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Presented by Sylvie MANGUIN, PhD, Research Professor at IRD, University of Montpellier, France in Bogor, Indonesia last 28 October 2015
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Global impact of mosquito biodiversity,
human vector-borne diseases and
environmental changes
Sylvie MANGUIN, PhD, Research Professor
IRD, University of Montpellier, France
sylvie.manguin@ird.fr
Climate change: Observation, Analysis and Health, Bogor, Indonesia, October 28-30, 2015
• High ability to colonize new territories
• Closely linked to human activity, especially
water storage, global movement of trade goods
allowing a passive dispersion of IMS,
previously confined to specific regions
Invasive mosquito species
(IMS)
Spectacular invasions of some mosquito species
associated with the spread of vector-borne diseases
Aedes spp. and Yellow Fever, Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika
epidemics
Culex spp. and West Nile, Rift Valley, St Louis
encephalitis epidemics
Anopheles spp. and malaria epidemics
IMS and the spread of
diseases
What makes a mosquito
species invasive? Mosquito genus Aedes Culex
Main invasive phase Eggs, larvae Eggs, larvae
Main human-
assisted
introduction mode
Small water-filled
containers in boats
(domestic jars, tires)
Small water-filled
containers in boats
Duration of survival
during
transportation
Few days to several
months
Few days to several
months
Biological
characteristic Eggs resistant to
desiccation
--
Major invasive
vector species Ae. aegypti,
Ae. albopictus
Cx pipiens,
Cx quinquefasciatus
Major associated
vector-borne
diseases
Yellow Fever,
Dengue,
Chikungunya, Zika
West Nile, Japanese
encephalitis, Rift
Valley
Manguin & Boëte, 2011
Anopheles
Adults
Cars,
airplanes,
speed boats
Few hours
to days
--
An.
arabiensis
Malaria
What makes a mosquito
species invasive? Mosquito genus Aedes Culex
Main invasive phase Eggs, larvae Eggs, larvae
Main human-assisted
introduction mode Small water-filled
containers in boats
(domestic jars, tires)
Small water-filled
containers in boats
Duration of survival
during transportation Few days to several
months
Few days to several
months
Biological
characteristics Eggs resistant to
desiccation
--
Major invasive vector
species Ae. aegypti,
Ae. albopictus
Cx pipiens, Cx
quinquefasciatus
Major associated
vector-borne
diseases
Yellow Fever,
Dengue,
Chikungunya, Zika
West Nile, Japanese
encephalitis, Rift
Valley
Manguin & Boëte, 2011
Anopheles
Adults
Cars,
airplanes,
speed boats
Few hours
to days
--
An.
arabiensis
Malaria
Aedes aegypti & Ae. albopictus
aegypti albopictus
Thorax of Aedes adults with specific black and white
pattern; a) Aedes aegypti, b) Aedes albopictus
Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus (Tiger mosquito)
Global distribution of Aedes aegypti and recent Dengue epidemics
in blue: distribution of Ae. aegypti
in red, regions with both Ae. aegypti and dengue epidemics
Origin
Global invasion of Aedes aegypti
and Dengue epidemics
19th century 16th century
Slavery
1000 years
BC
20th century
Weaver & Forrester, 2015
Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus
invasion and Chikungunya epidemics
ECSA: East/Central/South African lineage
Thailand 1958
Indonesia 1982
Based on phylogenetic reconstructions
1. Aedes eggs are resistant to desiccation
(remain viable and hatch after months)
2. Invasive stages are mainly eggs (larvae) transported
globally via the used tire trade and importation of
lucky bamboo from China
3. Preference for anthropic larval habitats
such as tires, gutters, tree holes, cemetery
urns, pots, etc
Factors favoring Aedes
invasion
Current worldwide distribution of Aedes albopictus
Unknown or no data
Indigenous
1981-1990
1991-2000
2001-present
1900-1980
Updated from Bonizzoni et al. 2013
0 2000 4000 8000 12000 16000 KM
N
Spread of Aedes albopictus distribution in Europe (1995-2012)
Dengue and Chik
outbreaks in Italy
and France
Current situation in Europe-2015
Aedes albopictus
present in 20
European
countries
Climatic suitability and expansion in Europe
ECDC: European Center for Disease Prevention & Control
Rogers et al. 2013
Map on the probability of suitability based
on all-dengue database and the modeled
distributions of both vector species, Ae.
aegypti and Ae. albopictus
Global risk map
for Dengue
Suitability for dengue
High risk of Chikungunya and
Dengue outbreaks
Invasion of mosquito vectors through trade
of goods and travelers carrying arboviruses,
who circulate in areas where the vectors are
present, are factors increasing the risk of
propagation of vector-borne diseases at a
global scale
What makes a mosquito
species invasive? Mosquito genus Aedes Culex
Main invasive phase Eggs, larvae Eggs, larvae
Main human-assisted
introduction mode Small water-filled
containers in boats
Small water-filled
containers in boats
Duration of survival
during transportation Few days to
several months
Few days to several
months
Biological
characteristics Eggs resistant to
desiccation
--
Major invasive vector
species Ae. aegypti,
Ae. albopictus
Cx pipiens, Cx
quinquefasciatus
Major associated
vector-borne diseases Yellow Fever,
Dengue,
Chikungunya
West Nile, Japanese
encephalitis, Rift
Valley
Unlike Aedes and Culex, Anopheles mosquitoes are
less incline to invasions
Anopheles
Adults
Cars, airplanes,
speed boats
Few hours to
days
--
An. arabiensis (Gambiae Complex)
Malaria
17
Global map of dominant malaria vector species
Sinka et al. 2012
An. darlingi An. gambiae
An. dirus
An. farauti An. culicifacies
An. leucosphyrus,
An. sundaicus
The most famous and dramatic
invasion of an Anopheles
Invasion of Anopheles arabiensis to Brazil in 1930:
Transportation from West Africa (Senegal) to
Northeast Brazil (Natal) by speed boats
Major malaria epidemics due to
P. falciparum with more than
16,000 deaths in 10 years
Invasion on more than
54,000 km² in 10 years
The military organization set up by the Americans, eradicated
An. arabiensis 10 years after its invasion to Brazil (1940)
Killeen et al. 2002
Airport malaria
Since 1977 with the first reported cases, 71 cases have
been published including 24 in France
18 out of 24 have been reported near the Roissy airport
in Paris
Infected Anopheles specimens can be transported by
plane from a malaria endemic country to a malaria-free
one. Infection of local people who never travelled abroad
Environmental changes
Aedes and Culex vectors: a high ecological plasticity
and they can adapt to environmental changes as they
can occur in urban, rural and forest areas
Anopheles species are a lot more sensitive to
environmental changes, but the diversity of species may
compensate as environmental changes will promote
species and lower others (e.g. deforestation will have a negative
impact on the forest vectors, but it will favor more heliophilic ones)
On a general way, mosquitoes have a high capacity of
adaptation (Anopheles vectors known to be rural species are now adapting
to urban environments)
Conclusions
• Travel is a potent force in vector invasion along
with disease emergence and spread
• The continued growth in global air travel and
shipborne trade is increasing the risk of vector-
borne disease invasions in new areas, including
temperate regions
For more details, see the book chapter
entitled:
”Global impact of mosquito biodiversity,
human vector-borne diseases and
environmental change”
S. Manguin & C. Boete (2011)
Chapter 3, InTech Publisher, 27-50 p.
http://www.intechopen.com/books
InTech Open Access:
Thank you for your attention!
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