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nfXnkfJ^d{;ok
Pqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx dk ihtB ns/ ebk^gqfefonk
fuZsoebk nkgDh y/so-fGzBsk ns/ dkfJo/ dh ftFkbsk ekoB j'oBK ebktK s'I
ftF/F wzBh iKdh j?. fJZe fuZsoeko nkgD/ wB ftZu T[Zmd/ ;{]w-GktK B{z ozr ns/
p[oF dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ekr}, eZgV/ iK bZeVh tor/ wkfXnw s'I fuZso pDk e/
nfGftnes eodk j?. w{osh-ebk s/ t;s{-ebk d/ w[ekpb/ fuZsoebk ftZu T[geoDK
dk gq:'r xZN wksok ftZu j[zdk j? idfe GktK B{z nfGftnes j'D dk nt;o tX/o/
j?. fuZsoekoh dh ftbZ]Dsk fJ; d/ ftFkb y/so dh bykfJe j?. fJ; dk ;zpzX
e[dos ns/ wB[Zy Bkb j?. fJj fe;/ rkEk dk toDB eo ;edh j?, fe;/
fJfsjkf;e fdqF B{z fdyk ;edh j? iK fJ; ftZu ;koh e"w iK Fq/Dh d/ tbtb/
Fkfwb j[zd/ jB.1
fuZsoebk tor/ ;{]w ;zebg d/ ;Zu/ nB[Gt bJh ngko FoXk, brB ns/
wB d/ fNekU dh b'V j?. wB[Zy d[nkok ;kj dh gqfefonk ftZu fBozso b?n ns/
;zs[bB ofjzdk j?. fJZe ;kXkoB wB[Zy fJ; gqshfefonk B{z ebkswe-fdqFNh s'I wfj;{;
BjhI eodk, e'Jh ftobk jh fJ;B{z fJ; fdqFNhe'D s'I t/ydk j?. gqf;ZX ftdtkB vkH
fti?beFwh i?B d/ ftuko nB[;ko ebk B{z F/q:; (efbnkDekoh) s/ gq/:; (fgnk;
bZrDk) d'jK sZEK Bkb gfog{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ebk e/tb wkBf;e gZXo s/ fBoh
67
tofiF jh BjhI j?, ;r'I fJj sK wB[Zy d/ wB'-GktK Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j?. fJj' ekoB
j? fe ebkeko ebk ftZu v[Zp iKdk j? s/ e[ZM ;w/I bJh T[j nzsow[Zyh j' e/ nzso-
fXnkB dh ;fEsh ftZu gj[zu iKdk j?.2
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih fJZe nfijh jh ;]Fhns ;B, fijBK B/
fuZsoebk dh o{j B{z nkgDh or-or ftZu ;wkfJnk. T[jBK B/ nkgD/ nzdo{Bh GktK
B{z fuZsoebk o{gh nekF ftZu T[ZvD bJh yzG brk fdZs/. T[jBK d/ wB dhnK
v{zxkJhnK B/ ntu/sB ftub/ tbtfbnK ns/ ;'u B/ fuZsoebk ftZu y{p wBukjhnK
T[vkohnK brkJhnK. fi; ;dek T[jBK B/ fjzv'b ns/ T[sok-uVQk dh o{j nkfd
ftfFnK d/ fuZsoK dh ouBk ehsh. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh ebk-feos
T[jBK dh ;]Fhns dk gqshfpzp j?, feT[Ife fJj ebk-feos T[jBK d/ f}zdrh Go d/
s}ofpnK ns/ j[Bowzdh dk fBu'V j?. T[jBK dh ebk sK fJZe ;Zu/ nB[Gt dk
nB[eoD j?. nfijh ebk ;kvh ;[zdosk ;zpzXh gqftosh B{z fsqgs ns/ FKs eodh j?.
ebk nfijh Gkt-nfGftnesh j? i' ebgBkwJh ;[zdosk d[nkok gq/fos j[zdh j?.3
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh fuZsoebk d[nkok ;wkfie tosko/ ftZu
ngDZs tkb/ gZ]K dk g;kok do;kfJnk frnk j?. T[jBK dh fuZsoekoh ftZu wB[Zy
u/sB-wB dh ;KM s'I b? e/ nzsoht nu/s-wB Bkb nfdZy-Fesh d/ doFBK sZe g[Zi
iKdk j?. nfijh ebkswesk dk gZ] g{oB tkb/ ebkeko ftbZ]D jh j[zd/ jB.
T[jBK B/ ebk bJh bzp/ ;w/I sZe xkbDk-xkbh. T[jBK dk ihtB pugB s'I jh ebk
B{z ;wofgs ;h. T[jBK B/ nkgDh f}zdrh d/ jo w'V T[Zs/ ;w/I dh b'V nB[;ko
68
fuZsoebk B{z BtK o{g fdZsk. T[jBK dh ebkswe ;'u fJzBh gqpb ;h fe f}zdrh
ftZu ftuod/ jo nzF B/ T[jBK bJh fuZsoebk dk nfBZyVtK o{g g/F eoB ftZu
;KM gkJh. T[jBK d/ ihtB ftZu ebk fJ; gqeko ouh j'Jh ;h fe T[jBK B/ pugB,
itkBh ns/ p[Ykg/ ftZu jo ozr Bkb s}op/ekoh ;KM gk e/ fuZsoekoh B{z ozrs
fdZsh. Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih dh ihtB-iku gqDkbh fJzBh ftbZ]D ojh fe T[jBK B/ ;[ZyK
ns/ d[ZyK d/ goSkt/I ftZu'I fuZsoekoh B{z i' ;[jZgD fdZsk T[j T[jBK bJh ihtB dks
pD rJh. T[jBK B/ w'uh p{N gkfbF eodk j'fJnk nkfd fBZs dhnK tos'I tkbhnK
uh}K B{z ebkwJh fdqFNhe'D s'I ;[zdosk dk XkoBh pDk e/ nkgD/ fuZsoK d/ ftfFnK
d[nkok g/F ehsk j?.4
ihtB dhnK ;kXkoB fefonktK B{z T[d'I sZe ebk BjhI fejk ik ;edk, id'I
sZe T[; ftZu ebk d/ sZs w"i{d Bk j't/. fuZsoekoh ebk-Gog{o ozr-o/yktK j[zdhnK
jB. jo/e ebkeko nkgD/ wB d/ ;{]w-GktK B{z gqrN eoB bJh fe;/ Bk fe;/
ebk-;o{g B{z nkgDh nfGftnesh dk wkfXnw pDkT[Idk j?. fi; d/ gq:'r fjZs }o{oh
sZs e/tb gq:'r ftZu nkT[D tkbk wkfXnw iK n"}koK dk fwnko jh BjhI pbfe
ebkeko dh nB[Fkf;s-ebgBkFhbsk, T[;ko{-f;oiD Fesh s/ fBZih-j[Bowzdh j?. gqf;ZX
:{oghB ftdtkB eKs dk ftuko j? fe id'I e'Jh ebkeko nkgDh feos B{z t/ye/
y[Fh nB[Gt eodk j?? sK }o{o jh T[j ebk-feos ;G bJh fJe' fizBh nkBzdwJh
f;ZX j't/rh, go ebkeko dk fB;tkoEh ns/ fBogZ] j'Dk }o{oh j?.5
69
gzikp dh gktB-Xosh T[Zs/ ;fEs Fqh nzfwqs;o ;kfjp ftZu tZvw[Zb/ ns/
tZvGkrh wjkB fuZsoeko Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ iBw fbnk. fJj ;EkB
f;Zy Xow dk jh BjhI, ;r'I ftFt wkBsktK dk th e/Ido j?.6 T[jBK B/ nkgDh
;[uZih-ebk ;dek gzikp dh Xosh B{z jo ozr Bkb ozfrnk. T[j fgsk tkbh
w'jokeFh tZb BjhI rJ/. T[jBK d/ nzdob/ ebkeko B/ w"fbe f;oiDk eoBh g;zd
ehsh. T[jBK B/ ib, s/b, g';No ns/ eod-T[xkV ozrK nkfd d/ wkfXnw d[nkok
bk;kBh fuZso pDk e/ nkgD/ ]kBdkB ns/ nzfwqs;o d/ ebk-fto;/ ftZu pj[w[Zbk
:'rdkB gkfJnk.
wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh ;ogq;sh nXhB fuZsoebk dk i'' ;e{b ti{d ftZu
nkfJnk ;h, T[j f;Zy oki d/ yasw j'D s'I fgZS'I nkgDk gqGkt g{oh soQK ekfJw BjhI
;h oZy ;fenk. nkgDh ftbZ]D-;{M, ebkswe-r[DK ns/ ;[uZih-F?bh d[nkok Fqh ;'jD
f;zx ih d/ fgsk GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/ T[;/ ;e{b dhnK otkfJsK B{z
nkgDh ebk-f;oiDk okjhI nZr/ s'fonk. T[jBK B/ 32 ;kb Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp
nzfwqs;o dh w[bkiaws ehsh Gkt nkgDh T[wo d/ pj[w[Zb/ ;kb Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp
fty/ w'jokeFh ns/ BZekFh ftZu brk fdZs/.7 T[jBK B{z rZu, N[ZeVh, iZVsekoh s/
w'jokeFh dh ebk ftZu ek\h w[jkos ;h. T[j nkgD/ ezw Bkb Gkos d/ tXhnk
w'jokeFh BZekFK dh esko ftZu nk yb'Id/ jB. gfjb/ T[;skd BZekF wospkB ]kbh
jh SZvd/ ;B go GkJh ;kfjp ih B/ fJZe BthI bhj s'oh. T[jBK B/ wospkB T[Zs/
Fqh soBskoB, Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp nkfd r[od[nko/ pDkJ/.8 T[jBK B/ fiZE/ BZekFh
70
tZb g{o/ brB Bkb fXnkB fdZsk, T[ZE/ Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp, Fqh d;w rqzE, ;{oi-
gqekF, tkoK-GkJh r[odk; ns/ j'o rzqE th gVQ/ ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgDh ebw dh S'j
th fdZsh. r[opkDh d/ GktK B{z pVh FoXk Bkb T[bhfenk. GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF
ih jh nfij/ gfjb/ ns/ n]hob/ BZekF ;B fiBQK B/ r[opkDh #u'I r{VQ-fynkb,
fJBebkph-Bkjo/ ns/ fwZmh p'bh B{z nkgDh ebw dk ftFk pDkfJnk s/ r[opkDh d/
n"y/ GktK B{z fuZsoK okjhI ;"yk ehsk.9 T[jBK B/ nkgD/ fuZsoK ftZu e[dos fit/I fe
c[Zb-gZs/, doZyas, dfonk, gjkV, pZdb, fpibh, gfozd/, B{z ft;a/;a wjZst fdZsk j?.
T[jBK d/ pj[s/ fuZso S'N/ neko d/ jB. gozs{ pDktN, fviakJhB, ;zs[bB ns/ ozr-
:'iBk gZ]'I w[|bhnk bx{-fuZsoK d/ B}dhe wfj;{; j[zd/ jB.10 BZekFh s'I fJbktk
T[jBK B/ BZeF/ ns/ r[opkDh dhnK s[eKL- chb-opkph, \ohdk r'o-fBwkDh.HH, feBko/-
feBko/ tfjzfdnK.HH, fJzBh fBZeh izxh.HHH nkfd w[skpe eJh fuZso T[bhe/ ;B. nkg
ih B/ nkgDh ebk d/ j[Bo B{z BZekFh dogD, ftFeowk ebk-g[;se, BZekFh ebk-
g[;se (Gkr-d{ik), ;[fBnkfonK tk;s/ rfjfDnK dk fv}kJhB ns/ eFhdkekoh ebk-
g[;se nkfd g[;seK b'eK ;kjwD/ g/F eoe/ j[Boh fgnkfonK bJh ;[uZik okj
ekfJw ehsk. T[jBK B/ Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp ftZu 60 ch;dh ns/ Fqh nekb syas s/
25 ch;dh BZekFh ehsh ;h.11
fgos B{z nZr/ s'ofdnK T[jBK d/ ;g[Zso Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh
fuZsoekoh B/ f;Zy-fJfsjk; ftZu nfij/ whb-gZEo yV/ ehs/ fe ni/ sZe e'Jh
fuZsoeko T[jBK dh fuZsoekoh #u fyZuh beho B{z S{j BjhI ;fenk. nkgD/ fgsk
71
frnkB f;zx d/ BK d/ nZyoK B{z nkgD/ BKt Bkb i'V e/ nkgD/ nkg B{z g{oB
wfj;{; eoB12 tkb/ wjkB fuZsoeko Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih dk iBw nr;s, 1914 JhH
B{z GkJh frnkB f;zx BZek;a ih d/ xo wksk rzrk d/th ih dh e[Z]'I e{uk-sqykDK,
piako-e;/fonK, Biadhe wzdo-jB{wkB, nzfwqs;o ftZu j'fJnk.13 nkg ih dhnK d'
gsBhnK ;B. gfjbh gsBh dk BK Fqhwsh wkfJnktsh ns/ d{;oh gsBh dk BK
Fqhwsh ;stzs e"o ;h. nkg ih d/ fszB g[ZsoL ;odko ;[fozdo f;zx, ;odko i;gkb
f;zx s/ ;odko ;sgkb f;zx dkfBF ns/ d' XhnK jB. ;odko ;[fozdo f;zx ns/
;odko ;sgkb f;zx dkfBF nkgD/ fgsk g[o]h ezw B{z ;zGkb oj/ jB.14
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ w[ZYbh f;Zfynk fJZe S'N/ fij/ ;e{b ftZu i'
rbh \eho ]kBk B/V/ p}ko-e;/fonK d/ e'b jh j?, fJZe S'Nh fijh jt/bh i' y{j d/
Bkb j?, ftZu gVQ/. pknd ftZu r[o{-p}ko d/ gk; jh p}ko r[o{ e/ wfjb ftZu
;oekoh uko iwksK d/ ;e{b ftZu gVQkJh ehsh. u"Eh iwks gk; eoB s'I pknd
fJjBK B{z NkT{B-jkb d/ e'b r"ofwzN ;e{b gzithI iwks ftZu dkyab eok fdZsk
frnk. T[; ;e{b ftZu fJjBK B/ f;o\ nZmthI ebk; sZe jh gVQkJh ehsh feT[Ife
fJjBK dk pj[sk fXnkB w{osK pDkT[D tZb jh ;h. ;e{b dhnK ekghnK-feskpK th
e'Jh Bk e'Jh behoK d[nkok FebK pDk e/ GohnK j[zdhnK ;B. T[; ;e{b s'I
pknd fJjBK d/ fgsk GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/ bkbk pz;hXo ;e{b ftZu
gVQB bJh G/fink.15
72
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh gVQkJh ftZu tX/o/ o[uh Bk d/yd/ j'J/ T[jBK
d/ fgsk B/ nkgD/ e'b BZekFh dk ezw f;ZyD bJh fpmk fbnk. fJZe' c[Zb B{z s]sh
T[Zgo tko-tko pBkT[Dk, fwNkT[Dk, fco pBkT[Dk, ns/ eJh-eJh fdB nfGnk; eod/
ofjDk. BZek;ah d/ t/b-p{fNnK B{z T[bhed/-T[bhed/ T[jBK dk wB fJ; ebk tZb Bk
bfZrnk. T[jBK dk fXnkB f;oc wB[Zyh-;aebK, gzSh, ikBtoK, G{-fdqFK nkfd B{z
pDkT[D ftZu jh ;h. T[jBK d/ fgsk ih BZek;ah d/ ezw eoB t/b/ fJZe-fJZe c[Zb B{z
pDkT[D dk nfGnk; eJh-eJh fdB fJ; bJh eokT[Id/ ;B sK fe e'Jh th uhia
fsnko eoB s/ tko-tko pDkT[D s/ c/o tko-tko opV Bkb fwNkT[D tkbh rZb Bk
oj//. fJ; ;w/I d"okB T[jBK dh xo ftZu fuZsoekoh eod/ ofjD dh nkds ekoB
T[jBK B{z fuZsoebk dh ek\h ;{M-p{M j' rJh ;h Bkb jh T[j nkgD/ fgsk ih B{z
Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp ftZu BZek;ah dk ezw eod/ d/yd/ j[zd/ ;B fi; Bkb fuZsoebk
;zpzXh T[jBK dk F"Ie j'o tZXdk ik fojk ;h. pugB s'I jh Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx
ih dh fB|kj sh]D j' rJh ns/ ntb'eB-Fesh tZXD bZr gJh ;h. T[jBK B/
pkjob/ w[beK d/ ebkekoK d/ fuZsoK B{z d/fynk fi; s'I T[j pj[s gqGkfts j'J//.
T[jBK d/ gqGkt s'I T[j fuZsoekoh tZb nkJ/. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ fgsk
ih T[jBK B{z nkgD/ tork ebkeko pBkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B Gkt i' th e'Jh uh}
T[bheD bZrd/ ;B p; ebw jZE ftZu \Vh BjhI s/ T[ZBk fuo BjhI uZ[eDh id sZe
fJZe pj[s jh ia'odko-c[Zb iK e'Jh gfozdk Bk #bhfenk ikt/. fJj' jh T[j nkgD/
g[Zso Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih s'I ukj[zd/ ;B.16
73
T[jBK fdBK ftZu bkj"o d/ gqf;ZX fuZsoeko wk;No nZbkp]F ns/ wk;No Fqh
okw d[nkok wjkB rqzE okwkfJD T[Zs/ pDkJ/ rJ/ fuZsoK B{z d/ye// Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD
f;zx ih pj[s gqGkfts j'J/, fJE'I jh ;kv/ fJ; fuZsoeko dk iBw j'fJnk. nkgD/
g[Zso dh fuZsoekoh ftZu fdbu;gh B{z d/yd/ j'J/ GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/
d{o-nzd/Fh s'I ezw b?IfdnK T[jBK B{z ;kJhB-g/IfNzr d/ ezw ftZu gk fdZsk. fJ; ezw d/
nfGnk; B/ T[jBK B{z jo soQK dh nZyo-b/yB ebk eoB ftZu wkjo pDk fdZsk.
;kJhB-g/IfNzr eofdnK T[jBK dk M[ekn fuZsoebk tZb j' frnk. T[j fuZso pDkT[D
dh brksko e'fFF eod/ ofjzd/. T[jBK d/ fgsk B/ T[jBK dh nrtkJh ehsh ns/
T[; ;w/I d/ gqf;ZX fuZsoeko ;odko joh f;zx e'b T[jBK B{z Fkfrod fpmk fdZsk.
T[j nkg th Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fuZsoekoh dh g{oh f;ybkJh d/ ;ed/
;B. go T[j @Fkj fpBK gZs BjhI s/ r[o{ fpBK rs BjhI# n;{b d/ XkoBh ;B.
T[jBK nB[;ko e'Jh ebk r[o{ dh FoB bJ/ fpBK g{oB-GKs f;Zyh BjhI ;h ik
;edh.17
;odko joh f;zx pj[s jh r[DtkB ebkeko ;B. T[j nkgD/ FkfrodK dhnK
o[uhnK B{z ;wMD dh g{oh ;woZEk oZyd/ ;B. ;odko joh f;zx T[jBhI fdBhI fJZe
EhJ/Noheb-ezgBh, fi; dk BK wdB EhJ/Noheb-ezgBh ;h, ftZu god/ fuZsoD dk ezw
eod/ ;B. ezgBh Ffjo-Ffjo iKdh s/ BkNeK dk gqdoFB eodh. T[; d/ Bkb-Bkb
nkgD/ T[;skd dh Fkfrodh ftZu Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B{z th Ffjo-Ffjo
74
x[zwD f\oB dk w"ek fwfbnk. T[jBK B/ fdZbh, ekBQg[o, byBT{, fJbkjpkd, pzpJh
s/ ebeZsk nkfd Gkos d/ gqf;ZX Ffjo d/y/.18
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ ;G s'I S'N/ p/N/ i' nZi eZbQ T[jBK dhnK
bhjK s/ uZb oj/ jB, ih B/ dZf;nk fe 1928 ftZu T[jBK dk nkgDk fJZe ;w{j
j[zdk ;h. fJ; ;w{j ftZu T[j nkg ns/ ;odko joh f;zx, n?;H ihH mkeo f;zx,
wZbk okw, |[bkw-Bth nkfd wjkB fuZsoeko j[zd/ ;B. T[j nizsk, fJb'ok dhnK
r[\ktK xz[w/ ns/ FfjoK d/ nikfJp-xoK s/ nkoN-r?bohnK ftZu rJ/. tZy-tZy
fuZsoekoK dhnK ebk-feosK d/yhnK. fuZsoebk dhnK tZy-tZy F?bhnK B{z ;wfMnk
ns/ BthI-g/qoBk gqkgs ehsh. T[j nkgD/ Yzr Bkb ozrK d/ ;[w/b ftZu'I eZ[M f;oiDk
ukj[zd/ ;B. eZ[M tfoQnK pknd T[jBK dh ezgBh pzd j'D ekoB, T[;skd ns/
Fkfrod d'jK B{z w[V nzfwqs;o nkT[Dk fgnk. T[jBK fdBK ftZu jh Fqh ihH n?;H
;'jD f;zx ih d/ fgsk GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/ Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp dh
B"eoh s'I ftdk b? bJh. d'jK fgT[ g[ZsoK B/ ;[szso s"o s/ ;aqh nzfwqs;o ftZu jh
tgkoe-ebk dk ezw F[o{ eo fdZsk. T[j vZfpnK d/ b/pb-fv}kJhB ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK
bJh ukoN pDkT[Id/. Xkofwe ftfFnK Bkb w/b yKd/ fuZso th fsnko eod/. fJjBK
s'I fJbktk T[j fuZsoK B{z FhF/-co/w bkT[D dk Xzdk th eoh iKd/.
fJjBK fdBK ftZu jh Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ fuZso fsnko eoe/
T[jBK B{z SgtkT[D dk ezw th ;orowh Bkb F[o{ eo fdZsk ;h. jo toQ/ d'-uko
ozrdko-fuZso SZg e/ ftZeoh bJh p}ko ftZu nk iKd/. fJj fuZso Xkofwe j[zd/
75
;B. T[jBK B/ fuZsoekoh ftZu Xkofwe ftfFnK B{z ]k; ;EkB fdZsk. ;wkfie wB[Zy
B{z Xow dh wjZssk do;kT[Id/ T[jBK tZb gq/fos j'D eoe/ Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx
ih B/ Xkofwe fuZso GrtkB fFt ih, Fqh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh ;z;kfoe :ksok,
Grsh eod/ j'J/ pkpk Fqh uzdq ih, wksk d[ork ih, GrtkB Fqh feqFB ih, nodk;,
Fqh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ;o;k Bdh gko eod/ j'J/ ns/ d; r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/
ftnesh-fuZso th pDkJ/. T[jBK dh Xkofwe fuZsoK ftZu f;oiD-gqfefonk fJzBh
ftFkb j? fe jo fuZsoekoh f;ZXh nksfwe-FKsh ns/ wkBf;e-fsqgsh tkbk gZ] g{odh
j?. T[jBK nB[;ko Xow T[j o;sk j?, i' wjKg[oFK B/ wB[Zyk ihtB d/ wB'oE dh
f;ZXh bJh dZf;nk j?. Xow wB[Zyh ihtB dh j'Id dk gqrNktk eodk j?.19
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ Xkofwe-fuZsoK d[nkok wB[Zyh ihtB bJh f;ZX/
o;s/ dh ;'Mh ftykJh ns/ nu/s-wB ftZu T[ZgidhnK p[ohnK GktBktK s'I w[es j'D
bJh f;ZXk okj ftykfJnk. Xkofwe-nB[G{sh ;EkJh j?l id'I fJ; B{z jk;b eo fbnk
iKdk j? sK fJj ebkeko d/ ufoZso dk fJZe fjZ;k pD iKdh j?. nfijh ;fEsh
ftZu ofjzfdnK j'fJnK f;oiDjko dh ;'u, T[; d/ nfj;k; s/ fdZy B{z s/} eodh
j?. f;oiD-gqfefonk ftZu f;oiDjko Gkt ebkeko Xow Bkb i[Vdk nfXnksfwe
okj bJh ;wki B{z gq/fos eodk j?. fJ; dk ;p{s g[okD/ rqzEK ftZu'I fwbdk j?.
gqf;ZX eth ekbhdk; B/ ;wki d/ nfXnksfwe fgS'eV ftZu ;[jinksfwe ehws
do;kJh i' Xow, noEK, ekw, w'eF okjhI wB[Zy B{z g{oBsk tZb b? iKdh j?.20
76
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B{z pugB s'I jh Xkofwe ftukoK tkbk wkj"b
fwfbnk. T[jBK dk o'}kBk Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp ikDk T[jBK bJh Grsh-Gkt dh
T[Zsgsh B{z T[sFkfjs eodk fojk. T[jBK d/ dkdk ih GkJh skpk f;zx ih ns/ fgsk
GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/ Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp ftZu ;/tk dk :'rdkB fdZsk.
fi; ;dek T[jBK d/ wB ftZu th Grsh-Gkt ns/ ;/tk-Gkt tZXd/ oj/. T[jBK dh
f;oiD-gqfefonk ftZu nfXnksfwe-Xkofwe GktBktK gqpb jB. T[jBK B/ id ed/
th nfdZy-Fesh nZr/ nkgDh ebk dh g{oBsk ;zpzXh ;'u oZyh sK T[j fJZe nfsnzs
;[zdo s;tho pD e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh.
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx B/ nkgD/ fgsk e'b'I sgh;o torh fJekrosk ns/
fdqVQsk gqkgs eo bJh ;h s/ nkgD/ T[;skd e'b'I god/ fuZso e/ ozrK dh ;[uZih
tos'I Bkb wkj"b-f;oiD s/ nB[gks ftXh Bkb fuZso ftZu shih fdFk ns/ v{zfxnkJh
fbnkT[D dh ftXh ;wM bJh ;h.21 ozrK dh nkswk ;wMD dh nB'yh ;{M T[jBK
ftZu iwKdo{ ;h. T[jBK B/ fJZe B[es/ s/ fJZe fBZeh fijh beho B{z :'r EK s/ bk
e/ Gkt f;oiD dh iku pj[s S'Nh T[wo ftZu jh f;Zy bJh ;h. BkNe fJZe nfijk
wzu g/F eodk j? fi; ftZu god/ dk fdqF BkNe B{z n;bhns o{g T[xkVB bJh
ftdfws j[zdk j?.22 Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ tZy-tZy FfjoK ftZu ik e/ pj[s
;ko/ s}op/ jkf;b ehs/. T[j wB[ZyK d/ jkt-Gkt uzrh soQK ;wMD bZr/. BkNe
fJZe nfijh o{g ftXk j? i' ;wekbh gfo;fEshnK ftZu ;fEs ofjzdh j?. fJE'I sZe
fe fJfsjkf;e-BkNe th ;wekbh ;zdoGK B{z w[]kfsp j[zdk ofjzdk j?. gko;h BkNe
77
wzvbhnK ftZu ezw eoB ns/ T[jBK d/ fJfsjkf;e-BkNe t/yD Bkb Fqh ihH n?;H
;'jD f;zx ih B{z fJfsjkf;e ftneshnK d/ gfjokftnK dk F[ZX frnkB j' frnk
;h.23 T[jBK B{z wjkB-:'fXnK dh ;]Fhns ns/ fujfonK d/ gqGkt T[;koB dh iku
nk rJh ;h . fJe ;\b BkNe T[jh j? fi;d/ ebkeko doFeK dk Gog{o wB'oziB
eod/ j'J/ iB-;kXkoB d/ ihtB Bkb eohph foFsk pDkJh oZyD.24
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ BkNeK B{z fJzBh eohp s'I jzvkfJnk fe T[j
jo gkso d/ fujo/ d/ GktK B{z uzrh soQaK ;wMD bZr/. T[jBK B/ fizBh fFZds Bkb
BkNeh-wzu d/ god/ fsnko ehs/, T[ZBhI jh fFZds Bkb nkgDh ebk B{z fB]koB bJh
jo }o{oh sZs tZb fXnkB fdZsk. ebk dk Fkpfde noE ;[zdosk d/ gqrNkt/ B{z
wzfBnk frnk j?. ebk dk T[d/F e/tb nB[eoD wkso jh BjhI pbfe g{ot-
nfGftnesh j?. ebk-feos T[d'I jh ;\b o{g ftZu ;thekoh iKdh j?, id'I T[j
Gkt-ftF/F dh nfGftnziBk eoB ftZu ;woZE j't/. T[Zx/ ftdtkB Nkb;Nk: ebk
;zpzXh nkgD/ ftuko fJ; gqeko fdzd/ jBL- @@ebk T[j fefonk j? fi;d/ d[nkok
wB[Zy fJZe Gkt dk nB[Gt eoB T[gozs T[;dk nfj;k; d{;fonK sZe gj[zukT[Idk
j?.##25
;[zdowJh s}opk fJZe v{zxkJh j?, fijVh v{zx/ fXnkB s'I gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJj
s}opk i' ;kB{z gqkgs j'Jh ;wZroh dh g{oh ehws fdzdk j? T[j Gkt/I fe;/ th y/so
ftZu j't/ iK fe;/ th fdFk B{z gqrN eodk j't/, T[j fe;/ Bk fe;/ jZd sZe ;kjwD/
nkT[Idk j?. f;oiDjko nkgDh f;oiDk B{z T[Zsw pDkT[D bJh brksko gq:sBFhb
78
ofjzdk j?. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih nkgDh f;oiDk B{z tX/o/ ftef;s eoB bJh
f;oiD-gqfefonk bJh brksko s}op/ tZb gq/fos oj/.
;zB 1932 JhL ftZu Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ gfjbh tko pkpk pzdk
f;zx pjkdo dk ozrhB fuZso gqekfFs eotkfJnk ;h. T[jBK B/ f;oiDksfwe-
gqfefonk B{z do;kT[Id/ j'J/ pzdk f;zx pjkdo dh pjkdoh B{z ;kekokswe Yzr Bkb
do;kT[Id/ j'J/ fuZsfonk. b'eK B/ fJ; fuZso B{z pj[s ;bkfjnk fi; ;dek T[jBK B/
pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo d/ fuZso B{z fszB tko nbZr-nbZr fsnko ehsk, i' ozrdko
pbkeK d[nkok gqekfFs j'J/. fJ; soQK jo toQ/ Bt/I s'I Bt/I fuZso Fqh ihH n?;H
;'jD f;zx ih gqekfFs eokT[Id/ s/ gqFz;k gqkgs eod/. T[jBK B/ pjkdoh d/ fJZe
j'o fuZso ftZu ;odko iZ;k f;zx okwrVQhnk B{z izr d/ w?dkB ftZu do;kfJnk.
fi; ftZu ;odko iZ;k f;zx okwrVQhnk d/ fujo/ T[go i'Fhb/ gqGkt T[sFkj-g{oB
gqrNkJ/ rJ/ jB. 1932 JhL ftZu okwrVQhnk ;?INob-c?vo/FB dh ekB\oz; j'Jh. fJE/
fJ; fuZso B{z gfjbk fJBkw fwfbnk. T[jBK B/ ;odko iZ;k f;zx okwrVQhnk dk
1961 JhL ftZu fJZe j'o fuZso pDkfJnk i' nZi-eZbQ ;aqh jfowzdo ;kfjp d/ nikfJp
xo ftZu ;[F'fGs j?.26
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih nkgD/ fuZsoK d/ pbke B{z i' 8%10 fJzu d/ j[zd/
;B, iowB dh n?\H vpfbT{H ezgBh s'I SgtkT[Id/ ;B. 1935-38 JhL d/ ;w/I d"okB
e'Jh fgqfNzr gq?; BjhI j[zdh ;h. wro'I iowB dh ezgBh j"bh-j"bh bkj"o nk rJh.
fco T[jBK B/ T[E'I fuZsoK d/ pbke SgtkT[D/ F[o{ eo fdZs/.27 Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD
79
f;zx ih gfjb/ fuZsoeko ;B fijBK B/ fuZsoK dh gqubsk eoe/ pbke B{z bkj"o s'I
pDtkfJnk.28 bkj"o ftZu T[jBK d/ fuZso NokJh-ebo okjhI Sgd/ ;B. nBkoebh-
p}ko ftZu feogk okw ns/ ro/to; j[zd/ ;B, fijV/ T[jBK d/ fuZsoK B{z Skgd/
;B. Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih T[jBK e'b ik e/ pbke fuZso bJh eZuk o/yk-fuZso
pDkT[IfdnK pbkeK dh ;'X nkgD/ Yzr nB[;ko eod/ ;B. (fuZso-1)
T[jBK B/ 1956 JhL ftZu nzfwqs;o ftZu nkgDk pbke w/fezr :{fBN
brkfJnk. nkw pbkeK Bkb'I T[jBK d/ pbkeK ftZu Nfuzr t/b/ eqwpzdh g?dk ehsh
iKdh ;h. eqwpzdh dk wsbp jbe/ s'I r{VQk ns/ r{VQ/ s'I jbek ft;sko Gkt fGzBsk
g?dk eoBk.29 (fuZso-2)
T[; ;w/I d"okB seohpB ;ko/ n]pko gzikph, T[od{, (nihs, toswkB, F/o/-
gzikp, gqskg, fwbkg, nekbh gZfsqek nkfd) i' bkj"o ftZu Sgd/ ;B, ;ko/ nzfwqs;o
ftZu SgD bZr gJ/. j"bah-j"bah ;a'jos d/ tZXD Bkb Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fwbD
tkb/ ezw ftZu th tkXk j[zdk frnk. o'}kBk ns/ j\s/tko n]pkoK dk ezw th u'yh
wksok ftZu T[jBK e'b nkT[D bZrk. nihs, tho-Gkos s/ F/o/-gzikp nkfd n]pkoK
d/ ;zgkde T[jBK s'I nkgD/ n]pkoK d/ ftF/F nzeK bJh w[Zy-fuZso nkfd fsnko
eotkT[D bZr gJ/. T[jBK B/ ;e{bK ftZu gVQkJhnK ikD tkbhnK g?g;{ dhnK gkm-
g[;seK d/ ftnkfynk-fuZso th pDkJ/ ;B. T[jBK B{z gqekFeK tZb'I g[;seK d/
f;ob/y, fv}kJhB ns/ g[;seK ftubhnK s;thoK d/ ftnkfynk-fuZso fsnko eoB
bJh th nkovo fwbD bZr/.30
80
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx B/ g[;seK d/ w[Zy-fuZso ns/ g[;seK dhnK u'bhnK
th pDkJhnK. J/; ebk dk T[Zsw Bw{Bk ebi[fr oE[ nrfB ek dh u'bh j?. T[jBK
B/ fJ; u'bh ftZu s[e @ebi[fr oE[ nrfB ek e{V[ nr? oEtkj[# dk n;bh Gkt
g/F eoB dk ewkb jkf;b ehsk j?.31 (fuZso-3)
T[jBK B/ pj[s ;ko/ n]pkoK d/ w[`y gzB/ fsnko ehs/, feT[Ife T[; t/b/
fbE'rok\h pj[s gqufbs ;h. T[j fbE' ftZu ekghnK pDke/ ;koh oks w'wpZsh irke/
fuZso fsnko eod/ ;B. fco ;t/o/ nrb/ fdB 4 ti/ T[; fuZso dh ekgh d/Dh
j[zdh ;h. T[j f;o\ w[Zy gzBk nkg fbE'rokch d[nkok fuZso e/ fdzd/ ;Bl pkeh gzB/
Sg/ j[zd/ ;B. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ p[oF ftZu s/ ebw dh B'e ftZu
nB']k ftnzr th ;h. fJ; eoe/ eJh ;kb uzr/ B?fse gofunK bJh ftnzr-fuZso
th pDkT[Id/ oj/. T[jBK B/ ftnzr-fuZsoK okjhI ;wkfie, okiBhfse toskfonK B{z g/F
eoB bJh ftnzrnkswe YzrK Bkb ;ZukJh B{z fpnkB ehsk.(fuZso-4)
T[jBK dh f;oiD-gqfefonk fJzBh gqpb ;h fe T[jBK dhnK ;'uK ftZu ;wki
ns/ okiBhshtkBK gqsh i' tbtb/ wB ftZu T[God/, T[jBK B{z ftnzr-fuZsoK dk ikwk
gfjBk e/ g/F ehsk. T[jBK B/ tX/o/ eoe/ okiBhfse ftnzr-fuZso pDkJ/ ns/ T[jBK
B{z ;[jiksfwe Yzr Bkb tofDs ehsk.32(fuZso-5)
T[j ;gskfje nzeK ftZu okiBhfse ftnzr-fuZso ns/ Xkofwe f;ob/y n]pkoK
bJh pDkT[Id/ ;B. e[ZM n]pkoK B/ nkgD/ d\so ibzXo pDk bJ/ ns/ ibzXo s'I
jh T[j nkgDk ezw T[jBK s'I jh eotkT[Id/ oj/. T[; ;w/I p'bdhnK-f\bwK j[zdhnK
81
;B. ;G s'I gfjbh p'bdh-fcbw t/b/ Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z T[;skd ;odko joh
f;zx ih ns/ fuZsoeko n?;H ihH mkeo f;zx ih Bkb ezw eoB dk w"ek fwfbnk.
T[; t/b/ T[j f;o\ ozr x'b e/ fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK fdBK ftZu r[o{-fFF gozgok ;h.
fFF nkgD/ r[o{ dh pVh edo eod/ ;B.33 (fuZso-6)
T[jBK d/ nkgD/ r[o{ ;odko joh f;zx ih Bkb pj[s B/Vb/ ns/ fgnko Go/
;zpzX ;B. T[j ed/ th Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fuZmh fbyd/ sK n}h} ftfdnkoEh
;'jD f;zx fbye/ ;zp'XB eod/ ;B.34 (fuZso-7)
Btzpo 1946 JhL ftZu Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ s;thoK d/ co/wK
nkfd dk ezw SZfvnk s/ nkg fBo'b ebkswe-fuZso fsnko eoB tZb M[e rJ/.
fJ; s'I pknd JhL 1947 d/ oki-gbN/ s/ d/F d/ pNtko/ ftZu eko'pko mZg j'D s/
nkg B{z pj[s ;kok wkbh B[e;kB T[mkT[Dk fgnk. d/F dh tzv ;w/I nzfwqs;o s'I
gkfe;skB B{z ikD tkb/ ekcb/, T[jBK d/ xo e'b'I bzxd/ ;B. fi; ;dek T[jBK d/
wB T[Zs/ rfjok gqGkt fgnk. T[jBK B/ fJ; dodBke xNBk B{z nkgDh f;oiD-
gqfefonk d[nkok fuZso Bz{ ;keko o{g fdzd/ j'J/ ifbQnK tkb/ pk| dh xNBk B{z
nkgD/ fuZsoK d[nkok do;kfJnk.
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ ;[gB-nt;Ek ftZu f;oiDk-gqfefonk B{z wfj;{;
eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ebk B{z ftbZ]D o{g gqdkB ehsk. ;[gB-nt;Ek ftZu
fuZsoeko B{z y[FhnK, dodK, ;fji-;[Gkn torhnK tZyohnK-tZyohnK tzBrhnK dh
gqkgsh j[zdh j?. fi; ;dek fuZsoeko nkgDh ebk-feos Bz{z pj[w[Zbk o{g fdzd/ jB.
82
;[gB-nt;Ek wB[Zyh-wB dk ntu/sB-g;ko b'e ihtB ftZu nfjw G{fwek fBGkT[Idk
j?. b'e-wB dhnK dZphnK-fJZSktK, GktBktK, vo ns/ ;[gfBnK dk Xoksb wB[Zyh-
ntu/sB j?. wB[Zyh-ntu/sB ftnesh ftF/F Bkb th ;zpzX oZydk j? ns/ ;w{j Bkb
th ;zpzfXs j?. ;[gB/ ftnesh-wB d/ ntu/sB-g;ko dk fJZe wjZstg{oB nzr jB.
;[gfBnK dk g;ko pj[fdFkth j[zdk j?. eJh t;s{nK dk ;[w/b Bt/I noEK s/ XkoBktK
dh f;oiDk eo ;edk j?. ;[gB/ dk ;Zu ftbZ]D-tzBrh dk ;Zu j[zdk j?. fJj ;Zu
Bk j[zdk j'fJnk th ;Zu j[zdk j?.35
ebgBk ohMK d/ fpzp xVdh j?. fJj fJZSs-;[gB/ ftneshrs s/ ;wkfie
;fEshnK Bkb pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB, Gkt/I fesB/ jh ftneshrs feT[I Bk j'D. gqf;ZX
ftdtkB cokJhv nu/s-wB dh fJZSk B{z ebk d/ o{g ftZu pdbD bJh ;jkfJe
dZ;d/ jB. T[jBK B/ wB[Zy d/ wB dhnK fszB nt;EktK dZ;hnK jBL u/sB, noX-
u/sB ns/ ntu/sB. u/sB-nt;Ek wB[Zy dh toswkB nt;Ek j[zdh j?. fi; toswkB
ekb ftZu T[j ihtB pshs eo fojk j[zdk j?. u/sB s'I ntu/sB dk d"o T[j j?
id'I e'Jh rZb u/sB-wB ftZu'I fBeb e/ G[Zb iKdh j? sK T[j ntu/sB wB ftZu ik
e/ mfjo iKdh j?. ntu/sB wB dk T[; B{z fXnkB BjhI ofjzdk. fi; nt;Ek ftZu
;zt/dBk, :kd, ebgBk s/ soe-fefonktK j[zdhnK jB, T[jh u/sBk j?. noX-u/sB
T[j nt;Ek j? fi; ftZu fXnkB BjhI ofjzdk. wB[Zy id'I phs/ :[Zr d/ nB[GtK B{z
:kd eoe/ T[;/ nt;Ek ftZu'I bzxdk j?, T[j noX-u/sB ftZu jh b[e/ gJ/ ofjzd/
jB. id'I n;hI T[jBK dh fJZSk eod/ jK sK ;G e[ZM TZ[Go e/ nZyK ;kjwD/ ;keko
83
j' iKdk j?.36 Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d[nkok nu/s-wB ftZubhnK GktBktK B{z
;[gB/ ftZu gqshs j'D T[gozs, nfXnksfwe Fesh dk g;kok uko/ gk;/ B}ohI fgnk.
T[jBK d/ wB ftZu r[o{nK gqsh sKx ;[gB-nt;Ek s'I jh F[o{ j'Jh.
Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B/ ;[gB-nt;Ek ftZu t/fynk fe T[jBK dh g[;se fijVh
w[ezwb j' rJh T[;B{z T[j r[od[nkok okw;o ;kfjp b? e/ rJ/. T[ZE/ ik e/ T[jBK
B/ T[j g[;se nkgD/ fgsk nZr/ G/IN ehsh. T[jBK t/yh s/ pVh g;zd ehsh ns/ T[;
g[;se s'I pknd T[jBK B{z fJZe j'o ;[gBk nkfJnk fe T[j pqfjwzv ftZu s[oh ik
oj/ jB, T[Zvd/ ik oj/ jB. T[Zvd/-T[Zvd/ t/fynk fe T[j ;Zuyzv d/ p{j/ nZr/ ub/
rJ/. T[ZE/ T[jBK d/ fgsk ih Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ih skfpnk p?m/ j'J/ ;B. e'b jh
gzi f;zx ;B, fijBK d/ B{okBh fujo/, ;\?d-dkVQh ns/ ;\?d-eZgV/ B}o nkJ/.
T[jBK B/ Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fJZe g[;se tZb fJFkok eod/ j'J/ fejk fe fJ;
gqeko d/ fuZsoK dh ouBk eo'. id'I T[jBK B/ T[; g[;se d/ gzfBnK s/ d/fynk sK
T[jBK B{z iBw-;kyhnK s/ f;Zy-fJfsjk; dhnK s;thoK B}o nkJhnK. T[ZE'I T[jBK B{z
g/qoBk fwb rJh ns/ fJ; s'I pknd T[jBK dh ikr y[ZbQ rJh. Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih
B/ fuZso fuZsoeko dh ;[gB-nt;Ek ftZu nfij/ jh ;[gB-b'e dh f;qFNh ehsh j?
fi;B{z fe T[jBK B/ y[d ihn e/ nkgDh nkswk d[nkok nB[Gt ehsk j?. fJj fuZso
T[jBK bJh fJZe g/qoBk-;o's fuZso ;h.
fJ; g/qoBk s'I pknd jh T[jBK B/ r[opkDh ns/ f;Zy-fJfsjk; d/ fuZso
fsnko eoB/ F[o{ ehs/. f;Zy-fJfsjk; dk nfXn?B eoBk, T[jBK g[;seK d/ b/ye B{z
84
fwbDk fco T[jBK d/ fJZe d/ uko-uko, gzi-gzi o/yKeD eoB/ ns/ fco fJZe wB j'
e/ r[opkDh s/ nXkfos fuZso pDkT[Id/ ;B. jo uh} B{z T[j pkoheh Bkb pDkT[Id/
;B.37 Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ b'eK dhnK GktBktK B{z w[Zy oZyfdnK r[opkDh
s/ nXkfos tX/o/ fuZso pDkJ/ jB.
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih nfdZy-Fesh Bkb fbt bkJh FKswJh j' e/
fuZsoK ftZu ozrs B{z o{gwkB eod/ ;B. T[j nkgDh ;'u B{z ebw dhnK T[vkohnK
brk e/ gfjbK fJZe eZuk o/yk-fuZso fsnko eod/ ;B. T[; ftZu e[dosh ozrK ns/
nfdZ] ;aesh d/ skD/-pkD/ B{z f;oiDk eod/-eod/ Grsh GktK Bkb fJZe-fwe j' e/
T[j o/yk-fuZso, fsnko ehs/ fuZsoK ftZu ozrK dk ;[w/b God/ ;B. T[j gfjbK
fuZso dk fJZe gZ] nkgD/ wB-w;fse ftZu ;'u b?Id/l wro'I j'bah-j'bah nkgDh ebgBk
B{z nXko-fFbk pDk e/ T[; ftZu jo ozr B{z fdqFNhwkB eod/ ;B. T[jBK B/ nfdZ]
;aesh B{z w[Zy oZyd/ j'J/ rrB w? Ekb[ oft uzd[ dhge pB/ skfoek wzvb iBe
w'sh.. nkosh s/ nXkfos fuZso dh ouBk ehsh. fJj nkosh wzdo dh nkosh Bkb'I
ftbZ]D j'D eoe/, ft;wkde Gkt g?dk eoB d/ ;woZE j?. ft;wkd Fpd ;z;feqs
d/ ;qfw Xks{ s'I wzfBnk iKdk j?, fi; dk noE j?L w[;ekB. ft;wkd fJZe nzdobh
w[;ekB j?. 38
ebk dk f;ZXk ;zpzX Gkt Bkb j?, e/tb o{g, ;[zdosk Bkb jh BjhI. f;qFNh
ftZu fijVh t;s{ fuZsoeko B{z fij' fijh ftykJh fdzdh j?, T[; dh fiT[I dh fsT[I
Beb eo d/Dh, T[;dk fpbeZ[b n;b tork jh fuZso pDk d/D dh e[Fbsk B{z jh
85
T[j ebk dk do}k d/ fdzd/ jB i' fuZsoeko Gkt B{z w[Zy-t;s{ wzBdk j?, T[j Gkt-
ftF/F dh ;[zdosk bJh fuZso-nzeD d"okB Gkt-doFB d/ nB[o{g nkdoF-;'Mh B{z
nkgDh gqfsGk d/ ;kwoki s'I y'i-y'i e/ fbnkT[Idk j? s/ fJZe nkdoF doFh-ebk B{z
w{os o{g fdzdk j?. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh ;];ahns ftZu fi; soQK d/
;z;eko Fkfwb ;B T[j' fijhnK GktBtK jh T[jBK d/ nkjko-ftjko ftZu Fkfwb
;B.
gzikp d/ izwgb j'D d/ Bks/ Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh fuZsoebk dhnK
iVQK gzikp dh Xosh ftZu v{zxhnK jB. gzikp d/ ibtk:{ ns/ u"frod/ B/ T[jBK B{z
ebk-f;oiDk dh Fesh s/ g/qoBk fdZsh j?. T[jBK B/ fiZE/ Xkofwe gqGkt tkb/ fuZso
pDkJ/ jB T[ZE/ gzikp d/ g/Iv{ s/ Ffjoh ;fGnkuko B{z th nkgDh ebk ftZu ;w'fJnk
j?. wB[Zy iksh dk ofjD-;fjD, ykX-][oke, gfjoktk, ezw-Xzd/, wB-goukt/, y/vK,
b'e-ebktK, b'e-Bku, b'e-;kfjs d/ fGzB-fGzB o{g ns/ B?fse edoK-ehwsK nkfd
;fGnkuko d/ w{b sZs jB.39 T[jBK B/ ftneshrs s"o s/ gzikp d/ ;fGnkuko ftZu
ihtB pshs ehsk s/ fJE'I d/ gfjokt/ s'I b? e/ ezw-XzfdnK sZe d/ ftfFnK B{z nkgDh
f;oiDksfwe-gqfefonk dh S'j d/ e/ fuZsfos ehsk. gzikp d/ w/b/, gzikphnK dhnK
;ZXoK s/ T[wzrK dk GktBksfwe ne; j[zd/ jB. fJ; ft;a/ B{z Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B/
pk-]{ph Bkb fBGkfJnk j?. Y'b dh skb s/ BZud/, GzrVk gkT[IId/ rZGo{nK dk
fuZso gzikphnK dh Fesh ns/ i'F dk gqrNktk eodk j?. GzrVk gzikph rZGo{nK dh
;z;feqsh dk o'ue nzr ns/ iB-ihtB dk skb-pZX fpzp jB.40 fJ; fpzp B{z
86
T[jBK B/ nkgD/ fuZso GzrV/ dk fdqF ftZu Y'b dh skb s/ BZud/ rZGo{nK
B{z nkgD/ i}pks dk gqrNktk eod/ do;kfJnk j?.
uo]k-eZsDk s/ djhI-foVeDk nkfd fiZE/ g/Iv{ shthInK d/ o'} d/ XzfdnK ftZu
Fkfwb jB T[ZE/ fJjBK dk ;fGnkukoe wjZst th pj[s j?.41 fJjBK ftfFnK B{z th
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ g{oh o[uh ns/ brB Bkb fuZsfos ehsk j?. T[jBK
B/ okr-okrBhnK d/ nXko T[Zs/ fuZso pDkJ/. okr fJZe soQK dk otkfJsh sohek j?,
i' fe ;zrhs s/ nXkfos FKswJh ssekbh ouBk B{z do;kT[Idk j?.42
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ fjzv'b okr u[D e/ nkgDh f;oiDk d[nkok
fJ; B{z ftbZ]D o{g fdZsk. fjzv'b s'I Gkt j[bko/ iK M{bk j?. fjzv'b okr g[oF-
gqXkB okr j? ns/ fJ; ftZu S/ okrBhnK jB. T[jBK B/ fjzv'b Gkt M{b/ dh soQK
j[bko/ b?Idh n"os B{z ftdfws ehsk j?. jtk ftZu j[bko/ b?Idh n"os d/ wB d/ Gkt
T[; d/ fujo/ T[Zs/ ftdfws jB. fuZsoeko B/ fJ; fuZso B{z tX/o/ ;[jiksfwesk
fdZsh j?. ozr ns/ b?n fJ; fuZso B{z ftbZ]D o{g fdzd/ jB. fjzv'b v[ZbQ-v[ZbQ g?Idh
y[Fh dk okr j?. T[jBK B/ fJ; nkBzd-ftG'osk dk wkBtheoB ehsk j?.
1958 JhL ftZu foXw (Rhythm) w?r}hB SZgdk ;h. fJ; w?r}hB ftZu
ebkekoK pko/ ns/ T[jBK dh ebk pko/ e[ZM Bk e[ZM ftuko Sgd/ ofjzd/ ;B. fJ;
ftZu T[; ;w/I d/ d' nBw'b fuZsoeko pko/ ns/ T[jBK d/ fuZsoK pko/ f}eo ehsk
j'fJnk fwbdk j?. fi;B{z d[BhnK GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih ns/ Fqh ihH n?;H
;'jD f;zx ih d/ Bkw Bkb ikDdh j?. T[jBK B/ fJ; w?r}hB ftZu fJZe fuZso oZph
87
ebk, i' gkDh tkb/ ozrK d/ wkfXnw ftZu pDkfJnk j?, dk f}eo ehsk j'fJnk
fwbdk j?. fJ; w?r}hB nB[;ko T[jBK B{z f\bk;\o fuZsoeko fejk frnk j?.
fi;B/ wB[Zy ns/ T[jd/ nkb/-d[nkb/ d/ tksktoB B{z fuZsod/ j'J/ T[jBK ftZu g{oh
fyZu Goh j? ns/ fJj wB[Zyh j'Id fi;dk e'Jh nzs BjhI, T[Zs/ gqGkt gkT[Idh j?.
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ nfXnksfwesk dh ftnkfynk bJh Xkofwe
fuZsoK B{z gqtkBsk fdZsh. r[o{-;kfjpkB dhnK s[eK s/ eEBK ftZu'I Xkofwe ftuko
nkgD/ fuZsoK d[nkok ;wki d/ ;BwZ[y g/F ehs/. Xow wB[Zy B{z gqEw o{g ftZu fJZe-
nfXnksfwe j'Id ;wMdk j? fi; ftZu e/Idoh ;EkB Xkofwe-ftFtk;K B{z gqkgs j?.
Xow dh w{b XkoBk fJj j? fe ;z;ko B{z fe;/ gqkfeofse-Fesh B/, fi;B{z JhFto,
gqwkswk nkfd eJh Bkw fdZs/ rJ/ jB, ti{d ftZu fbnKdk j?. fJE/ i' e[ZM ftdwkB,
tkgodk ns/ ftuodk j? T[j ;G e[ZM T[; Fesh d/ j[ew nB[;ko j?, i' nfdZy ns/
fBozeko j?, ;koh f;qFNh T[; d/ tZ; ftZu j?.43
20thI ;dh d/ gqshpZX fuZsoeko Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B/ T[dk;h ;kX{nK d/
v/fonK tk;s/ pj[s fuZso pDkJ/l gozs{ f;Zy-oki t/b/ s'I Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/D ns/
ezX-fuZsoK B{z gqc[fbs eoB tkb/ wjzsK d/ n]kV/ th j[D nkgDk n;b ;o{g rtk
u[Ze/ jB. Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp d/ Bkb bZrd/ n]kV/ pqjw p{Nk dh g[okDh fJwkos
rfbnkok ;ehw t/b/ ]sw j' u[Zeh j?. fJ; d/ fJZe fjZ;/ B/ BthI fJwkos dk o{g
Xko fbnk j? s/ ezX-fuZso nb'g j' rJ/ jB. fJ; d/ fpbeZ[b ;kjwD/ ;fEZs
n]kVk p/oh tkbk dh pkeh puh fJZe ewo/ dh fJwkos B{z d[pkok pDkfJnk frnk
88
j?. n]kVk pqjw p{Nk ftZu Gkt/I ezX-fuZso sK BjhI jB gozs{ Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih d/
jZEK dhnK pDhnK 33 ezX-fuZsoK dhnK s;thoK bZrhnK j'JhnK jB. fijBK ftZu
pkpk Fqh uzdq ih d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs bhbktK dk toDB do;kfJnk frnk j?.44
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ ;[jikswe e[dosh u"frod/ B{z ebkswe ozrK
Bkb f;ofink. p}ko ftZu ;G s'I tZX gqekfFs fuZso T[jBK d/ jh T[gbZpX ;B.
gfjbK fJjBK d/ e?bzvoK ftZu Sg/ fuZso jh xoK ftZu bZrd/ ;B.45 g[;se gkg{bo
f;Zy nkoN ftZu Bw{B/ ti'I 54 u'Dt/I p}koh f;Zy-fuZso fdZs/ rJ/ jB. fJjBK ftZu
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ p}ko dh wzr dh g{osh eoB tkb/ ;kXkoB gZXo d/
f;Zy-fuZso T[bhe/ jB. T[jBK d/ fJj ;ko/ jh fuZso fttXsk d/ bykfJe jB,
fijBK ftZu T[jBK B/ fJZe' fuZso ftZu nB/eK fdqF S'N/-fuZsoK d/ o{g ftZu do;kJ/
jB. f;Zy-p}koh fuZsoekoh ftZu T[jBK dk fJj tvw[Zbk :'rdkB j?.46
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ nkgD/ fuZsoK ftZu toswkB fuZsoekoh d/
Bkb-Bkb gqkuhB BZekFh d/ fuzBQK B{z th o{gwkB ehsk j?. fuZsoeko nB[Gt B{z ebk-
o{g ftZu f;oi e/ nkgDh ebgBk-Fesh okjhI ihtB dhnK edoK-ehwsK ns/ noEK
dk ;zuko eodk j?. T[jBk B/ f;oiD-gqfefonk okjhI wB[Zy d/ nzdob/ wB'GktK B{z
N[zfpnk j?. ebk okjhI wB[Zyh f]nkbK iK GktBktK B{z Feb fdZsh ik ;edh j?. T[j
wzBd/ ;B fe ebk e'Jh th j't/, nk]o T[;dk wB'oE wB[Zy eqw-ftek; dh wZdd
eoBk j?. ;ohoe s/ wkBf;e ;jkfJsk eoBk j?, i/ ebk nfijk BjhI eodh sK
fB;\b j?.47
89
T[jBK B/ nkgD/ fuZsoK ftZu feXo/-feXo/ ;kek-wJh ;orowhnK B{z th ftFk-
t;s{ pDkfJnk j?, feT[IIfe T[jBK B/ e[ZM fuZso p}ko dh wzr nB[;ko th fuZso/
jB. fJ; dk f}eo fJZe pj[s jh g[okDh gqkgs jZE-fbys fuZmh ftZu do} j? i'
fJZe fuZsoeko B/ fwsh 26-10-1950 B{z fdZbh s'I Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fbyh. fi;
soQK dk fuZso rkje B/ pDtkT[Dk j[zdk ;h. T[j gfjbK T[;dk fJZe eZuk o/yk-
fuZso T[jBK B{z d/ iKd/ s/ T[j j{-p-j{ T[;/ soQK dk fuZso fsnko eoe/ d/ fdzd/.
fJE'I sZe fe fejV/ ozr dh tos'I eoBh j?, fuZso fe; T[Zs/ pBkT[Dk j? ns/ T[;B{z
fejVk co/w eoBk j? nkfd ;kok e[ZM rkje dh wo}h w[skfpe fsnko eoe/ fdzd/
;B. fJ; fuZmh ftZu T[jBK s'I Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp nkfd dk fuZso i' n?;H ihH
mkeo f;zx fuZsoeko dk fuZso ns/ okfpzdoBkE N?r'o d/ fuZso dh Beb fsnko
eotkT[D dk f}eo fwbdk j?. fJ; s'I fJbktk T[j fuZso dk neko, nkfeqshnK dk
fbpk;, fujok ns/ nzdk} fpbe[Zb j{-p-j{ jh ofjD fdzd/ ;B gozs{ fuZso dh fgZm-
G{wh B{z E'VQk pdb fdzd/ ;B sK fe fuZso ftZu E'VQk \oe wfj;{; j't/. T[jBK d/
eJh fuZso nfij/ fwb/ jB fijBK s/ T[jBK dk Bkw BjhI fbfynk j'fJnk. fJ; dk
tZvk ekoB rkjeK dh ]k; jdkfJs j[zdh ;h fe T[j nkgDk Bkw Bk fbyD.48
(fuZso-8)
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih jZNh T[Zs/ GKs-GKs dhnk oktK ;[Dd/ j'J/ nkgD/
ezw ftZu iZ[N/ ofjzd/ ;B. T[jBK dh ebk ftZu j[Bo ns/ n;bhns dh fJe;kosk
Mbedh j?. T[jBK dh ebw n;bhns d/ B/V/ j?.49 pj[-w[yh ebk B{z ;wMD s/
eoB dh ;{M th T[jBK ftZu fe;/ Bkb'I xZN BjhIl gozs{ ebk B{z fJe' Feb ftZu
90
t/yD B{z fsnko BjhI. s[eK B{z ozrD t/b/ f]nkb, ;{M ns/ o;/ j'J/ p[oF dh b'V
jz[dh j?. fJ;h XkoBk B{z w[Zy oZyd/ j'J/ T[jBK tZb'I fJZe s[e Bw'-nzXeko/ B{z nkgD/
p[oF d[nkok e?Bt; s/ fuZsfos ehsk frnk j? ns/ f]nkb s/ ozr d/ ;[w/b Bkb
Bw'-nzXeko/ d/ doFB eotkT[D dh e'fFF ehsh rJh j?.50
T[jBK B/ s[eK s'I S[ZN gzikph d/ wFj{o F/no s/ p'bhnK B{z th nkgD/ p[oF
dk ftFk pDkfJnk. J/jh BjhI r[opkDh d/ f]nkb B{z T[j nkgD/ p[oF dh S'j
d[nkok ;gZFN eo rJ/ jB. T[j nkX[fBe fuZsoebk B{z fuZsoeko dh fwjBs Bk
eoB dh o[uh dk f;ZNk efjzd/ jB. T[j fuZso ftZu v{zfxnkJh fbnkT[D d/ jZe ftZu
sK jB, go T[j n?t/I ebk-ofjs ozr GoB Bkb n;gFNsk T[;koB d/ jZe ftZu
BjhI jB. n;b ftZu T[j f;Zy-fuZsoebk dh TZ[gi jB. fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ ;ko/
fuZsoK ftZu ;[ji-;[nkdh ;gFNsk s/ ebkswe v{zfxnkJh B}o nkT[Idh j?.51
fuZsoekoh d/ Bkb-Bkb T[j nkgD/ fgsk tKr BZeF/ th pDk e/ fdzd/ ;B.
Fqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih d/ iBw n;EkB Fqh BBekDk ;kfjp ih dk BeFk f;Zyh d/
wfjb Fq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh d/ ;kpek gqXkB ;torh ;odko r[ouoB f;zx
N"jVk B/ gqf;ZX fuZsoeko Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih e'b'I fsnko eotkfJnk ;h
ns/ 1980 JhL ftZu fJj BeFk gkfe;skB d/ T[; ;w/I d/ ;do iBob ihnk-T[Zb-jZe
B{z nkg G/IN eoe/ iBw n;EkB fJ; BeF/ w[skfpe pDkT[D bJh ftuko-tNKdok
ehsk ;h. T[j fuZso iK fs}kosh ezwK ns/ BeF/ pDkT[D dh ebk ftZu th fBg[zB
;B.52 (fuZso-9)
91
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih pZfunK B{z gqwkswk dk o{g wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK B/
pZfunK bJh eJh gqeko d/ b/pbK dh ouBk ehsh. T[jBK B/ nzro/}h d/ pZsh
nZyoK B{z th fuZsfonk. T[j pZfunK dh wB'fposh B{z GktBksfwe s"o s/ wfj;{;
eoB d/ ;woZE ;B. T[jBK B/ pZfunK dh o[uh nB[;ko nksw-gqrNkn ns/
;[szso f;oiDksfwe Yzr d/ fuZso pDkJ/. T[jBK B/ pZu/ d/ ;ohoe, p"fXe,
GktBksfwe, ;wkfie ns/ ;]Fhns d/ ftek; ftZu yk; wjZst fdZsk j?.
(fuZso-10)
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ fuZso ;k]osk-w[fjzw ftZu p}[or nkdwh bZeVh
dh cZNh T[Zs/ T-n gk e/ gVQB-fbyD dk :sB eo fojk do;kfJnk j?. wB[Zy ftZu
;[Gkfte jh f;ZyD dh gqftosh j[zdh j?. nzdo'I jh ftneshnK ftZu ftuko ns/
fefonktK g?dk j[zdhnK jB. ikDB dh ifrnk;k gfjb'I jh T[jBK ftZu w"i{d j[zdh
j?.53 ebkeko nkgD/ ;w/I s'I nZr/ j[zdk j? ns/ fJj T[;dh gfoGkFk dk o{g j?
feT[Ife T[j ;zGt edoK-ehwsK dk fgZSk eodk j?. nfij/ ebkeko ;fGnkuko d/
y/so ftZu ftuod/ j'J/ ;wekbh-;wki bJh ftek;wJh o;s/ bZGd/ jB. ebkeko
n;b ftZu nkgD/ ;wki B{z BthI FkB p]Fdk j?. T[j ;w[Zu/ ;wki dh gqkgsh dh
;zGktBk B{z gqrN eodk j?. T[j nkgD/ nkg ftZu ;wki bJh nkXko pD iKdk j?.
Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ 30 e[ ;kb gfjbK jh ;k]osk dk Bknok nkgD/
fJ; fuZso d[nkok g/F ehsk. Gkos ;oeko B/ ;k]osk dk Bknok 20 e[ ;kb s'I
p[bzd ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ ;wki ftub/ jo uzr/ gqGkt B{z nkgDh fuZsoebk okjhI
Fkfwb eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. T[jBK dh f;oiD-Fesh ftZu ;wki bJh nZr/ tZXD
92
tk;s/ ;zd/F Fkfwb j?. ihtB ftZu e'Jh th w[Feb nk iKdh sK T[j fuZso d[nkok
nkgD/-nkg B{z ;zs[bB nt;Ek ftZu eo b?Id/ ;B.
28 cotoh, 1999 JhL B{z Fkw d/ ;Zs ti/ id'I Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih
nkgD/ xo nkgDh nk]oh-ouBk, nkosh T[Zs/ ezw eo oj/ ;B sK nukBe T[jBK dh
fdwk|h-B; cN rJh ns/ T[j ;kv/ s'I ;dk bJh ftZSV rJ/. T[jBK dh nk]oh
nX{oh-ouBk ni/ sZe T[jBK d/ gfotko B/ pVh ;KG e/ oZyh j'Jh j?. fi; d/
fgS'eV ftZu e[dos dk ft;wkd-Gog{o nkbw j?. nkgDh f}zdrh d/ nk]oh ;kjK
sZe T[j ebk Bkb Us-g's ;B. T[jBK B/ fuZsoebk ;dek f}zdrh d/ r[zM/-G/dK B{z
fpnkB ehsk fi; Bkb f}zdrh dk \b;\k ;wMDk nk;kB j' frnk.
ft;a/;a L fJ; nfXnkfJ ftZu ;aqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d[nkok s/b, gkDh, g';No
ns/ g/;Nb ozrK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok T[bhe/ fuZsoK ;zpzXh t/otk
y'i-gqpzX d/ u"E/ nfXnkfJ L Pqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx dk ebkswe
ftPk^t;s{, seBhe ns/ P?bh
ftZu ft;Eko g{ote ehsk frnk j? ih.
93
jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK
1- Hints for Self-Culture Lala Hardyal Publication - Jaico Publishing
house mumbai (2002), p. 163.
2- i?B, fti?beFwJh vkHl (1989), @@;zrhs doFB##, gqekFe-oki;EkBh
rozEkrko (fjzdh ftZu gqekFs) i'Xg[o, gzBk 3H
3- Coomaraswamy Ananda K. (1974), The Transformation of
Nature in Art, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt, Ltd., New Delhi, p. 46.
4- Bo{bk, e[wkoh gqekF e"ol @@o/yk s/ ozr##, gpbhe/;aB fpT{o', gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 3H
5- ;/y'I, fJzdogkb f;zxl (1970), @@Gkosh ebk dk fJfsjk;##, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,
gfNnkbk, gzBk 3H
6- Fhsb, ihs f;zx vkHl (1978), @@nzfwqs;o f;\sh dk xo##, gpbhe/;aB fpT{o',
gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 5H
7- fusoeko, nikfJpl (1995), @@gzikph fusoeko##, gpbhe/FB fpU{o', gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 37H
8- o{g, jfozdo f;zxl (b/ye) (gjfbk ;z;eoD 1947), @@f;Zy s/ f;Zyh##,
gqekFeL f;Zy fJfsjk; oh;ou p'ov (Fq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh),
Fqh nzfwqs;o, gzB/ 31,32,34H
9- -T[jh- gzBk 91H
10- fusoeko, nikfJpl (1995), @@gzikph fusoeko##, gpbhe/FB fpU{o', gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 38H
11- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx##, ih d/ ;ZG s'I S'N/ ;g[Zso ;odko ;sgkb dkfBF
Bkb fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 3-05-2006H
94
12- ioB?b f;zxl (b/ye-o{geko) (1990), @@gzikph fuZsoeko##, gpbhe/FB eoB?b
f;zx fEzd, gzikp ;N/N :{Bhtof;Nh N?e;N p[Ze p'ov uzvhrVQ, gzBk 18H
13- gqf;ZX fuZsoeko Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh ejkDh T[; dh nkgDh
iapkBh tZb'I ;aw;a/o f;zx n;a'e
14- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx##, ih d/ ;ZG s'I S'N/ ;g[Zso ;odko ;sgkb dkfBF
Bkb fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 3-05-2006H
15- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx##, d/ jZEK dh fbZyh j'Jh T[jBK dh nkgDh ihtBh,
fszB gzB/ i'' nDSgh j?.
16- b/ye s/ fFFn @@Fqh goF{ okw towk##, d/ g[okD/ jZE fbyas gzfBnK @@ebk
dk ;'wk## ftZu'I gqkgs nBw'b ikDekoh, gzBk 4H
17- fusoeko, nikfJpl (1995), @@gzikph fusoeko##, gpbhe/FB fpU{o', gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 63H
18- nkfi}, e/;o f;zxl (2003), @@gzikp d/ T[Zx/ fuZsoeko##, oth ;kfjas gqekFB,
jkb pk}ko nzfwqs;o, gzBk 31H
19- jT{ok, e[bdhg f;zxl (1992), @@f;Zy B?fsesk dh o{g-o/yk##, gpbhe/;aB-f;wo
;kfjas ;dB, nzfwqs;o, gzBk 17H
20- Sudhi, Padma Dr. (1988), Aesthetic Theories Of India: VOL. 2
Intellectual Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 111-115.
21- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx## ih d/ ;ZG s'I S'N/ ;g[Zso ;odko ;sgkb dkfBF
Bkb fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 3-05-2006H
22- jodhg e"ol (2008), nkX[fBe p'X ns/ gzikph BkNel o{jh gqekFB 26-r[o{
s/r pjkdo Bro, vkeykBk ykb;k ekbi, nzfwqs;o, gzBk 7H
23- c[Zb, r[ofdnkb f;zx vkHl (b/ye) (1997), nwodhg gzikph gkm wkbk,
Gkr S/tK, nwodhg gqekFB, g[okDh o/bt/ o'v, ibzXo-8, gzB/ 13,14H
24- dk;, G[gkbl (1994), @@gzikph BkN-nb'uBK##, pbtzs gqekFB ibzXo,
gzBk 18H
95
25- mke[o, i?d/t f;zxl (1995), @@Gkosh: ;z;feqsh w/I bfbs ebk ek wjZst##,
F'X b/y nze, ;zrhs gfsqekl gzBk 130H
26- c[Zb, r[ofdnkb f;zx vkHl (b/ye) (1997), @@nwodhg gzikph gkm wkbk##,
Gkr S/tK, nwodhg gqekFB, g[okDh o/bt/ o'v, ibzXo-8, gzB/ 13,14H
27- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx## ih d/ ;ZG s'I S'N/ ;g[Zso ;odko ;sgkb dkfBF
Bkb fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 3-05-2006H
28- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx## ih d/ ;ZG s'I tZv/ p/N/ ;odko ;[fozdo f;zx Bkb
fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 24-5-2006H
29- - T[jh -
30- ihtB f;zxl (1994), @@pj[ ozr swkF/##, gqekFe bkj"o p[Ze Fkg, 2-bkigs
okJ/ wkofeN b[fXnkDk, gzB/ 69,197H
31- c[Zb, r[ofdnkb f;zx vkHl (b/ye) (1997), @@nwodhg gzikph gkm wkbk##,
Gkr S/tK, nwodhg gqekFB, g[okDh o/bt/ o'v, ibzXo-8, gzBk 15H
32- - T[jh -
33- ;odko joh f;zx nkofN;N ih dh jZE fb]s gqkgs fuZmh, fwsh 18-3-39H
34- ;odko joh f;zx nkofN;N ih dh fJe j'o jZE fbyas fuZmh, fwsh 30-12-
1965H
35- ;zfsqgs e"ol (2008), @@b'eXkok nkXko s/ gk;ko##, wdkB gpbhe/;aB
gfNnkbk, gzB/ 161-165H
36- nkj{ik, o'FB bkb, vkHl (2003), @@;[ji Fk;so##, gpbhe/FB fpT{o', gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 226H
37- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx## ih d/ ;ZG s'I S'N/ ;g[Zso ;odko ;sgkb dkfBF
Bkb fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 25-05-2006H
38- pbekoI f;zxl (;zgkde) @@r[o{ BkBe Xow fuzsB##, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,
gfNnkbk, gzB/ 13,15H
96
39- ;[yd/t wkdg[ohl (2006), @@gzikph ;fGnkuko dh nko;h (;'w/ s/ gozgok)##,
bkj"o p[Ze Fkg, 2-bkigs okJ/ wkofeN b[fXnkDk, gzBk 9H
40- p/dh, ;'fjzdo f;zxl (1978), @@gzikp dh b'eXkok##, ftFte'F b'e gqekFB,
i/-11$80, oki'oh rkovB, BthI fdZbh, gzBk 190H
41- ShBk, e[bftzdo e'o vkHl (2004), @@gzikph b'erhsK ftu o;w-fotk}##, oth
;fjs gqekFB, jkb pk}ko, nzfwqs;o, gzBk 86H
42- Catherine Soanes, (2004), Oxford Reference Dictionary, Oxford
University Press, nineth impression, p. 687.
43- eoBihs f;zx vkHl (2001), @@b'e wB-u/sB ntu/sB##, wBgqhs gqekFB
ibzXo, gzBk 82H
44- -fBih ;ot/yD--
45- iZrh, osB f;zxl (1996), @@r[opyF f;zx gqhsbVh d/ gqshfBX b/y##, gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 290H
45- wjkB nkofN;N @@c{bK okDh## s'I gqkgs ikDekoh nB[;ko, 10-5-06, ;wK 6H00
;akw s'I 6H45 ;akwH
46- Mcleod, W. H. (1991), "Popular Sikh Art," Delhi Oxford University
Press, Oxford New York, pp. 86-125.
47- ;H ;'Gk f;zxl (1991), @@ebk tkfjr[o{ dh (;'Gk f;zx ouBktbh)##, gqekFBL
Bt:[r gq?;, gbJhno rkovB wkofeN, uKdBh u"Ie fdZbh, gzB/ 18,19H
48- @@wfjzdo f;zx nkofN;N## ih dh gqkgs jZE fbys fuZmh nB[;ko,
fwsh 26-10-50H
49- o{g, jfozdo f;zxl (1971), @@o{g ohMK## gpbhe/FB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,
gfNnkbk, gzB/ 63, 64H
50- o{g, jfozdo f;zxl (b/ye) (gjfbk ;z;eoD 1947), @@f;Zy s/ f;Zyh##,
gqekFeL f;Zy fJfsjk; oh;ou p'ov (Fq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh),
Fqh nzfwqs;o, gzBk 48H
51- c[Zb, r[ofdnkb f;zx vkHl (b/ye) (1997), @@nwodhg gzikph gkm wkbk##,
Gkr S/tK, nwodhg gqekFB g[okDh o/bt/ o'v, ibzXo-8, gzBk 16H
97
52- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx## ih d/ ;ZG s'I tZv/ p/N/ ;odko ;[fozdo f;zx Bkb
fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 25-5-2006H
53- Fowk, NhH nkoH vkHl (2001), @@f;fynk seBkb'ih##, gpbhe/FB fpT{o', gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 50H
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