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Plate Tectonics,
Galapagos &
Biogeography
Continental Drift
Define….
Alfred Wegener
Pangaea: 250 million yrs ago
Harry Hess
RidgesTrenches
Sea Floor Spreading & Subduction
Plate Tectonics
Define…
Lithosphere
Theory of massive crustal
rearrangement based on
the movement of continent-
sized lithospheric plates.
Plate Boundaries
• Divergent Boundaries
• Convergent Boundaries
• Transform Boundaries
Divergent Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries:
oceanic – continental
Nazca
Plate
South
American
Plate
Andes Mts
Convergent Boundaries:
oceanic – oceanic
Aleutian Islands
Pacific
Plate
North
American
Plate
Convergent Boundaries:
continental - continental
Transform Boundaries
Hot Spots – Mantle Plumes
Define….
Location of Hot Spots
Hawaii…On Plate Boundary?
Galapagos – Hot Spot
Hot SpotPlate
Movement Espaňola
Oldest Galapagos Island
rock is 3.25 million yrs old
Moving Southeast 7cm a yr
Oldest islands believed
to be no more than 5
million years old
Oldest rock on
Fernandina and Isabela
< 700,000 yrs old
Cocos Ridge produced by
hot spot > 5 mil yrs ago,
when spreading center was
over hot spot.
Carnegie Ridge
seamounts produced
by hot spot
600 mi. from Mainland
Is it Wet or Dry Here?
Endemic- Found only in a
particular location
Indigenous or Native – Present
only by natural processes
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