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Plant Diseases Caused By Fungi: Basidiomycota
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Fungi
Kingdom Phylum Class
Fungi
(Higher)
Ascomycota Hemiascomycetes
Plectomycetes
Pyrenomycetes
Loculoascomycetes
Discomycetes
Deuteromycetes
Basidiomycota Teliomycetes
Hymenomycetes
Source: Ainsworth (1973)Note: Refer to Agrios (2005) for latest classification.
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Basidiomycota
Club and mushroom fungi
Important characteristics:
Hyphae with dolipore septum
Produce rhizomorph
Sexual reproduction:
Hyphae produces clamp connections
Basidiospores in basidium (club-shaped)
Usually 4 basidiospores
Fruiting body: basidiocarp
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Basidiomycota (cont’)
Hyphae with dolipore septum
Types of basidiospores
Formation of clamp connections
Source: Webster (1988)
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Basidiomycota Classification
Class:
1. Teliomycetes
2. Hymenomycetes
(Ainsworth, 1973)
Order:
1. Ustilaginales (smut fungi)
2. Uredinales (rust fungi)
3. Exobasidiales
4. Ceratobasidiales
5. Agaricales (mushrooms)
6. Aphyllophorales
(Agrios, 2005)
7. Tulasnellales
(APS, 2000)
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1. Order: Ustilaginales
Smut fungi ≈1,200 species Cause serious grain losses Most attack the kernels of grain crops Most produce only 2 kinds of spores:
Teliospores (non-infectious) Basidiospores (infectious)
Exist in many races Examples:
i. Ustilago maydisii. Ustilago scitaminae
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1. Order: Ustilaginales (cont’)
i. Ustilago maydis Disease: Smut
Host: Corn
Symptom: Grains become swollen (hypertrophy) & replaced by the black smut spores
Source: Agrios (2005)
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Ustilago maydis
Source: Agrios (2005)
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1. Order: Ustilaginales (cont’)
ii. Ustilago scitaminae Disease: Smut
Host: Sugarcane
Symptom: Shoots look like a bundle of black strings
Source: Ong (2004)
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2. Order: Uredinales
Rust fungi
≈ 5,000 species
Cause tremendous losses on grain crops, vegetables, field crops (cotton & soybean), ornamentals & trees (pine, apple & coffee)
Obligate parasites
Exist in special forms (formae specialis) Attack mostly leaves & stems
Infections usually appear as numerous rusty, orange & yellow spots
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2. Order: Uredinales
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Types of rust fungi:i. Microcyclic or short-cycled rusts: produce
only teliospores & basidiospores
ii. Macrocyclic or long-cycled rusts: produce spermatia, aeciospores, uredospores, teliospores & basidiospores Some macrocyclic rusts complete their life
cycles on a single host : autoecious
Others require 2 different or alternate hosts : heteroecious, e.g., Puccinia graminis (stem rust of wheat)
2. Order: Uredinales (cont’)
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Puccinia graminis: Disease Cycle
Stage Reproduction structures Host
0 Haploid spermatium (produced in
spermagonium) + Receptive hyphae
Barberry
(2nd host)
I Aeciospores in aecium Barberry
II Uredospores in uredium Wheat
(1st host)
III Teliospores in telium Wheat
IV Basidiospores in basidium Wheat
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Puccinia graminis
Source: Agrios (2005)
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2. Order: Uredinales (cont’)
Rust diseases in Malaysia
i. Groundnut rust: Puccinia arachidis
ii. Corn rust: Puccinia polysora
iii. Long bean/French bean: Uromyces vignae
iv. Coffee rust: Hemileia vastatrix
Varieties Arabica & Liberica: susceptible
Variety Robusta: resistant
Puccinia polysora: Corn rust
Hemileia vastatrix: Coffee rust
Source: JPT
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3. Exobasidiales
Lacking basidiocarp
Basidia produced on surface of parasitized tissue
Exobasidium vexans: Blister blight of tea
Source: JPT
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4. Agaricales
Mushrooms: basidium without cross walls, produced on radiating gills or lamellae
Examples:
Lentinus edodes(Shiitake mushrooms)
Volvoriella volvaceae(“jerami padi” mushrooms)
Agaricus bisporus(Button mushrooms)
Source: http://insomniac.botany.uga.edu/1220/fungi1/fungi1.htm
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Shiitake mushroomOyster mushroom
Button mushroom Lingzhi mushroom
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Parasites
Examples:
i. Marasmiellus palmivorus
ii. Marasmiellus scandens
iii. Crinipellis perniciosa
4. Agaricales (cont’)
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4. Agaricales (cont’)
i. Marasmiellus palmivorus
Disease: Fruit bunch rot
Host: Oil palm
White soft basidiocarp
Marasmiellus palmivorus: Fruit bunch rot of oil palm (JPT).
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• Marasmiellus scandens
Disease: White thread blight
Hosts: Cocoa, rubber, etc.
Marasmiellus scandens: White thread blight of cocoa (Dept. of Agriculture, Selangor).
4. Agaricales (cont’)
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iii. Crinipellis perniciosa Disease: Witches’-broom
Host: Cocoa
Confined to South America
Crinipellis perniciosa: Witches’-broom of cocoa (Agrios, 2005).
4. Agaricales (cont’)
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5. Aphyllophorales
Root & wood rot diseases
Origin of root & wood rots: forest trees
Spread mainly through: Direct contact with diseased roots
Spores
Examples: Rigidoporus lignosus Phellinus noxius Ganoderma boninense Corticium salmonicolor
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– Rigidoporus lignosus Disease: White root
Hosts: Rubber, cocoa, tea, coffee, pepper, fruit trees
– Phellinus noxius Disease: Brown root
Hosts: Rubber, cocoa, oil palm
5. Aphyllophorales (cont’)
Rigidoporus lignosus: White root disease
Phellinus noxius: Brown root disease
Source: JPT
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5. Aphyllophorales (cont’)
iii. Ganoderma boninense Disease: Basal stem rot
Host: Oil palm
Infects host through roots
Origin of disease: Coconut trees
Source: JPT
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5. Aphyllophorales (cont’)
iv. Corticium salmonicolor
Disease: Pink disease
Hosts: Rubber, cocoa, fruit trees
Attacks branches
Lacking basidiocarp
Produces pink rhizomorph
Source: Rao (1975)
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6. Tulasnellales
Oncobasidium theobromae Disease: Vascular-streak dieback (VSD)
Host: Cocoa
Symptoms: Dieback of shoots, brown streaking in vascular, characteristic yellowing in leaves
Serious in Asian region
Lacking basidiocarp
Spores infect young leaves
Symptoms can be observed 2-3 months after infection
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Oncobasidium theobromae
Vascular-streak dieback (VSD) of cocoa. Source: JPT.
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Oncobasidium theobromae
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Thank You
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Quiz
Q1 : Name the types of ascocarps
Q2 : Name the types of asexual fruiting body in Ascomycota
Q3 : Name the fungi (genus name) that causes Powdery mildew of cucurbits
Q4 : Why are deuteromycetes known as imperfect fungi?
Q5 : What is the typical symptom of a Cercospora sp. disease?
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