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POTENTIAL TOXICITY of PLASTIC LITTER
on PELAGIC and BENTHIC ORGANISMS
Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology
MAIJA BALODE & LIENE MUZIKANTE
Plastic litter’s distribution
Plastics constitute the major part of marine
litter worldwide
Specific weight of plastics can reach even
90% of marine litter
Acccording Derraik J. (2002)
• Beach 32 – 90%
• Surface water 86%
• Sea floor 47 – 85%
Global production of plastics has increased from
1,5 million t in 1950 to 230 million t by 2008 and 25% of
plastics is produced in Europe
The first
nowadays plastic
product was
produced in 1907
Since 1990ies
plastic pollution in
Indian ocean
increased 100
times (Copello &
Quintara, 2003)
World’s plastic production
goes “hand in hand” with
plastic litter
Due to the increasing
plastic production,
increases of plastic debris
have been also observed
Plastic litter’s distribution
Plastic litter is found:
• On shorelines;
• Floating;
• On the sea and ocean surface;
• Troughout the water column;
• Debris on the seafloor.
Nowadays PL of all sizes and shapes have
become a serious transboundary problem
Safe plastic types
Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET
or PETE)
Used in soft drink, juice,
water, beer, mouthwash,
peanut butter, salad
dressing, detergent and
cleaner containers
Leaches antimony trioxide and
(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
DEHP has been strongly linked to asthma
and allergies in children. It may cause
certain types of cancer and it has been
linked to negative effects on the liver,
kidney, spleen, bone formation, and body
weight.
High-density
polyethylene (HDPE)
Used in opaque milk, water and juice
containers, bleach, detergent and
shampoo bottles, garbage bags, yogurt
and margarine tubs and cereal box
liners
Considered a safer plastic.
Research on risks associated with
this type of plastic is ongoing
Low-density
polyethylene (LDPE)
Used in grocery store, dry cleaning,
bread and frozen food bags, most
plastic wraps, and squeezable bottles
(honey, mustard).
Considered a safer plastic.
Research on risks associated with
this type of plastic is ongoing.
Polypropylene (PP) Used in ketchup bottles, yogurt and
margarine tubs, medicine and syrup
bottles, straws, and Rubbermaid and
other opaque plastic containers,
including baby bottles.
Considered a safer plastic.
Research on risks associated with
this type of plastic is ongoing.
Hazardous plastic types Polystyrene
(PS)
Used in Styrofoam containers, egg
cartons, disposable cups and bowls,
take-out food containers, plastic
cutlery, and compact disc cases
Leaches styrene is an endocrine
disruptor mimicking the female
hormone estrogen, and thus has the
potential to cause reproductive and
developmental problems. Styrene
migrates significantly from polystyrene
containers into the container’s contents
when oily foods are heated in such
containers
Polyvinyl
chloride (V or
Vinyl or PVC)
Used in toys, clear food and non-food
packaging (e.g., cling wrap), some
squeeze bottles, shampoo bottles,
cooking oil and peanut butter jars,
detergent and window cleaner bottles,
shower curtains, medical tubing, and
numerous construction products (e.g.,
pipes, siding).
PVC has been described as one of the
most hazardous consumer products
ever created leaches di (2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate (DEHP) or butyl benzyl
phthalate (BBzP) used as the
plasticizer or softener (usually DEHP).
Polycarbonate
(O or Others)
Beverage bottles, baby milk bottles,
electronic casing, Nalgene type water
bottles
The basis of this plastic type is
hydrolysis (degradation by water, often
referred to as leaching) occurring at
high temperature, release bisphenol A
.
Types of plastics commonly encountered
in the marine environment Plastic class Specific
gravity
Percentage
production*
Products and typical
origin
Polypropylene PP 0,85-0,83 24%
Rope, bottle caps,
netting
Low-density
polyethylene
LDPE
LLDPE 0,91-0,93 21%
Plastic bags, six-pack
rings, bootles netting,
drinking straws
Polyvinylchloride PVC 1,38 19%
Plastic film, bottles,
cups
Thermoplastic
polyester PET 1,37 7%
Plastic beverage
bottles
Polystyrene PS 1,05 6%
Plastic utensils, food
containers
Nylon PA <3% Netting and traps
Foamed
Polystyrene
Floats, bait boxes,
foam cups
Celuloze acetate CA Cigarette filters
The main pollution sources of plastic litter
~80% land origin
municipal waste
industrial waste waters
~ 20 % from shipping
Series of laboratory experiments were carried out to study the
impact of plastic products on different test organisms
Screening for acute toxicity was made on 8 different newly
bought plastic products, from 6 different plastic types
Plastic products were cuted in 10 x 10 mm pieces and 10 g was
placed in a 200 ml glass bottle.
No pre-washing of the products was made, so the first leaching
water was being tested.
100 ml of cultures growth medium was added, giving a
concentration of 100 g plastic material per L-1
Bottles were places in 20 ± 2 ºC temperature for 7 days.
After a week plastic product leachates were filteted through a
filter paper or GF/C filter to remove plastic pieces and the water
phase was tested for acute toxicity
Plastic products used in bioassays
Nr. Plastic product Plastic type Symbol Plastic code
1.
Plastic dishes polypropylene PP 5
2.
Compact disc polyvinyle chloride PVC 3
3.
Garbage bag low density polyethylene LDPE 4
4.
Dish sponge polyurithene PU 7
5.
Phytoplankton
bottle polyvinyle chloride PVC 3
6. Binding covers
polyvinyle chloride PVC 3
7. Drinking water
bottles polycarbonate PC 7
8. Plastic egg container
polystyrene PS 6
Bioassays used for toxicity detection:
4 bioassays with 7 testobjects on differ. trophic level were used:
Freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae; using Desmodesmus communis (LVS EN ISO 8692:2005)
Acute toxicity test: inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (LVS EN ISO 6341:1996)
ARTOXKIT M test, using Artemia salina
Acute toxicity test: inhibition of the mobility of benthic crustaceans: freshwater amphipods Hyalella azteca, Gammarus pulex; brackish wateramphipods: Monoporeia affinis, Corophium volutator (ISO 16712:2005)
Testobjects
Corophium volutator Monoporeia affinis Gammarus pulex
Hyalella azteca
Desmodesmus communis
Daphnia magna
Artemia salina
Test conditions: • Test standart: LVS EN ISO 8692:2005
• Test organism: Desmodesmus
communis
• Replicates: 3
• Volume: 30 ml
• Photoperiod: day/night = 16/8
• Temperature: 24°C
• Test medium: brackish
www.microscopy-uk.org.uk.
http://www.butbn.cas.cz/ccala/col_images/463.jpg
Test conditions: • Test standart: LVS ISO 6341:1996
• Organism: Dapnia magna Straus
(younger than 24 h)
• Replicates: 3
• Organisms per replicate: 5-7
• Volume: 10 – 15 ml
• Duration: 48 h
• Photoperiod: day/night = 16/8
• Temperature: 20±1C
• Test medium: freshwater
Test conditions: • Test standart: Artoxkit M test
• Test oganism: Artemia salina
(younger than 24 h)
• Replicates: 5
• Organisms per replicate: 10
• Volume: 3ml
• Photoperiod: day/night = 24/0 h
• Salinity: 15 ‰
• Temperature: 20±1C
• Test medium: marine
• Duration: 48 (72) h
http://www.artemiaworld.com/img/artemia.03.jpg
jysco.com www.greenpioneer.co.kr/3-
2_en.html
Gammarus pulex
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Controle Plastic dishes Compact disc Garbage bag Dish sponge Phytoplanktonbottle
Binding covers
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leahcates on Gammarus pulex mortality
48 h
96 h
* Filtered with GF/C
Hyalella
azteca
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Controle Plastic dishes Compact disc Garbage bag Dish sponge Phytoplanktonbottle
Binding covers
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leachates on Hyalella azteca mortality
48 h
96 h
-20,00
-10,00
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leachates on Hyalella azteca mortality
48 h
96 h* Filtred with filter paper
* Filtered with GF/C
Corophium
volutator
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leachates on Corophium voluntator mortality
48 h
96 h
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leachates on Corophium volutator mortality
48 h
96 h
* Filtered with filter paper
* Filtered with GF/C
Monoporeia
affinis
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Controle Plastic dishes Compact disc Garbage bag Dish sponge Phytoplanktonbottle
Binding covers
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leachates on Monoporeia affinis mortality
48h
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leachates on Monoporeia affinis mortality
48 h
96 h
* Filtered with filter paper
* Filtered with GF/C
Desmodesmus communis
-0,04
-0,03
-0,02
-0,01
0
0,01
0,02
Spec
ific
gro
wth
rat
e
Effect of plastic product leachate on Desmodesmus communis growth rate after 72 h
Filtrated with filter paper Filtrated with GF/C
Daphnia magna
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
24 h 48 h 72 h
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leachates on Daphnia magna mortality
Controle
Plastic dishes
Compact disc
Garbage bags
Dish sponges
Phytoplankton bottle
Binding covers
Water bottle
Plastic egg container
Artemia salina
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
24 h 48 h 72 h
Mo
rtal
ity
(%)
Effect of plastic product leachates on Artemia salina mortality
Controle
Plastic dishes
Compact disc
Garbage bags
Dish sponges
Phytoplankton bottle
Binding covers
Water bottle
Plastic egg container
CONCLUSIONS
• In general 60 % of tested plastic products (5 from 8) caused a negative impact on majority of used testobjects - microalgae and/ or crustaceans
• The most toxic from all tested plastic products were “Compact discs” (made from polyvinyle chloride PVC) and “Dish sponges” (made from polyurithene PU)
• All benthic crustaceans (freshwater amphipods Hyalella azteca, Gammarus pulex; brackish water amphipods: Monoporeia affinis, Corophium volutator ) showed the most inhibiting impact at the presence of “Compact discs” causing 100 % mortality after 48 hours expose and “Dish sponge” evoking 50 – 100 % mortality
CONCLUSIONS
• “Compact discs” (made from polyvinyle chloride PVC) were toxic not only for benthic crustaceans, but also for pelagic crustaceans - Artemia salina
• Pelagic crustaceans (freshwater amphipods Daphnia magna and marine water amphipod Artemia salina) were more sensitive to the presence of “Dish sponge“, evoking 70 – 100 % mortality after 24 – 72 hours exposure in dish sponge leachates
• “Dish sponge“ caused also significant (fourfold) decrease of microalgae Desmodesmus communis growth rate
CONCLUSIONS
• Significant toxicity showed also leachates from “Garbage bags “ (made of low-density polyethylene LDPE) causing 63 - 100% morality of amphipods - Monoporeia affinis and Hyalella azteca
• For Hyalella azteca toxic were also leachates from “Phytoplankton sampling bottles” (made from polyvinyle chloride PVC), evoking 50 – 75 % mortality, but for Daphnia magna and Artemia salina inhibition was observed after the impact of “Drinking water bottles”(made from polycarbonates PC), causing 30 – 68 % mortality
• The lowest negative impact was caused by leachates from “Plastic dishes” (made from polypropylene (PP), as well as from “Binding covers” (polyvinyle chloride; PVC) and “Plastic egg conteiners” (polistyrene PS)
Tested microalgae were less sensitive to the presence of potentially toxic plastics as crustaceans
The most toxic were plastics, which toxic impact was indicated already in other publications, like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS, polycarbonat (PC)
Diverse results using different filtration method reveal about the role of injection interpretation of experimental results
In general we can conclude that plastic products can cause a negative impact on aquatic (freshwater, brackish water and marine) organisms on different trophic level and influence their sustainable development.
CONCLUSIONS
Plastmasa – sintētiski organiski polimēri, ko iegūst no dabasgāzes un naftas monomēriem
Satur arī pildvielas (stikla šķiedra, audums, smilts, vizla, papīrs, koka
milti), plastifikatorus, krāsvielas, stabilizatorus
Dominē starp jūras atkritumiem (65-90%), jo: viegli - mazāks blīvums kā ūdenim (polietilēns, polistirēns)
ļoti ilgstoši nenoārdās, īpaši ūdenī (zemāks UV starojums un T°, sāļums)
mehāniska abrāzija + fotodegradācija (~400-1000 g.)
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