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PMIPv6 구현기술 및 성능 테스트
Youn-Hee Hanyhhan@kut.ac.kr
Korea University of Technology and EducationInternet Computing Laboratory
http://icl.kut.ac.kr
2008 년 제 1 차 IPv6 기술 워크샵
Outline
Proxy Mobile IPv6 Overview
IPv4 Support in PMIPv6
Implementation of Proxy Mobile IPv6 & IPv4
Support
Experimental Results & Conclusions
2/35
Proxy Mobile IPv6 Overview
3/35
PMIPv6 Overview
LMM (Localized Mobility Management)
Domain
MAG
LMA
Proxy Binding Update (PBU)Control message sent by MAG to LMA
to establish a binding between MN-HoA and Proxy-CoA
Home Network
Proxy Care of Address (Proxy-CoA)The address of MAG
That will be the tunnel end-point
IP Tunnel IP-in-IP tunnel between LMA and MAG
MAG
LMA: Local Mobility AnchorMAG: Mobile Access Gateway
LMA Address (LMAA)
MN’ Home Address (MN-HoA) MN continues to use it as long as
it roams within a same domain
That will be the tunnel entry-point
MN’s Home Network (Topological Anchor Point)
MN’s Home Network Prefix (MN-HNP)CAFE:2:/64
movement
4/35
5/35
PMIPv6 OverviewNew entities
LMA (Local Mobility Anchor) Home Agent for the mobile node in the PMIPv6 domain Assigns MN's home prefix and manages the MN's reachability state
MAG (Mobile Access Gateway) Manages the mobility related signaling for a mobile node Tracking the MN’s attachment to the link and for signaling the MN's
LMA
<MN ID# - Home Network Prefix - Tunnel ID#>
<MN ID# - Home Network Prefix - Tunnel ID#>
<Home Network Prefix – Link-specific (MAC) Address>
LMA
MAG
PBU
PBAck
MAG
PBU
PBAck
6-to-4 Tunne
l
4-to-4 Tunne
l
6-to-6 Tunne
l
4-to-6 Tunne
l
6/35
PMIPv6 OverviewAssumptions (or Restrictions)
Link between MN and MAG is a point-to-point link (not shared link) Logically exclusive layer 3 link between MN and MAG
Per-MN Prefix model unique home network prefix is assigned to MN
AR/MAG
MN . . . MN
Point-to-point link Point-to-point link
Per-MN PrefixPer-MN Prefix
7/35
PMIPv6 Operation Flow
MN MAG AAA&Policy Store LMA CN
MN Attachment AAA Query with MN-ID
AAA Reply with Profile
PBU with MN-ID, Home Network Prefix option, Timestamp option
PBA with MN-ID, Home Network Prefix optionRA**
[MN-HoA:CN](data)[Proxy-CoA:LMAA][MN-HoA:CN](data)
[MN-HoA:CN](data)
Tunnel Setup
PBU: Proxy Binding UpdatePBA: Proxy Binding Ack.
DHCP ServerDHCP Request
DHCP Response
DHCP Request
DHCP Response
Optional
8/35
PMIPv6 Features
Proxy Registration LMA needs to understand the Proxy Registration RFC 3775 MIPv6 BU/BAck Reuse
PBU (Proxy Binding Update)
PBAck (Proxy Binding Acknowledgement)
9/35
PMIPv6 Features
Home in Any Place MAG sends the RA (Router Advertisement) messages advertising
MN’s home network prefix and other parameters MAG will emulate the home link on its access link.
MN always obtain its “home network prefix”, any where in the network.
It will ensure that MN believes it is at its home.
RA Unicast RA should be UNICASTed to an MN It will contain MN’s Home Network Prefix
Per-MN Prefix
M:1 Tunnel LMA-MAG tunnel is a shared tunnel among many MNs. One tunnel is associated to multiple MNs’ Binding Caches.
10/35
PMIPv6 Features
Any MN is just a IPv6 host Any MN is just a IPv6 host with its protocol operation
consistent with the base IPv6 specification. All aspects of Neighbor Discovery Protocol will not change. IPv6 protocol parameter consideration
Lower default-router list cache timeout
LLA: Link Local Address (e.g., MAC Address)
IPv4 Support in PMIPv6
11/35
12/35
Leveraging the existing Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 (DSMIPv6) protocol Hesham Soliman (Ed.), “Mobile IPv6 support for dual stack Hosts and
Routers (DSMIPv6)”, draft-ietf-mip6-nemo-v4traversal-06.txt, Nov., 2007
The new WG draft for IPv4 support for PMIPv6 R. Wakikawa (Keio Univ.), S. Gundavelli (Cisco), “IPv4 Support for Proxy
Mobile IPv6”, draft-ietf-netlmm-pmip6-ipv4-support-02.txt, Nov., 2007
v4 Network
v4 Network
IPv4 Packet
IPv6 Packet
HA
v6 Network
v6 Network Movement
NAT
Tunneled to private IPv4 CoA
Tunneled to IPv4 CoA
Tunneled to IPv6 CoA
Private v4 Network
Movement
IPv4 CN
IPv4 CN
IPv4 Support for MIPv6 (RFC 3775)
13/35
IPv4 Support for PMIPv6
PMIPv6’s IPv4 Support
Dual Stack LMAOnly-IPv6 enabled(LMMAv6)
Dual Stack MNor
IPv4 MN
PBU (HoAv6, Proxy CoAv6, HoAv4)
HoAv4 and HoAv6
Proxy CoAv6
[Mobility Binding]
IPv6 Tunnel (LMAAv6Proxy CoAv6)
IPv4 trafficCNv4 HoAv4
IPv6 trafficCNv6->HoAv6Dual Stack MAG
Only-IPv6 enabled(Proxy CoAv6) <MN in IPv6 domain>
Dual Stack LMAOnly-IPv4 enabled(LMAAv4)
Dual Stack MNor
IPv4 MN
PBU (HoAv6, Proxy CoAv4, HoAv4)
HoAv4 and HoAv6
Proxy CoAv4
[Mobility Binding]
IPv4 Tunnel (LMAAv4Proxy CoAv4)
IPv4 trafficCNv4 HoAv4
IPv6 trafficCNv6->HoAv6Dual Stack MAG
Only-IPv4 enabled(Proxy CoAv4) <MN in IPv4 domain>
PMIPv6’s IPv4 Support by using DSMIPv6 proposal When MN moves to an IPv6 network
LMAMN’s IPv6 HoAMN’s IPv6 HoA IPv6 Proxy CoAIPv6 Proxy CoA
MN’s IPv4 HoAMN’s IPv4 HoA IPv6 Proxy CoAIPv6 Proxy CoA
IPv6 binding cache entry
IPv4 binding cache entry
MAGMN
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv6 LMMA)
Mobility header - Proxy BU [P flag is set]
Mobility Option - IPv6 Home Network Prefix (MN IPv6 HoA) - Timestamp Option - MN IPv4 HoA Option (possibly empty)
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 LMMA, dst=IPv6 Proxy CoA)
Mobility header - Proxy BAck [P flag is set]
Mobility Option - IPv6 Home Network Prefix (MN IPv6 HoA) - Timestamp Option - MN IPv4 HoA Ack. Option
Proxy BindingUpdate
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv6 LMMA)
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 HoA, dst=IPv6 CN_ADDR)
Payload
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 LMMA, dst=IPv6 Proxy CoA)
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 CN_ADDR, dst=IPv6 HoA)
Paylaod
IPv6 Data Traffic
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv6 LMMA)
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 HoA, dst=IPv4 CN_ADDR)
Payload
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 LMMA, dst=IPv6 Proxy CoA)
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 CN_ADDR, dst=IPv4 HoA)
Paylaod
IPv4 Data Traffic
14/35
IPv4 Support for PMIPv6
PMIPv6’s IPv4 Support by using DSMIPv6 proposal When MN moves to a Public IPv4 network
LMA
MN’s IPv6 HoAMN’s IPv6 HoA IPv4 Proxy CoAIPv4 Proxy CoA
MN’s IPv4 HoAMN’s IPv4 HoA IPv4 Proxy CoAIPv4 Proxy CoA
IPv6 binding cache entry
IPv4 binding cache entry
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv4 LMMA)
UDP header
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv6 LMMA)
Mobility header - Proxy BU [P flag is set]
Mobility Option - IPv6 Home Network Prefix (MN IPv6 HoA) - Timestamp Option - MN IPv4 HoA Option - MN IPv4 CoA Option
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 LMMA, dst=IPv4 Proxy CoA)
UDP header
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 LMMA, dst=IPv6 Proxy CoA)
Mobility header - Proxy BAck [P flag is set]
Mobility Option - IPv6 Home Network Prefix (MN IPv6 HoA) - Timestamp Option - MN IPv4 HoA Ack. Option - NAT Detection Option
Proxy BindingUpdate
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv4 LMAA)
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 HoA, dst=IPv6 CN_ADDR)
Payload
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 LMAA, dst=IPv4 Proxy CoA)
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 CN_ADDR, dst=IPv6 HoA)
Payload
IPv6 Data Traffic
MAGMN
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv4 LMMA)
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 HoA, dst=IPv4 CN_ADDR)
Payload
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 LMMA, dst=IPv4 Proxy CoA)
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 CN_ADDR, dst=IPv4 HoA)
Payload
IPv4 Data Traffic
IPv4 Support for PMIPv6
15/35
PMIPv6’s IPv4 Support by using DSMIPv6 proposal When MN moves to a Private IPv4 network
LMAMN’s IPv6 HoAMN’s IPv6 HoA IPv4 Proxy CoAIPv4 Proxy CoA
MN’s IPv4 HoAMN’s IPv4 HoA IPv4 Proxy CoAIPv4 Proxy CoA
IPv6 binding cache entry
IPv4 binding cache entry
MAGMNIPv4 NAT
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv4 LMAA)
UDP header
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 HoA, dst=IPv6 CN_ADDR)
Payload
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 LMAA, dst=IPv4 Proxy CoA)
UDP header
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 CN_ADDR, dst=IPv6 HoA)
Payload
IPv6 Data Traffic
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv4 LMMA)
UDP header
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 HoA, dst=IPv4 CN_ADDR)
Payload
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 LMMA, dst=IPv4 Proxy CoA)
UDP header
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 CN_ADDR, dst=IPv4 HoA)
Payload
IPv4 Data Traffic
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv4 LMMA)
UDP header
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 Proxy CoA, dst=IPv6 LMMA)
Mobility header - Proxy BU [P flag is set]
Mobility Option - IPv6 Home Network Prefix (MN IPv6 HoA) - Timestamp Option - MN IPv4 HoA Option - MN IPv4 CoA Option
IPv4 header (src=IPv4 LMMA, dst=IPv4 Proxy CoA)
UDP header
IPv6 header (src=IPv6 LMMA, dst=IPv6 Proxy CoA)
Mobility header - Proxy BAck [P flag is set]
Mobility Option - IPv6 Home Network Prefix (MN IPv6 HoA) - Timestamp Option - MN IPv4 HoA Ack. Option - NAT Detection Option
Proxy BindingUpdate
IPv4 Support for PMIPv6
16/35
Implementation of Proxy Mobile IPv6 & IPv4 Support
17/35
ScheduleSchedule
5 월 6 월 7 월 8 월 30 일 10 월
PMIPv6 구현 이슈 및 Implementation Scope 셋업
PMIPv6 구현
데모 시나리오 작성
MIPL Mobile IPv6 코드 분석 및 Kernel 2.6.10 으로의 Porting 작업
데모 시나리오 테스트 및 디버그
중간 데모
IPv4 Support 구현 이슈 및 Implementation Scope 셋업
IPv4 Support 구현 및 PMIPv6 구현 보완
최종 보고 및 데모
11 월 20일
9 월4 월3 월
데모 시나리오 보완
최종 테스트 및 디버그
18/35
실험실 테스트 베드MAG/LMA Specification MAG (MAG1, MAG2, MAG3)
• CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz, • Memory: 1GB• 802.3 NIC: Marvel 88E8001• 802.11 NIC: Linksys Dual-Band PCI Adapter WMP-55AG• OS: Debian 3.1 sarge, kernel 2.6.10
LMA• CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz• Memory: 1 GB• 802.3 NIC: Realtek-8139 (x 2 개 )
, 3Com 3c905c-TX• OS: Debian 3.1 sarge, kernel 2.6.10
CN• CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz• Memory: 1 GB• 802.3 NIC: Marvel 88E8001• OS: Windows XP SP2
MN ( 노트북 )• CPU: Intel Centrino, Pentium Dual Core
1.86 GHz• Memory: 2 GB• OS: Windows XP SP2
19/35
실험실 테스트 베드 구축 모습
20/35
Implementation Issues
Issue #1. RA 의 전송 시점 In the Draft…
Case 1: Policy Profile 에서 AAA-Reply 를 통하여 제공하는 경우 MAG 에서 AAA-Reply 를 받은 이후 RA 전송 가능
Case 2: LMA 에서 PBA 를 통하여 제공되는 경우 MAG 에서 PBA 를 받은 이후 RA 전송 가능
Selected Approach LMA 에서 PBA 를 통하여 제공
Issue #2. PBU 갱신 시 MN 존재 유무 파악 In the Draft…
Binding Cache 를 갱신하기 위한 PBU 를 전송하는 경우 MN 의 존재를 재확인 해야 함 드래프트에 기술된 재확인 방법들
Link-layer event specific to the access technology PPP Session termination event on point-to-point link types IPv6 NUD event from IPv6 stack Absence of data traffic from MN on the link for a certain duration of time
Selected Approach MAG 에서 PBU 에 대한 lifetime 이 끝나가게 되면 NUD 를 MN 에게 수행한 후 MN 이 존재하는 것이
확인되면 PBU 전송
21/35
Implementation Issues
Issue #3. default gateway 의 변경 In the Draft…
Handover 이후 MN 에서 NUD 과정에 따른 Default Gateway 변경 지연 드래프트에서 제안된 방법들
Lower Default-Router List Cache Time-out By using a context transfer, new MAG multicasts an RA using the link-local address
that of the previous MAG and with the Router Lifetime field set to value 0. assignment of a unique link-local address for all the ARs in the PMIPv6 Network.
Selected Approach 세 번째 방법의 변형
모든 AR 의 link-local address 는 원래대로 다르게 셋팅함 RA 메시지를 만들어 보낼 때 모든 MAG 마다 같은 link-local address 를 Source Address
로 셋팅해서 보냄
Issue #4. MN 들에게 RA 메시지를 Unicast 로 전달하는 방법 Selected Approach
특별한 기법 사용 없이 구현 가능 IP Destination: All-node Multicast Address MAC Destination: Unicast MAC Address
22/35
Implementation Issues
Issue #5. WLAN 에서 Peer-to-Peer 링크 구현 이슈 In the Draft…
WLAN 이 Peer-to-Peer 링크가 아님으로써 발생하는 문제
Selected Approach RA 를 Unicast 로 전송 물리적으로 같은 서브넷에 위치한 두 Neighbor MN 들이 지닌 Neighbor Cache 에
대한 Status 때문에 발생하는 통신 단절 서로 다른 서브넷 Prefix 를 가진 단말들끼리 Direct Communication 을 위한 ARP Cache
를 가지게 되면 두 단말 중 어느 한 단말이 이동하게 되면 Session 이 끊어지게 됨 . 테스트 결과 일반적인 데이터 통신상에서 Off-link Prefix 에 대해서는 무조건 Default
Router 로 패킷을 보내기 때문에 문제가 없음 . 하지만 , Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement 가 발생되는 경우에는 문제가 발생
Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement 가 발생되는 경우 ?
AR/MAG
MN . . . MN
Point-to-point link Point-to-point link
Per-MN PrefixPer-MN Prefix
Issue #6. IPv4-HoA 할당 방법
LMA 를 통한 동적 할당 방법으로 구현 절차
IPv4 단말이 보내는 DHCP discovery 을 MAG 에서 Catch MAG 가 이미 IPv4-HoA 를 가지고 있는지 판단 . MAG 가 이미 IPv4-HoA 를 지니고 있지 않으면 PBU-PBACK 교환을 LMA 와 수행
PBU always contains “IPv4 HoA option” defined in DSMIPv6 and the option is set 0.0.0.0. PBAck contains rightful IPv4 address for the MN-NAI MAG gets an IPv4-address for the MN-NAI
MAG 에서 DHCP offer 를 보낼 때 IPv4 HoA 를 옵션으로 넣어줌 단말이 보내는 DHCP Request 를 MAG 에서 Catch 다시 DHCP Ack. 보냄
Implementation Issues
23/35
Issue #7. 인증 방법 및 LMA 주소 할당 방법 IEEE 802.1x EAP 인증 절차와 PMIPv6 의 Policy Store 연동 방법 변경
사용자 인증을 위해 EAPoL 과 MD5 프로토콜 을 이용
Implementation Issues
24/35
MN MAG/AP Policy Server (RADIUS)
Authenticator RAIDUS client
EAPoLStart
802.1x
EAPoLPacket
EAP- Req Identity=?
EAP- RespIdentity=”MN- ID”
EAPoLPacket
RADIUSEAP- RespIdentity=”MN- ID”
Access Request
RADIUS EAP- Req Challenge
Access Challenge
EAPoLPacket
EAP- Req Challenge
EAP RespChallenge response EAPoLPacket
MD5
RADIUSEAP RespChallenge response
Access Request
RADIUS EAP Success
Access Accept
EAPoLPacket
EAP Success LMAA
LMA
System Block Diagram
System Block
25/35
IPv6 Networking(MIPv6 patched)
<Kernel>
<User>
WLAN Driver
HostAP daemon
(WLAN AP functionality)
PMIPv6 MAG daemon
(MIPv6-MN)
MAG
App.
control
data
NetlinkRtNetlink
IPv6 Networking(MIPv6 patched)
<Kernel>
<User>
LAN Driver
PMIPv6 LMA daemon
(MIPv6-HA)
LMA
App.
control
data
NetlinkRtNetlink
Radius Client
Radius Server
DHCPv4
IEEE 802.11 MAC Control
Link-Up Event
Link-Up Event Processing
Address Configuration
PMIPv6 Routing & Tunneling
PBU/PBAck
Data PacketProcessing & Routing
Address Configuration
PMIPv6 Routing & Tunneling
PBU/PBAck
IPv6 ND Message Exchange
Data PacketProcessing & Routing
종합 테스트 베드 구축
MN has Dual Stack and both addresses are always
enabled
종합 테스트 베드
SSID: PMIP1SSID: PMIP2
SSID: PMIP3
MAG1/DHCP4
ra0) 192.168.101.13ffe:1:1::1/64
fe80::1
eth0) 3ffe:1::2/64
ra0) 192.168.102.13ffe:1:2::1/64
fe80::1
eth0) 192.168.1.2
ra0) 10.0.1.13ffe:1:3::1/64
fe80::1
eth0) 10.0.0.1V6 network
V4 network
초기 실행 : v6 VoD Client초기 실행 : v4 VoD Client
LMA/RadiusCN
NAT 192.168.1.3
eth0) 192.168.1.13ffe:1::1/64
eth1) 192.168.2.13ffe:2::1/64
eth0) 192.168.2.23ffe:2::2/64
V4/V6 network
Private V4 network
MAG2/DHCP4
MAG3/DHCP4
26/35
6-to-udp-4Tunnel
4-to-udp-4Tunnel
6-to-4Tunnel
4-to-4Tunnel
27/35
LMA 와 MAG 사이의 시그널링 및 터널 설정
LMA
MAG1 MAG2
PBU
PBAck
6-to-6Tunnel
4-to-6Tunnel
MAG3
PBU
PBAck
PBU
PBAckNAT
종합 테스트 베드 터널 설정
IPv4 Only 테스트 베드 구축
LMA(PC0)
VoD(PC4)
Subnet 4
NAT1 NAT2
MAG1(PC1)
MAG2(PC2)
Subnet 1 Subnet 2MAG3(PC3)
Subnet 3
Notebook1 Notebook2Notebook1 Notebook1
802.11g 802.11a192.168.1.2 192.168.3.2
192.168.1.1
192.168.3.1
192.168.4.1 192.168.4.2
10.0.1.1 10.0.2.1
10.0.1.2 10.0.2.2
10.0.1.1
10.0.1.2
10.0.101.1 10.0.102.1 10.0.101.1
192.168.5.1 192.168.5.2
192.168.5.1
192.168.5.1
28/35
6-to-udp-4Tunnel
4-to-udp-4Tunnel
6-to-udp-4Tunnel
4-to-udp-4Tunnel
6-to-udp-4Tunnel
4-to-udp-4Tunnel
29/35
LMA 와 MAG 사이의 시그널링 및 터널 설정
LMA
MAG1 MAG2
PBU
PBAck
MAG3
PBU
PBAck
PBU
PBAckNAT
IPv4 Only 테스트 베드 터널 설정
NAT NAT
테스트 목적 및 시나리오테스트 목적 및 시나리오 Target Goal
이동 단말이 미디어 스트리밍 서버로 부터 실시간으로 동영상을 받아 Play 하면서 서로 다른 IP Network 을 움직일 때 세션이 끊기지 않음을 보임
이동 단말 (Windows XP Operating System) 에는 어떠한 변경도 하지 않음
테스트 시나리오 Case 1
CN: VLC 서버를 IPv4 로 구동하여 IPv4 MN 으로 Traffic 보냄 MN: VLC 클라이언트를 IPv4 로 구동 MN 은 3 개의 네트워크를 차례대로 이동함
IPv6 IPv4 Private IPv4
Case 2 CN: VLC 서버를 IPv6 로 구동하여 IPv6 MN 에게 Traffic 보냄 MN: VLC 클라이언트를 IPv6 로 구동 MN 은 3 개의 네트워크를 차례대로 이동함
IPv6 IPv4 Private IPv4
Case 3 CN: VLC 서버를 IPv4 로 구동하여 IPv4 MN 으로 Traffic 보냄 MN: VLC 클라이언트를 IPv4 로 구동 Private IPv4 Only Network 에서 실험
30/35
Experimental Results & Conclusions
31/35
종합 테스트 베드에서의 실험 결과
Handover Latency (IPv6 네트워크로의 이동 )
UDP Thoughput 전송률
평균 3.0 Mbps
No.Events
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Averag
eMAC HO
latency(ms)2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
EAP Auth. (ms) 103 92 85 151 148 94 74 98 118 106 107
PBU/PBAck (ms) 24 20 19 21 21 26 20 22 19 20 21총 응용계층
Handover Latency (ms)
151 141 133 214 226 145 134 146 170 173 163
32/35
Handover
Events
종합 테스트 베드에서의 실험 결과
Packet Tracing (IPv6 네트워크로의 이동 )
33/35
Private IPv4 Only 테스트 베드에서의 실험 결과
Handover Latency (Private-IPv4 네트워크로의 이동 )
UDP Thoughput 전송률
평균 1.6 Mbps
No.Events
1 2 3 4 5Averag
eMAC Handover
latency + EAP Auth. (ms)
92 37 116 29 65 68
DHCP, PBU/PBAck (ms) 201 118 317 220 125 196
총 응용계층 Handover Latency
(ms)293 155 433 249 190 264
HandoverEvents
34/35
35/35
PMIPv6 can be a way to facilitate the deployment of IP mobility Favorable to ISPs PMIPv6 is New Idea? Absolutely No!, but new trend!. It’s a turn for the
better! In the handover latency aspect, PMIPv6 has a very good performance. PMIPv6 + IPv4 support is well working.
No H/W Upgrade, Just S/W issue In current system, IPv6 signaling is trivial!!!
More Study and Standardization Needed Route Optimization in PMIPv6 Fast Handover in PMIPv6, Multihoming Cross-layering Issues
PMIPv6 over IEEE 802.11/16/WiBro Fast Handover with leverage of IEEE 802.21 Vertical Handover based on PMIPv6 Network-based Global Mobility PMIPv6-based NeMo (MANEMO) PMIPv6-based 6LowPAN Sensor Node Mobility
Conclusions
Recommended