s going on“, ...
A multi-faceted approach
Technologyencryption, access control,
...
Lawallow, forbid, require, ...
Awarenessof problems, solutions,„what“s going on“, ...
A multi-faceted approach
Technologyencryption, access control,
...
Lawallow, forbid, require, ...
Awarenessof problems, solutions,„what“s going on“, ...
Meet SPION
Tammy SchellensMartin Valcke
Ellen Vanderhoven
Ero Balsa Seda GürsesClaudia Diaz Bart Preneel
Alessandro AcquistiFred Stutzman
Jos DumortierEva Lievens
Brendan Van Alsenoy
Bettina BerendtBo GaoThomas Peetz
Dave ClarkeFrank Piessens
Rula Sayaf
Bram LievensJo Pierson
Ralf De Wolf
PET approaches (in SPION and elsewhere)
Feedback & awareness
PET approaches (in SPION and elsewhere)
Feedback & awareness
PET approaches (in SPION and elsewhere)
Access control
Feedback & awareness
PET approaches (in SPION and elsewhere)
Access control
Feedback & awareness
PET approaches (in SPION and elsewhere)
Access control
Crypto-graphy
Feedback & awareness
PET approaches (in SPION and elsewhere)
Access control
Crypto-graphy
PET approaches (in SPION and elsewhere)
Access control
Crypto-graphy
Feedback & awareness
SPION PETs
• Access control: Facebook and beyond• Access control and information flow: FlowFox• Cryptography: Scramble• Feedback & awareness: FreeBu
Feedback & awareness:a systems view
Bettina BerendtDept. Computer Science
KU Leuvenhttp://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~bettina.berendt/
Established wisdoms …
“Overdisclosure“ privacy problems
Tools (technological and otherwise) privacy solutions
Evaluation validation of tools
Tool types à la SPION
• Confidentiality
• Control
• Awareness of ...– „I am being tracked.“– „which audiences do I have (whom I could
give access)?“ e.g., FreeBu – „when I am thinking too small about this“
A bigger picture
Environment- technology, society
Mental schema- privacy, p. problems
Behaviour- disclosure, evaluation
A bigger picture
Environment- technology, society
Mental schema- privacy, p. problems
Behaviour- disclosure, evaluation
Society, technology interpersonal boundaries disclosure
E
BS
Disclosure disclosure (over)evaluation
E
B
BUT:Evaluating something/someone along different dimensionscan lead to worse judgementsand less satisfying decisions
S
Evaluation disclosure E
BS
Evaluation privacy definitionsE
BS
[Moreno et al., 2009]
Def. of “appropriate”; Privacy is
social privacyand some chilled overdisclosure(as opposed to
instrumental privacy)
& technology
Evaluation privacy definitionsE
BS
Slashdot article on[Jentzsch, Preibusch & Harasser, 2012]
Privacy is an individually owned and
tradeable good(as opposed to
a fundamental right or a social good)
Please argue with me about
• Let us not divide and conquer ourselves:– The standard (scientific ?!) distribution of work can be
a dangerous self-blinding and continued delegation of responsibility when it comes to problems like privacy.
– (Being forced to) being responsible is not only bad, but also part and parcel of being a human & a citizen.
• We need awareness (tools), but we also need to build– true private spaces– true public spaces
• “Privacy is not only about clicking Facebook.“
This talk was inspired by many …
Intro quote (“I asked the audience not to tweet or blog while I was talking. Not out of respect for me, but out of respect for themselves.“):
• Lanier, J. (2010). You are Not a Gadget. A Manifesto. New York: Knopf. http://www.jaronlanier.com/gadgetwebresources.html
P.9: • Turkle, S. (2010). Alone Together. Why we Expect More from Technology
and Less from Each Other. Basic Books. http://alonetogetherbook.com/ • Altman, I. (1976). Privacy: A conceptual analysis. Environment and
Behaviour, 8(1), 7-29. P. 10: • Illouz, E. (2012). Why Love Hurts. Cambridge: Polity Press. – especially her
reading of • Wilson, T.D. & Schooler, J.W. (1991). Thinking too much: Introspection can
reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 181-192.
• Ofir, C. & Simonson, I (2001). In search of negative customer feedback: The effect of expecting to evaluate on satisfaction and evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 170-182.
Specific cited sources(these are examples of wider research areas)
P. 12:• Moreno MA, Vanderstoep A, Parks MR, Zimmerman FJ, Kurth A,
and Christakis DA. Reducing at-risk adolescents' display of risk behavior on a social networking web site: a randomized controlled pilot intervention trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 163(1): 35-41, 2009.
P. 13:• Nicola Jentzsch, Sören Preibusch, Andreas Harasser. Study on
monetising privacy. An economic model for pricing personal information. European Network and information Security Agency (ENISA). Deliverable, February 2012. http://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/identity-and-trust/library/deliverables/monetising-privacy
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